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Background: Bovine milk is a significant substitute for human breast milk and holds great importance in infant nutrition and health. Apart from essential nutrients, bovine milk also contains bioactive compounds, including a microbiota derived from milk itself rather than external sources of contamination. Aim of review: Recognizing the profound impact of bovine milk microorganisms on future generations, our review focuses on exploring their composition, origins, functions, and applications. Key scientific concepts of review: Some of the primary microorganisms found in bovine milk are also present in human milk. These microorganisms are likely transferred to the mammary gland through two pathways: the entero-mammary pathway and the rumen-mammary pathway. We also elucidated potential mechanisms by which milk microbiota contribute to infant intestinal development. The mechanisms include the enhancing of the intestinal microecological niche, promoting the maturation of immune system, strengthening the intestinal epithelial barrier function, and interacting with milk components (e.g., oligosaccharides) via cross-feeding effect. However, given the limited understanding of bovine milk microbiota, further studies are necessary to validate hypotheses regarding their origins and to explore their functions and potential applications in early intestinal development.

This study was to investigate growth performance, rumination development, rumen fermentation and feed digestion in young calves provided high volumes (about 20% of calf birth weight) of milk with or without forage inclusion and how these parameters correlate with each other. Immediately after birth, 160 newborn Holstein female calves (41.6 ± 4.2 kg of initial BW) were randomly divided into 2 treatments: 1) starter (CON, only starter) and 2) starter and hay (HAY, both starter and hay). The calves were fed their respective experimental diets from d 4 to 84, after which they were all introduced to similar diets until the end of the experiment on d 196. Treatment had no effect on growth and structural measurements throughout the experimental period. However, treatment had an effect on the other parameters, mainly during the post-weaning period. Forage supplementation tended to reduce starter dry matter intake (P = 0.05), while increasing the forage intake (P

Purpose This study aimed to analyse the effect of an implicit-explicit hybrid learning model on declarative and procedural tactical knowledge of young school handball players. Methods Overall, 30 female handball players (mean age: 13.03 ± 0.75 years) from 2 school teams participated in 25 handball training sessions involving activities focused on both implicit and explicit learning. Declarative knowledge was assessed by using the players’ analyses of 15 handball video scenes, while procedural knowledge was assessed by analysing the players’ actions during a 3 vs. 3 ball possession game. Results The results showed a significant increase in declarative knowledge ( t (23) = –4.228; p < 0.001; d = 0.863) but not in procedural knowledge ( p > 0.05). Conclusions We concluded that the Iniciação Esportiva Universal model improved the declarative knowledge of school handball athletes.

The aim of this study was to investigate interactions between milk feeding quantity (FL) and feeding frequency (FF) on intake, growth performance, rumen development and blood metabolites in dairy calves. A total of 48 Holstein calves (n = 12 calves per treatment: 6 males and 6 females) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments, including (1) two low plane of milk feeding (2 meals/d, LPM-2×; 3 meals/d, LPM-3×; total milk intake = 210 L) and two high plane of milk feeding (2 meals/d, HPM-2×; 3 meals/d, HPM-3×; total milk intake = 371 L). Calves fed HPM had higher BW, ADG, blood glucose and triglycerides concentration during the preweaning. Calves fed HPM received more ME, total DMI and ate less starter than LPM calves during preweaning. Regardless of the milk feeding quantity, with increasing FF, starter intake, total DMI and ME were reduced without a negative effect on ADG. Calves fed 3 times/d compared with 2 times/d had a lower final hip width. Calves fed HPM had higher ruminal pH and molar proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio, but less molar proportion of propionate and butyrate and total VFA compared with calves fed LPM on d 35 of the study. Interaction between milk feeding level and feeding frequency was observed for plasma glucose concentration with HPM-3× calves having the greatest value at d 35 of study. In conclusion, at both levels of milk feeding, calves did not benefit from the increased feeding frequency, but calves benefitted from HPM.Highlights Calves did not benefit from increased milk feeding frequency at either low or high plane of milk feeding. The performance of calves on low plane of milk feeding was constrained by the low nutrient intake and not the feeding frequency. Regardless of plane of milk feeding, feeding 3 meals/d reduced total DM and starter intake with no detrimental effects on overall average daily gain.

Different small-sided games (SSG) can be used by coaches to induce specific demands on athletes during team sports training. In basketball, defensive and time pressures are common stressors experienced by players during official matches. However, no studies have investigated the effect of changing these variables in SSG during training. We compared the physical and physiological demands of three basketball SSG performed in a half court with two hoops: 3vs3 with man-to-man defence in the half playing area, 3vs3 with man-to-man defence in the full playing area, and 3vs3 with a reduced shot-clock (3vs3HALF, 3vs3FULL, 3vs3RT, respectively). Twelve male U-17 basketball athletes formed four balanced teams. Each team played the three SSG against each other in a random order, totalling 18 SSG. During the SSG, the players wore triaxial accelerometers and heart rate monitors. SSG were filmed to record the players’ motor actions. The results showed that 3vs3FULL (p=0.004, d=0.42,small-to-moderate effect) and 3vs3RT (p=0.026, d=0.33,small-to-moderate effect) increased the time spent in higher acceleration zones compared to 3vs3HALF. Both 3vs3FULL and 3vs3RT presented more transition sprints compared to 3vs3HALF. The 3vs3FULL also presented more fakes and the 3vs3RT presented more jumps compared to the 3vs3HALF. Physiological responses presented no differences between the SSG formats. In conclusion, defensive and time pressures increase the physical demand in 3vs3 SSG performed in the half court. The three SSG investigated in this study presented mean heart rate values close to 90% of the maximum heart rate, which suggests that these SSG may be used to increase athletes’ aerobic performance.

Abstract Yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SCY) origin has over long time been incorporated into domestic animal diets. In calves, several products have offered improved performance and health. Although several types of research have been completed, the mode of action of SCY is not clear in calves. Under this review, we have highlighted the works available in the literature on the use of SCY in calves performance, health, immunity, and the gut environment. Both active live yeast and yeast culture have positive effects on growth, rumen, small intestines, immunity and general health of the calf. Specifically, SCY can improve DMI, growth, feed efficiency and reduce diarrhea in calves. Furthermore, subtle improvements are seen in rumen fermentation (increased butyrate production) and rumen papillae growth. These positive results are, however, more pronounced in calves that are under stress or exposed to significant levels of disease-causing agents. There is a need for further research in areas such as gut morphology, gut microbiology and immunity using latest molecular methods to fully understand how SCY helps the growth and development of calves.

Antibiotically disturbed gastrointestinal microbiota needs a long period time to be restored to normal, which may cause a series of problems to the host. The understanding of restoration of the biased microbiota by antibiotics remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the microbiota shift in foregut (rumen) and hindgut (rectum) of lactating cows after antibiotics exposure as well as after antibiotics withdrawal with (Microbiota transplantation, MT group) or without (Control, CON group) microbiota transplantation. We were able to demonstrate that microbiota in both foregut and hindgut significantly changed after 3 or 14 days of antibiotics exposure, and the changes persisted over long period of time (>18 days) after withdrawing the antibiotics. We further observed a faster restoration of microbiota in both foregut and hindgut of MT group than CON group, microbiota in foregut was mainly benefited from microbiota transplantation by restoring the alpha-diversity as well as within-group similarity, while microbiota in hindgut was primarily benefited from microbiota transplantation by reestablishing the co-occurrence network (nodes number, edges number, density, modularity as well as closeness centrality). These results together expanded our understanding of restoration of the biased microbiota by antibiotics, and may also be instructive to deal with the delayed microbiota restoration at least in cows.

The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on improving growth and health of calves could be attributed to the ability of SCFP to modulate the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, the changes in microbial community along the gut in calves supplemented with SCFP have not been investigated extensively. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of SCFP on microbial communities in each sites of GIT using high-throughput sequencing technique. Fifteen Holstein male calves were used and randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments including a calf starter containing 0 (Control, CON), 0.5 (SCFP1) or 1% SCFP (SCFP2, Original XPC, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA) of dry matter from day 4 to 56. The supplemented calves were fed with an additional 1 g/d SCFP (SmartCare, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA) in milk from day 2 to 30. Rumen fluid was sampled at day 28 of age via esophageal tube. All calves were slaughtered and gastrointestinal samples collected on day 56. Inclusion of SCFP increased the microbial species richness in the large intestine. The SCFP also affected the bacterial community at an early age in the rumen and later in rectum microbiota. Supplementation of SCFP stimulated colonization by fibrolytic bacteria (Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) in rumen and large intestine, respectively. No differences were found between SCFP1 and SCFP2. This is the first study to analyze the effect of SCFP on bacterial community of the GIT microbiota in calves. The results provide the basic bacterial community information, which helps us understand the mechanism of action of SCFP for improving the health and performance of pre-weaning calf.

This paper presents and analyzes six short first-person films produced through a collaborative multimedia storytelling workshop series focused on experiences of autism, education and inclusion. The aim of the project is to co-create new understandings of autism beyond functionalist and biomedical ones that reify autism as a problem of disordered brains and underpin special education. We fashion a body becoming disability studies in education approach to proliferate stories of autism outside received cultural scripts -- autism as biomedical disorder, brain-based difference, otherworldliness, lost or stolen child and more. Our approach keeps the meaning of autism moving, always emerging, resisting, fading away and becoming again in relation to context, time, space, material oppressions, cultural scripts, intersecting differences, surprising bodies and interpretative engagement. We argue that the films we present and analyse not only significantly change and critique traditional special education approaches based on assumptions of the normative human as non-autistic, they also "enact" 'autism' as a becoming process and relation with implications for inclusive educators. By this we mean that the stories shift what autism might be and become, and open space for a proliferation of representations and practices of difference in and beyond educational contexts that support flourishing for all.

End of 21st‐century hydroclimate projections suggest an expansion of subtropical dry zones, with Mediterranean and Sahel regions becoming much drier. However, paleobotanical assemblage evidence from the middle Miocene (17‐12 Ma), suggests both regions were instead humid environments. Here we show that by modifying regional sea surface temperatures (SST) in an Earth System Model (CESM1.2) simulation of the middle Miocene, the increased ocean evaporation and integrated water vapor flux overrides any drying effects associated with warming‐induced land‐surface evaporation driven by atmospheric CO2 concentrations. These modifications markedly reduce the bias in the model‐data comparison for this period. A vegetation model (BIOME4) forced with simulated climatologies predicts both regions were dominated by mixed forest, which is largely consistent with the paleobotanical record. This study unveils the potential for wetter subtropical Mediterranean climates associated with warming, presenting an alternative scenario from future drying projections with localized SST warming governing regional climate change. Plain Language Summary: Climate models project drier conditions over Europe and Northern Africa due to global warming. However, evidence from a past warm climate period, the middle Miocene (∼15 million years ago), finds wetter rather than drier environments. We refine climate model boundary conditions by reconstructing warmer ocean waters in the North Atlantic based on proxy evidence. The warmer ocean produces wetter environments by enhancing North Atlantic precipitation events and the North African monsoon. The increased rainfall and surface temperature cause a vegetation model to predict more forest coverage over Europe and Northern Africa, which is consistent with fossil evidence from ∼15 million years ago. This study unveils the potential for wetter climates associated with warming, presenting an alternative scenario from future drying projections, with localized sea surface warming governing regional climate. Key Points: Middle Miocene Europe rainfall discrepancy between herpetological (dry) and paleobotanical (wet) records complicate climate model validationSimulations that produce dry environments also produce cool North Atlantic sea surface temperatures which are inconsistent with proxiesSSTs informed by North Atlantic proxies produce wetter environments consistent with paleobotanical evidence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the positional dynamics in soccer small-sided games (SSGs) with either greater length (SSGlength) or width (SSGwidth) with official games. Twenty four Brazilian U-20 national-level players participated in six SSGs training sessions with two different SSG configurations: SSGlength (4v4, 40 m length and 26 m width) and SSGwidth (4v4, 26 m length and 40 m width). Positional dynamics variables were monitored and compared to official games. Linear mixed regression model was fitted using the situations as fixed effect, and, when appropriate, player and/or group as random effects. When compared to SSGlength and SSGwidth, official games showed a greater Relative Team Length, LPWratio, Spacial Exploration Index (SEI), and Strech Index, with a large or very large effect size. The SSGlength elicited higher values of Relative Team Width, LPWratio, and SEI when compared to SSGwidth. No significant differences were found between SSGlength and SSGwidth for Relative Team Length (small effect size), and SI (small effect size). Both group and player as random effects showed low variances. We concluded that the tactical behaviours during the 4v4 SSG differed substantially from the competitive tactical behaviour during the official games. In addition, changing the orientation of the playing field did not make the positional dynamics of the SSGs more similar to the official games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Racing structure and focus for racehorses differs across jurisdictions and is poorly described. In New Zealand and Australia, jumps racing accounts for a small proportion of total Thoroughbred races each year, as opposed to the larger jumps-racing (National Hunt) industry with purpose-bred horses found in the UK and Ireland. Aims: This study aimed to describe the career profile and pattern of racing for Thoroughbred jumps-racing horses in New Zealand. Methods: Metrics from every horse with a full jumps-racing career (n = 1276, 89% geldings) between the 2005/06 and 2021/22 racing seasons (n = 40,302 starts) were examined. Descriptive statistics, box plots and heat maps were used to describe the data, by using horse age as a proxy for career progression. Key results: Jumps-racing horses had a median of 17 flat starts (IQR 9–30) before their first jumps-racing start. The median career of a jumps-racing horse was 3.7 years (IQR 2.3–5.2) and 29 starts (IQR 16–44). Older horses had a decreasing number of flat-racing starts and an increasing proportion of steeplechase-racing starts. However, the majority of horses still had at least one flat-race start per calendar year, often prior to the first jumps race. Most horses had one spell each season (length 194 days, IQR 124–259), and a condensed preparation length over the winter months, with a median of 14 days (IQR 10–21) between starts. Conclusion: The career pattern for jumps-racing horses in New Zealand reflects the industry retention of horses with a prior career in flat racing into a secondary jumps-racing career. Successful horses have increased focus on preparation for the winter jumps-racing season. Implications: Jumps racing provides a secondary racing career for some flat-racing horses, particularly geldings. This strategy reduces wastage of horses from the industry. Jumps racing in the southern hemisphere is unique and poorly described. This study aimed to describe the career profile and pattern of racing for jumps-racing horses in New Zealand by using industry race data. All jumps-racing horses in New Zealand had a primary career in flat racing, before repurposing in a jumps-racing career for a further 2 years, increasing specialisation as the horse aged. This strategy results in a decrease in wastage from the racing industry. This article belongs to the Collection Equine Science Part II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great Black-backed Gulls Larus marinus and American Herring Gulls L. argentatus smithsonianus are considered dietary generalists at the population level: they consume a variety of prey types, including the adults and offspring of other seabirds, and they shift among prey types as availability varies. Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica adults, eggs, and chicks are often the target of depredation, and adults are also susceptible to kleptoparasitic attacks by large gulls during their summer breeding season in coastal Newfoundland, Canada. We investigated the depredation and kleptoparasitism of puffins by large gulls during July-August 2021/22 at a multi-species breeding colony on the northeast coast of Newfoundland. We hypothesized that both the inshore arrival of spawning Capelin Mallotus villosus, a key forage fish species in the region, and the onset of the puffin chick-rearing period, which typically coincide, influence puffin depredation and kleptoparasitism by large gulls. Shoreline transects on James Island revealed a decrease in new adult puffin carcasses during puffin chickrearing and Capelin spawning, with most adult puffin depredation occurring before the inshore arrival of spawning Capelin in both years. Behavioural observations (i.e., focal animal, behavioural sampling, and instantaneous scan sampling) revealed that Great Black-backed Gulls were more often present within puffin burrow areas and spent a higher proportion of time in these areas relative to American Herring Gulls, especially during Capelin spawning and puffin chick-rearing. Within puffin burrow areas, Great Black-backed Gulls depredated chicks and kleptoparasitized adults. As only ~30% of followed individuals of both gull species entered puffin burrow areas, it is possible that only a few Great Black-backed Gulls were responsible for puffin depredation and kleptoparasitism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]