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This study analyzes the dimensions and consequences of the burden of caregivers of patients with SMD (Severe Mental Disorder) and the repercussions that this role has on their quality of life and health in the physical, psychic and social spheres. This is a descriptive cross‐sectional study and inferential observational study which explores caregivers of patients with SMD admitted to Psychiatry Day Hospital (Huesca, Spain). The technique of consecutive cases was used as a technique for sampling and sample selection. An individualized interview was arranged, where sociodemographic data were collected and scales and instruments were administered. 52 caregivers met the inclusion criteria. The female sex predominates (67%), being the patient's mother (48%). The average age of caregivers is 60 years old. Almost 60% of the sample presents intense burden and alterations of general mental health, 77% reveal anxiety and depression, and 46% little social support. Burden is associated with hospitalization within the last year, anxiety, or total social support received. It is appreciated how the diagnosis of a chronic disease constitutes an important challenge for the patient and their family, due to the burden of the disease and the impact of the new routines imposed by the continuous treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to review the scientific production on social interventions (SI) in the field of persons with disabilities (PWD) and their families and to analyze its evaluations. To do so, it starts from the context of the social model of care of the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the sustainable development goals, and the evaluation of SI. The methodology proposes a systematic review of the existing literature on SI with PWD and their evaluation, based on the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (or PRISMA) model, including 19 articles. The results highlight issues such as the scarcity of publications with evaluations, the lack of homogeneity in the evaluation indicators used, the large number of interventions related to intellectual disability, and a large proportion of community interventions. This scoping review assists future research to consider different questions about evaluation indicators and implementation of the social model or social inclusion, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept of health-related quality of life and education integrates the bio-psychosocial perspective of health and the multidimensional potentialities of education for wellbeing. This present work is especially relevant to young people because understanding the interaction between health and education can facilitate the design of preventive policies. The research examines the way in which the educational level of young people from an urban district in the city of Zaragoza (Casablanca) has an influence on their health-related quality of life (HRQOL).Methods: A cross sectional survey was undertaken in the Casablanca district of Zaragoza (Spain). Participants were not randomly selected; their numbers reflected the areas where they lived with respect to age and sex distribution. It comprised 122 boys and 122 girls, aged between16 and 29, living in the neighbourhood are: Viñedo Viejo, Las Nieves and Fuentes Claras. These three residence zones are markedly different in terms of socioeconomic composition. The questionnaire included the following information: socioeconomic characteristics (sex, age, educational level, employment status, residence zone), an assessment of health (health problems, diagnosis and medication in the last 2 weeks) and HRQOL (WHOQOL-BREF dimensions: mental health; physical health; social relations; and environment). ANOVA and four regression models were used to assess the role, direction and intensity of educational level on HRQOL.Results: The results show that the higher the level of education, the better the level of HRQOL. The biggest impact of education was on the mental health dimension, but this influence was modulated by sex and residence zone. The value of the interaction of education and residence zone was more significant than educational level alone. HRQOL of girls is more sensitive to education, being a student and residence zone than the HRQOL of boys.Conclusions: The dimensions of HRQOL are influenced by educational level. The influence is greatest among girls and the youngest members of the poorest area of the district. Public authorities should contemplate the development of an equitable education system from the beginning of the life cycle as a public health strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze psychosocial variables associated with verbal abuse in women who suffer intimate partner violence. The following factors, taken from the scientific literature, were examined: social and family isolation; low self-esteem; an excess of empathy for the abuser; submission; psychological dependence on the abuser; and, self-blame as internal attribution for the cause of abuse. Our results show that low self-esteem has a direct relationship with verbal abuse. Additionally, family (including in-laws) and social (from friends, workmates, and neighbors), isolation are significantly and positively related to verbal abuse. The results of our study raise questions about the adoption of gender roles and their consequences when stereotyped tendencies are acquired. Implications, as well as ideas future research, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International laws, such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, represent a step towards equity. They also imply both an increase in national and regional legislation, as well as greater institutional complexity, in order to make these rights effective. Therefore, we want to know how the right to universal accessibility has been implemented in legislation. A content analysis of 36 regulations related to disability and dependency in Aragon was carried out. Finally, it was detected that, despite certain advances, the adaptation of the regulations has not been consolidated, affecting the recognition of the rights of people with disabilities, especially the youngest and those with severe support needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective In Spain, fewer men are smoking every year yet the number of women smokers remains relatively high. This paper examines the impact of two anti-smoking policies (increased prices and obligatory pictorial health warning labels) on womens smoking decisions; generation cohorts are used to elucidate the determinants of those decisions. Data source We have drawn 48,755 observations of women living in Spain from the Spanish National Health Surveys of 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2011. Data synthesis Among the main results, we highlight that belonging to a particular generation modulates the manner in which individual characteristics and tobacco policies determine smoking decisions. For example, women's smoking was not considered as socially acceptable until the 1960s and therefore older women have lower smoking rates. However, for the younger female cohorts (generations X and Y) smoking was seen as an act of rebellion and modernity, so women belonging to these groups, irrespective of educational level, are more likely to smoke. Conclusions The price of cigarettes and pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packets also influence the smoking behaviour of Spanish women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To analyze the association between socioeconomic vulnerability and use and frequentation of health care attention in a neighbourhood, by using a multidimensional operative definition of socioeconomic vulnerability. Material and Methods: A transversal survey was implemented in Casablanca neighborhood (Zaragoza, Spain). 1032 people were selected by stratified random sampling. Information about demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, health perceived status and health care visits was obtained using a personal survey. Formal educational level, employment status and income level were integrated in unique classification criteria (socioeconomic vulnerability). Health care visits and user profile were described. Socioeconomic determinants of use and frequentation of health care services were studied by regression methods, controlled by three independent measures of socioeconomic vulnerability and by a single integrative indicator. Results: 30% Casablanca neighbors used health care resources during the two weeks previous to the interview. The user profile was: women, older than 60 years, with low self-rated health and diagnosed illnesses. Vulnerable people used medical resources with higher frequency than non-vulnerable people did, and a higher association was found in men. Statistically significant differences could be observed among the three socioeconomic independent measures, and the integrative unique vulnerability measure. For men, low formal educational level and unemployment predicted health care visit. However, socioeconomic vulnerability does not imply greater demand for health care. Conclusions: Although vulnerable people used with higher frequency the sanitary services than the non-vulnerable, unemployment and low income was correlated with a low frequency of visits, mainly in women and middle aged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network play an important role in both the decision to emigrate and the choice of location. Related to migrants and its social net, very little is known about patterns of integration and community participation in rural and low population density contexts in Spain. This article explores these issues and is based on a study, in the province of Teruel (Spain), using a sample of 324 Latin American migrants over the age of 18, selected by sex and place of residence. A standardised test - the Musitu and Gracia AC-90 Community Social Support Questionnaire and open questions were employed. ANOVAS analysis showed significant differences in community integration and participation in accordance with socioeconomic, motivational and social interaction variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how household social capital affects adolescents' demand for alcoholic drinks. To that end, we focus on a theoretical framework that combines elements from the Model of Rational Addiction and the Model of Social Economics. For the empirical framework, we use a simultaneous Type II Tobit model, with data drawn from the Spanish National Survey on Drug Use in the School Population (2000, 2002, and 2004). The sample is comprised of 12,627 students aged 17 years old. Our results confirm that parents' decisions about drinking are even more decisive in their children's behavior than socioeconomic variables, such as parents' educative levels or working status. Parental responsibilities go beyond the endowment of health and educational goods and services; so, these results suggest the importance of designing family-drug use prevention programs. The study's limitations are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on the direction of the relationship between civic participation and well-being has evidenced that civic participation is a promoter of well-being among older adults in Europe. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to identify and analyze the differences between European welfare systems regarding both civic participation and well-being. For this purpose, a logistic multilevel regression analysis was performed as an empirical strategy, using the cross-sectional data from the 9 waves of the European Social Survey (2002–2018). Significant differences in well-being were observed, with Anglo-Saxon elders being the healthiest, and the Nordic the happiest and most satisfied with their lives. In contrast, Eastern European seniors reported the lowest levels of well-being. Also, Nordic countries are the most civically engaged, followed by the Continental and Anglo-Saxon, while Mediterranean and Eastern countries engage the least. However, the impact of civic participation on well-being is strongest for the Mediterranean countries, while its impact on satisfaction and happiness is weakest for the Nordic countries. The 3 models of the multilevel analysis indicate that civic participation has a positive impact on health, happiness and life satisfaction, and that this effect is quite robust. Also, by adding country-level macro variables to the model, it is possible to reduce the random effects and hence to better explain these international differences. Concisely, the impact of civic participation on the well-being of the elderly differs across nations and should therefore be considered by policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we examine the influence of a number of psychosocial variables on health attributions and the use of the health care system. The study sample consisted of 1,032 participants, who were representative of a stratified suburban community in Spain. Homebased interviews were conducted to identify participants' main health improvement resources. Most answers were related to health attitudes concerning behavior, the health services available to participants, or other external agents. Qualitative and quantitative strategies were employed and results showed that age and health perception were the most reliable predictors of these attitudes. Social variables were found to play an important role in the explanation of participants' beliefs and medical consultation behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Although Spanish adolescents recognize that reiterative alcohol abuse has negative consequences over consumers and society in general, the percentages of teenagers who get drunk during the weekends keep alarming high. Young people are exposed to a wide range of messages about the externalities related to alcohol consumption whose connotation and importance are divergent. Our main goal is to analyze which channels are the most effective to reduce alcohol abuse. To that end, we focus on a theoretical framework which combines the forming of risk perceptions with the decision of consuming alcoholic beverages. We focus on young people because alcohol consumption patterns consolidate in adolescence and adolescents are also highly sensitive to peerpressure, and in general, to social forces. Materials and methods The main contribution of this paper lies in analyzing how the different sources of information (relatives, friends, teachers, official organism, mass media, seminars, hooked people and publications) configure risk perceptions. To address the issue of endogeneity between risk perception and risky behaviors, we consider a simultaneous equation system, and to analyze the robustness of the results, we carry out two more different specifications: a model in which these endogenous variables are included but treated as exogenous and a model in which these variables are excluded. We have drawn sub-populations of 21344, 26530 and 25521 high-school students from the Spanish National Surveys on Drug Use in the School Population 2000, 2002 and 2004. We have also used the Harmonised Consumer Price Indexes (HCPI) as a proxy of the alcoholic beverages' prices. These indexes, provided by the Spanish National Statistical Institute, are statistical measures which summarize the evolution of the acquisition capacity of the resident population in Spain to buy alcoholic drinks across Spanish provinces (n=50). Because these indexes also compute for geographical and temporal differences (for example, some Spanish provinces are important wine producers or some years have been specially good or bad for the agricultural sector given weather or economic conditions), we have introduced time and geographical dummy variables in order to control for these two dimensions. Results Our results validate the theoretical framework. The riskier the students consider the consumption of alcoholic beverages, the lower is their alcohol demand. This empirical evidence is fundamental in justifying the design of public polices oriented to inform young people about the real risks of consuming drugs. This paper also brings to light that the most effective channels to inform young people are official organisms, parents and siblings, mass media, talks and seminars, and teachers. The other way around, friends seem to exert a negative influence. The main conclusion we draw from these results is that alcohol consumption is a social issue. To design effective anti-drug policies, we have to take into account adolescents' social environments: families, friends and schools, among others. It is fundamental to inform parents and teachers, and in general to reach the highest population section as possible. The good piece of news is that people who surround adolescence are getting more and more involved with their education; parents and teachers are sharing the responsibility of informing adolescents about drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the process and methodology followed in research on Latin American immigration in the province of Teruel funded by the University of Zaragoza (Code: 270-58). Based on the model of social capital, we plan to research the trajectory of community integration and the social and labor inclusion of immigrants in the capital of Teruel and in the provincial villages. To this end, we developed a measuring instrument with a special focus on the perspective of immigrants, their social network, and their demands and potential. The interview consists of customised questionnaires and open questions. The article explains the characteristics of the final instrument, the phases of implementation, and the social agents involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this paper is to elaborate a health diagnosis of men and women who live in the same Spanish neighborhood. Although in general Spanish people find themselves healthy, females present more health problems due to cultural differences or due to biological factors. The empirical estimation has been carried out with data drawn from a self-elaborated survey of 1032 people older than 14 years old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzes how gender equality influences the participation of European senior citizens in a range of volunteering activities (Social Awareness, Professional and Political, Education, and Religion). The main contribution is the simultaneous consideration of different levels of data aggregation: individual, national and welfare system. This allows conclusions to be drawn on the effects of variables linked to sociodemographic characteristics, gender equality and welfare systems. The empirical estimation utilised microdata from the World Values Survey (2005/09 and 2010/14) and the United Nations Development Programme. Results suggest that the European senior citizens appear to believe that they are more equal than the official statistics of their countries indicate. Men are more likely to participate in professional and education activities; women are more likely to be involved in religious organisations. Welfare systems influence volunteering behaviours. The promotion of macro-policies for gender equality could be important for increasing participation in non-profit organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research is to understand how civic participation influences the well-being of older people, thus being a key activity of active aging. In addition, it recognizes differences by gender, age group and generational cohort. The data are drawn from the European Social Survey (2002–2016), considering individuals born before 1965 in 14 European countries. A pseudo-panel has been constructed from the cross-sectional data and a cross-lagged model applied using random effects (n = 1412). In addition to demonstrating that there is a two-way association between civic participation and the indicators of well-being, this study provides empirical evidence that the relationship from past civic participation to present health and happiness is stronger than vice versa. Therefore, this result confirms the causal effect of civic participation on well-being. Consequently, civic participation and its activities promote the well-being of the elderly and should be encouraged through public and social policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The high prevalence of emotional disorders leads to a high demand for mental care which results in high costs and long waiting lists in public mental health settings. The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders (UP) is a recent emotion‐regulation‐based intervention that can be a cost‐effective solution in public mental health settings due its transdiagnostic approach and the possibility to apply it in group format. However, the acceptability by mental healthcare professionals (MHCPs) delivering the UP in group format has not been explored. Methods: Thirty‐three MHCPs, grouped into MHCPs without previous experience and MHCPs with experience in delivering the UP, were asked about aspects of acceptability and intention to use. Quantitative analysis was carried out to explore MHCPs acceptability. Furthermore, qualitative opinion about UP were collected through a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis to explore MHCPs opinion of delivering the UP intervention in a group format, within the Spanish Public Mental Health System. Results: The results showed high scores in all acceptability dimensions and intention to use in the future. SWOT analysis showed strengths and opportunities focusing on its transdiagnostic nature and the cost‐effective benefits of group treatment, and weaknesses and threats related to the limited material and human resources. Conclusions: Findings indicate high acceptability of the UP by MHCPs working within the Spanish Public Mental Health System and also identified areas for improvements. In order to enhance the dissemination and implementation of the UP, it is essential to consider MHCPs' perceptions and to be open to their suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the relationship between sociocultural values and human food preferences. The latter, as shown in this paper, are greatly influenced by cultural identity. This work stems from a theoretical context that originated in Europe and the United States towards the mid‐twentieth century, within the field of the anthropology of food. A qualitative and quantitative analysis has been performed in the Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (Spain). Research methods include focus groups, in‐depth interviews, participant observation, and a questionnaire that was handed out to a representative sample of the Aragonese population (816 people over 21 years of age; confidence level of 95.5% and error margin of ±3.5). Regarding the research outcome, a highly significant qualitative and quantitative connection has been found between food selection and cultural identity. In other words, people prefer to consume foods that are symbolically associated with their own culture, in order to reinforce their sense of belonging. Although this study has been carried out in Aragón, it is our belief that the results can be generalized to other areas. The originality and interest of our findings are notable considering that, to date, few works have analyzed the sociocultural factors motivating food behavior. Moreover, these results could be used by public and private organizations to meet objectives such as health promotion and product marketing. Cette recherche a pour objectif d'analyser la relation entre les valeurs socioculturelles et les préférences humaines pour la nourriture. Ces dernières, tel qu'il est montré dans cet article, sont grandement influencées par l'identité culturelle. Ce travail est inspiré par un contexte théorique dont l'origine se situe en Europe et aux États‐Unis vers le milieu du vingtième siècle dans le cadre de l'anthropologie de la nourriture. Des analyses qualitative et quantitative ont été effectuées dans la Comunidad Autónoma d'Aragon (Espagne). Les méthodes de recherche comportent des groupes cibles, des entrevues en profondeur, une observation participante et un questionnaire construit spécifiquement pour cette recherche. Ce dernier a été présenté à un échantillon représentatif de la population aragonaise (816 personnes de plus de 21 ans; niveau de confiance de 95.5% et une marge d'erreur de plus ou moins 3.5). Les résultats montrent une relation qualitative et quantitative très significative entre le choix de la nourriture et l'identité culturelle. En d'autres mots, les gens préfèrent consommer de la nourriture qui est symboliquement reliée à leur propre culture afin de renforcer leur sentiment d'appartenance. Même si cette étude a été faite en Aragon, nous croyons que les résultats valent aussi pour d'autres régions. L'originalité et l'intérêt de nos données sont importants si l'on tient compte, qu’à ce jour, il y a peu de travaux disponibles analysant les facteurs socioculturels motivant le comportement à l’égard de la nourriture. De plus, ces résultats peuvent être utiles autant pour les organisations publiques que privées afin de satisfaire des objectifs tels que la promotion de la santé et la commercialisation des produits entre autres. Esta investigación se propuso analizar la relación entre los valores socioculturales y las preferencias alimenticias humanas. La identidad cultural, como se muestra en este artículo, influye grandemente estas últimas. Este trabajo deriva de un contexto teórico que se originó en Europa y Estados Unidos hacia mediados del siglo XX, dentro del campo de la Antropología de la Comida. Se efectuó un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo en la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón (España). El método de investigación incluye grupos focales, entrevistas profundas, observación de los participantes y un cuestionario ad hoc. Este último fue distribuido a una muestra representativa de la población aragonesa (816 personas a partir de los 21 años de edad; nivel de confianza al 95.5% y margen de error de ±3.5). En cuanto a los resultados de investigación, se encontró una conexión cualitativa y cuantitativa muy significativa entre la selección de comida y la identidad cultural. En otras palabras, la gente prefiere consumir alimentos que asocia simbólicamente con su propia cultura, a fin de reforzar su sentido de pertenencia. A pesar de que este estudio se llevó a cabo en Aragón, es nuestra creencia que puede generalizarse los resultados a otras áreas. La originalidad y atractivo de nuestros resultados son notables considerando que, a la fecha, hay pocos trabajos disponibles que hayan analizado los factores socioculturales que motivan la conducta alimenticia. Además, tanto las organizaciones públicas como las privadas pueden usar estos resultados para lograr objetivos como la promoción de la salud y la venta de productos, entre otros. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this research is to determine the link between happiness and individual subjective life expectancy (SLE) among Chilean senior citizens. We use data from the 2015 edition of the Chilean Social Protection Survey. Our sample consists of 1298 seniors: 700 aged 65–74, 421 aged 75–84, and 177 aged 85 and older. We provide a novel methodological approach that allows us to measure the relative contribution of happiness to SLE, by combining the Shapley–Owen–Shorrocks decomposition with contrasts of marginal linear predictions of the equality of the means by groups. Results reveal that happiness is the most important determinant of seniors' SLE, and the effect is stronger the older the people are. Addressing varying levels of happiness is important because both happiness and unhappiness have a significant impact. In an ageing population, social agents should consider that these variables (happiness and SLE) are related to engagement in healthy lifestyles. If prevention programs integrated this interaction, welfare systems could save scarce resources. Therefore, governments should foster happiness to support active ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We analyzed the preference of three psychological intervention formats—individual, group, and online—in a sample of 267 patients with a primary diagnosis of emotional disorder in Spanish public mental health settings. Method: We studied patients’ preferences considering sociodemographic characteristics, diagnoses, history of psychological treatments, number of sessions, and satisfaction with past interventions. Results: Most participants (85.4%) preferred psychological treatment in an individual format, 14.2% in group, and 0.4% online. When comparing the people who chose individual and group treatment, no demographic or clinical differences were found. The arguments against group format were the lack of privacy and expression difficulties. Regarding online format, these included being considered impersonal and ineffective. Conclusion: The rejection of group and online psychotherapy formats allows us to define the actions we should carry out in public mental health settings to improve the acceptance of more cost-effective therapy formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In whatever domain of life, from cells to organisms to societies, communicative exchanges underlie the formation and maintenance, and decay, of the emerging collective structures. It can be clearly seen in the human social world. The different classes of social bonds in a complex society revolve around, and are intimately related with, the communicative relationships that every individual entertains—essentially via face-to-face conversation. In the present work we have investigated the fundamental metrics of both social bonds and communicative exchanges along the development of the "sociotype" construct. It is a new approach developed by the authors within the genotype-phenotype-sociotype conceptual triad. The sociotype means the relative constancy, or better the similar fabric, of the social world in which each individual life is developed. In order to ascertain the metrics of the fundamental quantitative traits inherent in the sociotype, a fieldwork involving a total of 1475 individuals (68.59% female, and 49.79 mean age, SD = 21.47) was carried out. The four relational realms of family, friends, work/study, and acquaintances were investigated. The overall results about conversation time (an average of 220 min/day), and about the number of social bonds (an average of 98), differ from previous assumptions, such as Dunbar's number or Killworth's number. Other results about gender, age, and use of social media and Internet contribute to highlight significant differences among the different social segments, and particularly the diminished "sociotype" of the elderly. Finally, it is curious that a non-Gaussian distribution has been obtained for the specific population allotment of these metrics, and intriguingly the Planckian distribution equation (PDE) appears to be a most cogent fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical evidence of differences in positive mental health with respect to sex, are sparse, even controversial. The objective here is to analyze positive mental health between men and women. The sample is made up of 533 participants from Toluca, State of Mexico. All were upper-level students, males (44.4%) and females (55.6%), between 14 and 20 years old. The Positive Mental Health Questionaire (PMHQ) was applied (Lluch, 1999). The results showed that 38.3% of the sample is at a high level and 16.1% at a very high level of positive mental health. From the descriptive analysis the personal satisfaction dimension scored above the theoretical average. The hypothesis is partially confirmed, since significant differences were obtained in four of the six dimensions, in personal satisfaction, prosocial attitude and ability for interpersonal relationships, with higher scores for females and self-control in the male group. We suggest that the analysis of positive mental health be continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]