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Logan Simpson archaeologists recovered a total of 18,799 ceramic artifacts during testing and data recovery within the FLA Phase 2 and Phase 3 loci. The collection mainly consists of body sherds (92 percent) and rim sherds (8 percent) from pottery vessels, but small numbers of non-vessel ceramic artifacts (e.g., figurines, pipe stems, and raw clays), partially reconstructible vessels (PRV), and a complete vessel (CV) also were recovered. The PRVs generally consist of multiple refitted sherds that comprise at least one-third of a complete vessel; for the purpose of quantifying the ceramic data, the PRVs were counted as single items (rather than as individual sherds) to avoid inflating artifact counts. The overwhelming majority of ceramics (95 percent) were collected from Locus 2; ceramic artifacts from this locus outnumber those from Locus 3 by more than 20 to 1. The project area is situated outside but adjacent to the originally defined northwest site boundary of La Ciudad. However, it constitutes part of the larger La Ciudad settlement and appears to be situated along the margin between a Pre-Classic period residential area and the surrounding farm fields, based on the mix of features related to domestic and agricultural activities. The two-phase division of the project area was designed to assist with the construction management, but it is also fortuitous for archaeological investigations because it segregates what appear to be functionally and temporally distinct site components. Locus 2 on the east side of the project area consists of a dense cluster of features, including residential pit houses and associated activity areas (defined by various extramural thermal and nonthermal pits). In contrast, Locus 3 consists of two groups of small field houses associated with limited-use extramural activity areas. Both loci appear to have been occupied primarily during the late Pioneer and Colonial periods. This chapter provides an overview of the methods and inferred results from various analyses of ceramic materials from the project area.

Logan Simpson conducted archaeological excavations between February and June 2013 for the City of Phoenix’s Frank Luke Addition (FLA) Project. The excavations were completed within a 9.1-acre parcel situated within the prehistoric site of La Ciudad (AZ T:12:1[ASM]), a Hohokam village located north of the Salt River. The FLA Project is located within a highly urbanized portion of the City of Phoenix (COP) in the Phoenix Basin, south-central Arizona. Historical documents indicate that the FLA parcel was used for farming until about 1906, when it was subdivided for private housing. In 1950, the COP purchased the 12.2-acre parcel for redevelopment as public housing and named the development in honor of the World War I flying ace Frank Luke. The 1950s public housing complex consisted of 39 1-story apartment buildings separated by grass lawns, play areas, and a curving street. The apartments were built in 1952 and were demolished in 2012, following appropriate documentation, to make way for a larger complex of multiple-story apartments to be developed by the COP using a combination of Low Income Housing Tax Credits, General Obligation bonds, and a U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development HOPE VI grant.

The Hohokam village was one of the largest pre-Classic settlements in the Phoenix Basin. The recorded site boundary covers more than 80 acres, extending from the edge of the Salt River floodplain northward. Founded during the Vahki phase (A.D. 500-650), when settlement aggregated around two large plazas, the village thrived until the Santa Cruz phase (A.D. 850950), when people began to leave the village, possibly settling in villages further down the canal system. Final abandonment occurred during the eleventh century A.D., although by that time, La Villa was greatly reduced in scale and, presumably, in importance. The project detailed in this volume is the second conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at La Villa (Lindeman, ed. 2015). The current archaeological excavations preceded installation of a storm drain, which was part of the larger Downtown Storm Drain Improvements project. The City of Phoenix Jefferson Phase 2 Drainage project entailed installation of 36- and 30-inch diameter storm drains and associated manholes, catch basins, and pipe connections along Jackson Street in downtown Phoenix. In all, 248 features were identified, including 74 pithouses, 144 extramural features, 29 mortuary features, and 1 plaza. The central precincts of major Hohokam villages have only been rarely investigated during the modern era. Uncovering the Eastern Plaza at La Villa represents the first investigation of a plaza along Canal System 2. The large linear transects that structured the project provided a unique sample across a relatively large, albeit narrow, swath of the site, allowing for sampling of contexts from the center of the village to the edges. What was uncovered under the streets of modern Phoenix was incredibly well preserved, providing a robust base for the analyses presented in the following pages.

The archaeological excavations documented in this volume examine the Hohokam village of La Villa, AZ T:12:148 (ASM). From its founding in the sixth century A.D., until abandonment in the eleventh century, La Villa was one of the largest villages in the Phoenix Basin. Current excavations preceded the installation of a storm drain that was part of the larger Storm Drain project and provided a rare glimpse of a large pre-Classic period village. Fieldwork occurred in multiple phases. Archaeological data recovery was conducted within the project alignment along in four phases of fieldwork. The work was observed by an archaeological monitor. The alignment in was tested, and because no features were identified, no further work was conducted. Most of the work was conducted in where dense occupation was encountered. The long-lived occupations encountered are in the heart of the village of La Villa. In total, 241 features were identified, including 80 pithouses, 98 extramural features, and 63 mortuary features. Located just north of the western plaza at La Villa, the project area contained dense, persistent settlement. Particularly dense were areas located closest to the western plaza. On the northern and western margins of the project area, settlement, while dense by most standards, was temporally patchy, occupied for one or more intervals but exhibiting gaps. From the founding of La Villa, its inhabitants were farmers. As productive specialization developed, particularly in ceramics but also in other goods, farming became increasingly important for the people of La Villa. Agricultural products became not only sources of sustenance, but also goods that could be exchanged for shell, ceramics, and other goods. Fieldwork revealed contexts spanning much of the Hohokam pre-Classic. Features were excavated dating from the Red Mountain phase through the Middle Sacaton, with the interval from Vahki through Early Sacaton being best represented. One of the strengths of the excavated data set is this incredible temporal sample, which revealed that change at La Villa came in fits and starts, interspersed by periods of remarkable continuity.

The Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT) is planning a pavement preservation project along the Bush Highway from Power Road to just south of State Route (SR) 87 (also known as the Beeline Highway), Maricopa County, Arizona (Figure 1). MCDOT tasked EcoPlan Associates, Inc. (EcoPlan) with cultural resource survey in advance of road improvement. The results of the survey are presented in this report.

This report documents Phase II data recovery at a portion of the project site performed by archaeologists from Jacobs Engineering (Jacobs) in Phoenix, Arizona. Under contract with Maricopa County Department of Transportation (MCDOT), archaeologists from Jacobs conducted data recovery at the site from January 8, 2013, through May 1, 2013. The Phase II data recovery resulted in the discovery of 104 features and excavation of 85 features, along with the recovery of thousands of artifacts.

Pima County Department of Transportation is proposing to construct a newly aligned road in Pima County. The realigned road would cross through two previously investigated archaeological sites—AZ AA:12:11 (ASM) and AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), the latter more commonly known as the Rillito Fan site. Pima County Office of Sustainability and Conservation retained SWCA Environmental Consultants to develop and implement a Phase 1 data recovery (data testing) plan for the portions of these two sites that would be affected by the road construction. The purpose of data testing was to locate and identify the archaeological features and deposits that would be adversely affected by the road construction, and to provide the baseline archaeological and geomorphological data that would guide more intensive Phase 2 data recovery excavations. Phase 1 data recovery included the surface collection of culturally or temporally diagnostic or unusual artifacts, and the mechanical excavation of test trenches. Twenty-four artifacts were collected from the surface of AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), most of them decorated pottery sherds. One hundred twenty-three trenches were excavated to a depth of approximately 1.5 m (5 feet) below the modern ground surface; eight of these trenches were subsequently further excavated to about 3.7 m (12 feet) below the modern ground surface, in most cases along only a portion of their length. Almost all of the trenches were 20 m long; a handful of trenches were shorter in order to avoid obstacles such as vegetation. East of the Santa Cruz River, the trenches within the proposed 150-foot-wide ROW were generally spaced 10 m apart, whereas in adjacent areas of the APE where project impacts are not anticipated to be as great, trenches were generally spaced 20 m apart. Only two trenches were excavated west of the river and were placed to avoid the ROW, as well as the easements associated with two large overhead transmission lines. Eighty-four trenches were excavated in or partially within AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), 15 trenches were excavated in or partially within AZ AA:12:11 (ASM), and 24 trenches were excavated outside currently recorded site boundaries to test for the presence of cultural resources not visible on the modern ground surface. This report describes the methods and results of the Phase 1 testing and provides recommendations for Phase 2 data recovery to mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed road construction.

PaleoWest Archaeology was contracted to conduct data recovery in advance of the development of a new medical building on St. Luke’s campus. Limited archaeological data recovery was conducted in the project area because of the presence of prehistoric features and the possibility of human remains existing in the area. The parcel is within the boundaries of a large prehistoric site known as La Ciudad (AZ T:12:1[ASM]). The data recovery project included the excavation of 100 m of trench and overburden removal of approximately 219 square meters. The goal of this phase of work was to search for human burials and excavate a sample of the features that were identified during the testing phase. Excavation occurred at three features identified during testing as pithouses (Features 12, 13, and 18) and one feature (Feature 11) identified as an horno. Other features were identified in the trenches and profiled; additional features were identified in stripped area and recorded. After further investigation, two of the pithouses (Features 13 and 18) were determined to represent borrow pits and the third pithouse may have also been a borrow pit. Fragments of a human cranium were discovered in the fill of the horno, and small fragments of cremated human bone were recovered from two other features. The ceramic assemblage and a C14 date indicate use of the project area during the early Gila Butte phase of the Hohokam Colonial Period, between about A.D. 775 and 850. No further excavation work is recommended for the project area.

The results of archaeological research conducted as part of the Center for Desert Archaeology's (now Archaeology Southwest) San Pedro Preservation Project are presented in this volume. The fieldwork component of this project was conducted in the northern, or lower, San Pedro Valley from 1990 through 2001. Fieldwork included an extensive survey of the terraces overlooking the Lower San Pedro Valley floodplain (1990-1995). In the second phase of the project (1999-2001), test excavations were conducted at many of the principal Classic period (A.D. 1200-1450) settlements in the area. The field effort was accomplished by a large and varied cast of volunteers and student interns under the supervision of professional archaeologists from multiple institutions.

Approximately 61 percent (74 percent if only the extant portions of the site are considered) of the 60.5-acre Hohokam settlement known as Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88 (ASM) (Arizona State Museum site files designation) was mechanically tested and horizontally exposed during excavations in 2006-2007 by Desert Archaeology, Inc., under contract with Pima County and Rancho Vistoso Partners, LLC. Honey Bee Village is located in the Town of Oro Valley north of Tucson. The core of the village was set aside as a preserve, and only surface documentation was conducted in that area. Elsewhere on the preserved portions of the site most of the village plan was exposed, and excavations revealed 2,004 primary features. This is part 1 of 2

Archaeological data recovery was conducted in the north end of the Frank Luke Addition in the City of Phoenix within a portion of the Hohokam site of La Ciudad, also known as AZ T:12:1 (ASM). This is a report on data recovery conducted in the north end of the project area. The excavations documented a borrow pit reused as a reservoir (Feature 32), an irrigation lateral (Feature 27), a small field house (Feature 29), five extramural pits and thermal features, and two pits containing historic material. Ceramic styles and a single radiocarbon date show the features were in use from the Gila Butte through the Soho phases, with a possible hiatus corresponding to the Middle to Late Sacaton phase. These excavations have contributed information on feature function, period of occupation, ceramic exchange, and have helped define a portion of the site boundary. These data, feature descriptions, artifact and environmental analyses are presented in this document for incorporation with the data that will be generated in the future by the excavation of the remainder of the site.

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation-Phoenix Area Office, ACS conducted Phase 2 data recovery at the Lake Pleasant Rockshelter site (AZ T:4:150[ASM]), Yavapai County, Arizona. Based on the results of Phase 1 investigations conducted at the site (Pinter et al. 2009), Reclamation determined that potentially significant subsurface cultural deposits were present that could provide important new data on prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic Native American and Euroamerican occupation of the general area. The proposed work plan for Phase 2 (Pinter et al. 2009) was accepted by Reclamation, and was implemented in two sessions due to inclement weather and rising lake levels. The first session occurred in January 2010, followed by a hiatus to allow the lake level to drop and the weather to cool; the second and final session occurred in late September 2010.

ACS conducted Phase 2 data recovery at the Lake Pleasant Rockshelter site (AZ T:4:150[ASM]) in 2010 at the request of the Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix Area Office. The proposed work plan for Phase 2 (Pinter et al. 2009) was accepted by Reclamation, and was implemented in two sessions due to inclement weather and rising lake levels. The first session occurred in January 2010, followed by a hiatus to allow the lake level to drop and the weather to cool; the second and final session occurred in late September 2010. The results of Phase 2 data recovery, which completely excavated the interior of the shelter, documented the long history of use of the site and provided substantial new evidence of subsistence and tool use practices among the Yavapai. This document is the photo log for a series of photos taken during excavation. The photos can be found at tDAR ID: 391285. The report can be found at tDAR ID: 391218.

The City of Phoenix requested that archaeological work be conducted at the location of the proposed Coral Pointe Apartments Project in Phoenix. The Project is on private property but will receive federal funding so the effects of this undertaking on cultural resources must be considered to comply with section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. According to the City of Phoenix archaeological site files, several prehistoric canals cross the area of potential effect (APE). Although no site had been recorded in this parcel, the City required testing here due to the likelihood of buried canal features.The testing was done under the existing City-approved Plan, entitled “General Cultural Resources Testing Plan for the City of Phoenix Projects that Involve Prehistoric Canals with the City of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona” (Stubing and Turner 2007). Buried features were discovered during the testing phase, an archaeological site number was assigned, and subsequent data recovery was conducted. The data recovery was done under an existing City-approved Plan, entitled “General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archaeological Projects within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona” (Montero et al. 2008). Archaeological investigations in the project area included 675 linear meters of backhoe trenches and 620 sq m of mechanically stripped areas. Forty one features were identified that included field houses, pits, and canals. Ceramic evidence indicates that this site, AZ T:12:395(ASM), dates to the late Gila Butte and early Santa Cruz phases of the Hohokam Colonial period around A.D. 750-850.

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation–Phoenix Area Office, ACS conducted surface collection, mapping, and soil coring at AZ T:4:150(ASM), a multicomponent rockshelter site in Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The site is being impacted by increased visitation and Reclamation is seeking to mitigate those impacts. The investigations identified four features; these included a thermal pit (Feature 1), a rock ring (Feature 2), the rockshelter (Feature 3), and a previously unrecorded rockpile (Feature 4) on the outcrop above the rockshelter. Ten soil core and auger probes were placed along two transects in and adjacent to the rockshelter boundaries, providing two roughly perpendicular profiles. The soil coring revealed that intact subsurface cultural deposits are present inside and adjacent to the rockshelter; a possible looter’s pit was also identified in the central portion of the rockshelter. These investigations confirmed that the site has the potential to yield important information about the Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic period occupations of the Lake Pleasant area. The work at AZ T:4:150(ASM) was conducted in phases, and the current report documents on the results of mapping, surface collection, and soil coring at the site, with recommendations for data recovery based on the outcome of these tasks. Photos from this project can be found at tDAR IDs: 391290 and 391292. The photologs can be found at tDAR IDs: 391291 and 391293.

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation–Phoenix Area Office (PXAO), ACS conducted Phase 1 cultural resource assessments and investigations at AZ T:4:150(ASM), a multicomponent rockshelter site in Lake Pleasant Regional Park, in 2008. The site was being impacted by increased visitation and Reclamation is seeking to mitigate those impacts. ACS archaeologists completed surface collection, mapping, and soil coring at the site. These investigations confirmed that the site held the potential to yield important information about the Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic period occupations of the Lake Pleasant area. This document is the photo log for a series of photos taken during Phase 1 surface collections. The photos can be found at tDAR ID: 391290. Additional photos from testing can be found at tDAR ID: 391292. The photolog from testing can be found at tDAR ID: 391293. The report can be found at tDAR ID: 391289.

Between April 1998 and April 2005, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted investigations of prehistoric and historic sites along State Route 188 (SR 188; formerly SR 88) from the junction of US 60 to Wheatfields, and from Hicks Wash to Tonto National Monument (TNM) in Gila County. These excavations were carried out under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as part of the agency’s reconstruction and realignment of SR 88/188 between the US 60 junction near Globe-Miami and TNM near Roosevelt Lake. Fieldwork was conducted on the Tonto National Forest (Forest) under Forest special-use permits (Authorization Nos. 2034-22, -25, and -26; GLO23, 25, 89, and 90; and TON212) issued by the Forest under authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 and the Antiquities Act of 1906. Additional fieldwork was conducted on TNM property under a permit (No. IMR-SW-00-1) issued by the National Park Service, under the authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act. Fieldwork within the existing ADOT right-of- way was conducted under permits (Nos. 77295, 77524M, 77697M, and 77937M) issued by the ADOT-Globe District Office. In addition, a Forest fire-closure permit was issued to ACS during the summer of 2002. Fieldwork on private land in the US 60 to Wheatfields section was undertaken with permission from BHP Copper (letter dated March 24, 2005) and Phelps Dodge Miami. All fieldwork was performed in accordance with the project’s research design and the site-specific work plans. This final project report is divided into two parts. Part One contains introductory and background materials, the project research design, field and analytic methods, chronometry and the site descriptions (primarily prehistoric) for the US 60 to Wheatfields, Hicks Wash, Resort Road to Devore Wash, and TNM to Resort Road sections. Part Two presents the historic linear and mining-related site descriptions, as well as analytical summaries and a synthesis and conclusions for the historic and prehistoric resources. The latter highlights the contributions of the project results from local and regional perspectives. The 3rd and last document contains Appendices 1-9.

Phase II data recovery was conducted at AZ AA:7:500 (ASM) and AZ AA:12:682 (ASM) on the Villages of Tortolita property after Phase I data recovery revealed the presence of subsurface cultural deposits. Forty-five features were identified during Phase II data recovery at AZ AA:7:500 (ASM), including pit structures, roasting pits, miscellaneous extramural pits, middens, surface rock concentrations, and cremations. At AZ AA:12:682 (ASM), five highly ephemeral, poorly defined features (charcoal stains and a cluster of cobbles) were investigated. Decorated ceramics recovered at AZ AA:7:500 (ASM) from the Pioneer, Colonial, and Sedentary periods were recovered from feature contexts, suggesting a long occupation of the site (ca. A.D. 600-1150); however, the small number of pit structures suggested very low-intensity use of the area over a long period of time. The material culture assemblage offered few surprises, with ceramics, flaked stone, ground stone, faunal remains, paleobotanical remains, and pollen samples highly typical of low-elevation pre-Classic Hohokam sites in the greater Tucson Basin. Because there were only a few Tanque Verde Red-on-brown sherds at AZ AA:12:682(ASM) and because of the badly disturbed features as a result of agricultural activities, very little could be inferred regarding the Classic period human activity in the area between Los Robles and the Marana Mound site.

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation–Phoenix Area Office (PXAO), ACS conducted Phase 1 cultural resource assessments and investigations at AZ T:4:150(ASM), a multicomponent rockshelter site in Lake Pleasant Regional Park, in 2008. The site was being impacted by increased visitation and Reclamation is seeking to mitigate those impacts. ACS archaeologists completed surface collection, mapping, and soil coring at the site. These investigations confirmed that the site held the potential to yield important information about the Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Historic period occupations of the Lake Pleasant area. This document is the photo log for a series of photos taken during Phase 1 coring and testing. The photos can be found at tDAR ID: 391292. Additional photos from the surface collection can be found at tDAR ID: 391290. The photolog from the surface collection can be found at tDAR ID: 391291. The report can be found at tDAR ID: 391289.

SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was contracted by Communication Services, Inc. (CSI), to conduct archaeological testing and monitoring at the Union Monopole telecommunication tower site, which is located within the boundaries of AZ T:12:3 (ASM), Las Moradas. The project area is located in Maricopa County, Arizona. T-Mobile is installing a new utility line from an existing tower to a nearby power box. In 2004, Aztlan Archaeology, Inc. (Aztlan), conducted a cultural resources survey of the property and determined that the project area was within the boundaries of AZ T:12:3 (ASM) (Slawson 2004). AZ T:12:3 (ASM), also known as Las Moradas, is a prehistoric Hohokam site and may be part of a larger site, AZ T:12:10 (ASM), Las Colinas. AZ T:12:3 (ASM) is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). In order to mitigate any potential damage to site by ground-disturbing activities, the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) requested that testing for the presence of cultural artifacts or features be performed prior to any ground-disturbing activities, as well as monitoring of the utility trench construction. A testing and monitoring plan was prepared by Archaeological Research Services, Inc. (ARS), (Peters and Wright 2007) which was approved by SHPO and implemented by SWCA. Testing consisted of three backhoe trenches along the planned utility route. Each trench was 7 to 10 m long, 0.6 m wide, and approximately 1.5 m deep. Three prehistoric sherds were recorded; no prehistoric cultural features were recorded. After testing was completed, SWCA monitored the excavation of the utility trench through the property. The utility trench was approximately 94 m long, 0.33 m wide, and 1.0 m deep. Two prehistoric sherds were found in the backdirt from the utility trench. No features were observed in the utility trench. Because of the absence of significant cultural remains, no further work is recommended for the project area.

The Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) has planned a major construction effort within its 200-foot-wide right-of-way (ROW) throughout much of Arizona. The UPRR Sunset Accelerated Capacity Project includes construction of a second rail line running from Tucson (in Pima County) to Yuma (in Yuma County), as well as renovations to the existing line, such as construction of new bridges and culverts. A Section 404 permit requires that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) consider the cultural resources of the area under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. In November and December 2006, SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an archaeological survey of 159 designated washes that potentially fall under the jurisdiction of the USACE within the UPRR ROW in Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa counties, Arizona (West and Ezzo 2007). Ten sites and 76 historical bridges and culverts were recorded. The bridges and culverts were considered to be potentially contributing elements to AZ Z:2:40 (ASM), the Southern Pacific Railroad (SPRR), which was one of the 10 sites recorded during survey. These structures have been mitigated through Historic American Engineering Record documentation (Steely and Levstik 2007). One other archaeological site is a linear feature—AZ AA:2:118 (ASM), State Route 84/Casa Grande Highway—and will not be impacted by the UPRR undertaking. The remaining eight sites will be impacted by the project and that mitigation will be required. Impacts include construction of the new rail line and renovations to the existing line, as well as construction of temporary staging areas for materials and machinery. Five of the sites have been recorded previously, and four have been determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) by the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO); SHPO has determined that the fifth site, AZ AA:12:858 (ASM), requires testing to determine its eligibility. The three newly recorded sites were recommended eligible by SWCA; SWCA’s recommendations were accepted by SHPO (West and Ezzo 2007).

SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted archaeological data recovery investigations within a portion of AZ AA:12:869 for the Shannon Business Park LLC in compliance with Pima County regulations for a grading permit as required for the construction. Previously, SWCA conducted archaeological testing at the site, which had been completed in October 2000 (Tucker 2000). During testing, much of the site was found to be heavily disturbed due to modern agricultural plowing, but several subsurface features were identified in the southwestern portion of the site. The data recovery work focused on these features, and was conducted between January 8 and January 23, 2001. A total of 26 person-days were expended during data recovery investigations. AZ AA:12:869 (ASM) was originally recorded in 2000 during a survey of the current project area (Kaldahl 2000). Surface artifacts indicated that the site was a Hohokam site consisting of a variable density sherd and lithic scatter that extended over an area approximately 310 x 165 m in size. The density and distribution of the artifacts suggested that the site could have been a small Hohokam habitation. However, the distribution of the artifacts on the surface of the site has been drastically altered due to extensive agricultural activities on the lot, probably including leveling of the field and deep plowing. Archaeological test excavations were undertaken, and 1,450 linear meters of trenches were excavated throughout the site. Seven possible features were identified. The purpose of the present data recovery program was to further explore these features and to mitigate any potential impacts that might occur with commercial construction on the lot. This report summarizes the data recovery excavations at AZ AA:12:869 (ASM), including all detailed analysis that has been conducted. Chapter I of this report introduces the project area and AZ AA:12:869 (ASM), as well as provides a cultural history context for the Tucson Basin. Chapter 2 reports the findings of the data recovery investigations. Chapter 3 contains the results of artifact analyses. Chapter 4 contains the results of the pollen analysis, and Chapter 5 is a detailed study of the micro-invertebrate component of the canal feature. Finally, Chapter 6 synthesizes the data as it relates to the pertinent research questions posed in the data recovery plan. Appendices are included at the end of this report that contain data on ceramic, lithic, ground stone, and radiocarbon analysis.

Between March 27 and June 1, 2001, SWCA Environmental Consultants conducted archaeological investigations at nine archaeological sites on the 920-acre Madera Highlands property owned by Harvard Investments. The property encompasses lower bajada ridges and upper river terraces on the east side of the Santa Cruz River near the towns of Continental and Green Valley, Pima County, Arizona. The SWCA's excavations at Madera Highlands involved testing and data recovery at nine ridgetop sites in the Continental Group. The sites were situated strategically below wild bajada and mountain resources, overlooking arable alluvial fans where washes disgorge from the bajada, and a short distance from irrigable bottom land. Architectural remains at eight small sites represented five or fewer pit houses, but multiple courtyard groups were identified at one large site. The sites were occupied during the Rincon-Tanque Verde transition.

This report presents the results of an archaeological testing and data recovery program conducted in approximately one-half acre of land in central Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. The work was conducted at the request of the City of Phoenix, Neighborhood Services Department under an on-call archaeological services contract between the City and SWCA, Inc. (Contract no. 101005). The archaeological investigations were conducted in advance of the Sojourner Center development project due to a mapped prehistoric canal passing through the project area. This phase of the development is a HUD funded project so compliance with section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act is required. The project was assigned the number PGM 2004-15 by the City of Phoenix Archaeology Section. Files were checked at the Pueblo Grande Museum (PGM) to determine the location of any previous archaeological sites or archaeological work in and around the project area. City of Phoenix employee April Cummings, of the Pueblo Grande Museum, conducted the literature review and provided all supporting and necessary documentation to SWCA. One prehistoric canal was mapped in the project area in the early 20th century as passing through the project area. The testing phase of the project positioned two trenches in order to locate the canal. No canal features were located but an isolated prehistoric pit house with a hearth and plastered floor was documented. Five additional features were documented during the data recovery phase including a field house, two roasting pits, a recent ash lense, and a recent ditch. The three prehistoric features, plus the pit house found during testing, were excavated prior to the proposed redevelopment of this parcel. The prehistoric features appeared to be related to both limited activities associated with agriculture, to long-term residence associated with the nearby village site of La Ciudad, and were part of the general land-use system used by the Hohokam in the Salt River Valley. This site was assigned Arizona State Museum site number AZ T:12:215(ASM).

This is the second of two volumes presenting the results of data recovery investigations at the Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T:12:62 [ ASM]), conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at the western end of the North Runway, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The Dutch Canal Ruin is a prehistoric agricultural site, dating between 1,700 and 500 years ago, consisting of fieldhouses and farmsteads scattered along a network of canals on the geological floodplain of the Salt River. The first volume (Henderson, ed. 2003) presented site-specific results of the Sky Harbor Airport (SHA) North Runway Expansion project. Descriptions of features and data recovery methods, analyses of artifacts and biological remains, and a synthesis that elucidates the activities of prehistoric farmers at the Dutch Canal Ruin are included there. The current volume, in contrast, includes an assortment of specialized studies whose ultimate purpose was to enhance our ability to interpret and understand the prehistoric past. This chapter provides background for the direction of SHA research and context for the specific studies.

The project involves archaeological testing in the Maricopa County right-of-way along the course of the City of Phoenix Sixty-seventh Avenue Water Transmission Main. The work was prompted by the possibility that archaeological remains associated with the prehistoric village of Pueblo Primero would be encountered in the southern portion of the waterline corridor. This report documents the results of archaeological testing activities completed by Desert Archaeology, Inc., along the City of Phoenix Sixty-seventh Avenue Water Transmission Main (WS85500147) in southwestern Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. The work was initiated due to the possibility that archaeological remains could be encountered during construction of the water main. As part of the City's planning and design process, Soil Systems, Inc., performed an initial cultural resource survey of the proposed Sixty-seventh Avenue water main alignment (Ellis 2000a). A later survey of a 1-mile-long realigned portion of the project corridor was completed in 2003, by Desert Archaeology (Clark 2003). Although no significant cultural remains were identified during these pedestrian surveys, archival records indicate an area in the southern portion of the water main corridor where the remains of the prehistoric village of Pueblo Primero, might be encountered. The site of Pueblo Primero has previously been determined to be potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). As a result of these findings, HDR Engineering, Inc., contracted with Desert Archaeology to complete an archaeological testing project within the water main construction corridor for the Water Services Division of the City of Phoenix Street Transportation Department. Testing began on 29 December 2003, under the direction of Tiffany Clark, and was completed on 31 December 2003. A total of 64 person-hours was expended in this effort. Fieldwork was conducted for the purpose of compliance under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and was conducted in accordance with the testing plan prepared by Desert Archaeology (Clark 2003). The archaeological work was authorized under Arizona State Museum Permit #2003-127ps. The objective of the testing program was to determine if buried cultural remains associated with Pueblo Primero were present in the project corridor and, if found, to evaluate their depth, age, integrity, and significance. During testing, 12 trenches, totaling 370 linear m were excavated within the Maricopa County right-of-way. Although a small number of isolated artifacts were found in the test trenches, no cultural features were identified by this work. In the light of the absence of significant cultural resources related to the National Register eligible site of Pueblo Primero, it is recommended that no additional data recovery efforts are warranted within the City of Phoenix Sixty-seventh Avenue Water Transmission Main project corridor. However, because an isolated human burial was found in the vicinity of the project area (Lindly 2004), we recommend caution be exercised as construction proceeds in the southern portion of the waterline corridor. This report presents background information on the project, descriptions of the field methods, results of the testing program, and a recommendation that construction activities proceed with caution in the area between Baseline and Vineyard roads.

On December 16, 2003 and January 7, 2004, an archaeologist from SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) monitored construction excavations and activities associated with the EPNG Line 1007 30-day anomaly repairs as part of El Paso’s pipeline integrity project in Pinal County, Arizona. Archaeological monitoring was undertaken to ensure no potentially significant cultural resources would be adversely affected by construction activities within the archaeological sites, AZ AA:2:105 (ASM), located on privately held land, and AZ AA:7:30 (ASM), located on Arizona State Trust land. No subsurface cultural features were identified during monitoring at either site. Monitoring was conducted on State Trust lands under Arizona Antiquities Act Project Specific Permit No. 2003-100ps.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS), conducted investigations at 20 prehistoric and historic sites for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as the result of plans to realign State Route 88 (SR 88) between Tonto National Monument and the junction of US Highway 60 (US 60) in Globe-Miami, Gila County, Arizona. Fieldwork occurred on ADOT right-of-way on the Tonto National Forest (Forest) under special-use permits (No. 2034-22 and 2034-23) issued by the Forest under authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, and on private land (later ADOT-owned land) under Arizona State Museum (ASM) permit (No. 1999-143ps). Fieldwork was conducted between October 1996 and November 1997 and in November 1999. This present volume is the second of a series that report on the findings within the SR 88-Wheatfields section. Reported herein are the results of analysis of 101 prehistoric and historic burial features excavated from six sites. Included are descriptions of the burial features and grave goods, osteological and dental analyses, descriptions of some rarely preserved funerary offerings, and an analysis of pollen obtained from pottery vessels in mortuary contexts. These discussions are preceded by a brief summary of the history of mortuary research in the region. The concluding chapters provide summaries and discussions of the formal and temporal trends in mortuary patterns identified between the Late Formative and Classic periods (ca. A.D. 700-1350) and in the Historic period (ca. 1850).

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological data recovery within the prehistoric site of La Villa [AZ T:12:148(ASM)], in downtown Phoenix, for SCS Engineers. Archaeological investigations occurred between May 21 and July 23, 2003. A total of 351 historic and prehistoric cultural features were exposed as a result of investigations. A total of 110 of these features were either completely excavated, or sample excavated, during Northland’s investigations; a total of 31% of the features exposed were thus systematically treated. On the basis of these investigations, human use of the area where the prehistoric site of La Villa is located spanned the prehistoric period from ca. A.D. 500 to A.D. 950. Modern use of the site further spanned the period from the early 1900’s to the latter decades of the 20th century.

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological testing at seven sites along a proposed natural-gas pipeline at the request of the Salt River Project (SRP). The purpose of the testing was to determine the extent and eligibility status of the seven sites for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Two of the sites, AZ U:10:2(ASM) and AZ U:14:74(ASM), have been previously determined NRHP eligible based on their potential to inform on the prehistory of the region, but additional testing was required to determine the presence and extent of subsurface features within the proposed pipeline corridor (Lindly and Mitchell 2002b:41). The eligibility status of the five remaining sites could not be determined based on surface evidence alone. Additional testing was therefore recommended at AZ U:15:248(ASM), AZ U:15:249(ASM), AZ U:14:54(ASM), AZ U:14:361(ASM), and AZ AA:2:131(ASM) to determine if intact subsurface remains were present (Lindly and Mitchell 2002b:42). The following report documents the results of Northland’s testing program at the seven sites along the SRP pipeline corridor (Figure 1). In addition, the results of a small survey of Temporary Construction Easements (TCE) and realignments of the pipeline corridor are presented. Archaeological testing at the seven sites was conducted under Arizona Antiquities Act Project Specific Permit No. 2003-068ps. The TCE surveys were conducted under Arizona State Museum (ASM) permit No. 2003-14bl. Portions of the sites that were tested are located on lands that are privately owned or under the jurisdiction of the Arizona State Land Department (ASLD). Fieldwork was conducted between 24 February and 22 April, 2003. Douglas Craig served as Principal Investigator and Project Director for the project; David Hart served as Field Director. Artifacts collected on the project were analyzed by James Cogswell and Douglas Craig. This is a review draft.

The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP), funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188 in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. From 1992 to 1996, portions of 27 archaeological sites were investigated. Site components ranged in date from the Middle Archaic period to the Late Historic era. Most dated to the Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods, circa A.D. 750-1325. A total of 108 pithouse, pitroom, and mason surface structures were excavated, as well as numerous other cultural features. These are discussed in Anthropological Papers No. 22, which contains the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions as well as background information on project methods, chronology, and the local environment. More than 300 burials were recovered, with early Classic inhumations accounting for nearly 90 percent of the sample. The burial descriptions and analyses of osteodontic remains and artifact classes recovered primarily from mortuary contexts are presented in Anthropological Papers No. 24. The artifact classes include shell and ground stone jewelry, bone artifacts, wooden objects, and clay-lined painted baskets. Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 1) reports on the various analyses conducted on the ceramic assemblage recovered from both domestic and mortuary contexts in the project area. This volume, Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 2) discusses the analyses of flaked and ground stone, pollen, botanical, and faunal remains. Among the important findings of the flaked stone analysis (Chapter 9) is the association of "high" side-notched projectile points with Miami/Hardt phase contexts. This point type is one of the few diagnostic artifacts from this pivotal and inadequately resolved interval. The proliferation of projectile points during the Classic period, in terms of both quantity and types, and potentially more lethal design suggests increased conflict shortly before final abandonment of the project area. The meager Classic period faunal assemblage (Chapter 13) is dominated by small animals, indicating the heightened interest in projectile points is not related to an increase in large game hunting. Temporal trends in ground stone (Chapter 10) include an increase, over time, in the proportion of designed artifacts over expedient tools. The variety of tools and the range of activities in which they are utilized also increase. By the Classic period, a significant portion of the ground stone tool assemblage was used in nonfood-processing activities such as architectural construction, shaftsmoothing, hideworking, and woodworking. Several unique contexts are also described in detail, including a cache of ground and unworked stone items recovered from a floor pit in a small pre-Classic pithouse that may have been used as a sweat lodge. Sagebrush was the only economic pollen type recovered from this structure. A large and varied collection of macrobotanical remains (Chapter 11) and pollen (Chapter 12) was recovered from the project area. The presence of maize in Early Agricultural contexts at the Boatyard site indicates this cultigen has a long history in the Tonto Basin, extending back at least into the first millennium B.C. Although maize continues to be an important resource throughout the prehistoric sequence, the TCAP macrobotanical record documents a dramatic increase in agave and wild grass exploitation during the perhaps "not-so" Sedentary period. Notable trends in the Classic period botanical assemblage include continued high maize and agave ubiquities and a substantial increase in cotton ubiquity. The latter may be related to an expansion of irrigation systems in the adjacent Tonto Creek floodplain as indicated by elevated Evening Primrose Family pollen counts.

This report presents the results of archaeological survey, testing and data recovery investigations conducted in the Estrella Mountain Ranch Development, near Goodyear, Arizona. The project area includes over 11,000 acres that is part of a residential development. In order to develop the area, the property owners were required to obtain a permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to comply with Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. The Corps is the lead federal agency for this project since they issued the permit. As lead federal agency, the Corps is responsible for assessing the impacts of their action on cultural resources, under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. The results of SWCA’s investigations indicate that the project area was used by prehistoric groups on a short-term basis for the acquisition of lithic, vegetal, and faunal resources. An expedient lithic technology based on locally available raw materials was practiced and lithic procurement was associated with petroglyphs and portions o f a trail network that led into the Sierra Estrella foothills. Cholla bud roasting, saguaro syrup production, and initial processing of the pods of leguminous trees appear to have been pursued in the project area, indicating use in both spring and late summer. Both Hohokam and Patayan wares are found on all sites with large ceramic inventories, suggesting that participants in both cultural systems were utilizing the project area. The most intense use of the area occurred during the Colonial and Sedentary periods, particularly in the Santa Cruz phase. The small number of isolated projectile points located during survey also indicates Archaic period use. Mining, cattle ranching, and homesteading were pursued in the project area in the first half of the 20th century.

This is the second in a series of three volumes documenting the results of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP). The Project was carried out by Northland Research, Inc. (Northland), under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Portions of three prehistoric sites were investigated on the project - Grewe, Horvath, and Casa Grande Ruins. Each of the sites represents a separate spatial and temporal component of the Grewe-Casa Grande settlement, one of the preeminent Hohokam settlements in southern Arizona between A.D. 550 and 1450. Northland's data recovery efforts focused on a narrow corridor through the middle of Grewe and along the outskirts of Casa Grande Ruins. Over 1,300 cultural features were identified by GARP. Summary information on these features is presented in Volume 1. The purpose of Volume 2 is to describe and interpret the material remains recovered. Part I of Volume 2 focuses on the ceramic studies from the project. Close to 500,000 items of material culture were recovered on the project. Most of the materials are from Grewe, where 90 percent of the field effort was expended. Roughly 250 pit houses, 800 pits, 140 burials, and a portion of what have been the largest ballcourt ever built by the Hohokam were investigated at Grewe. The sample of features from Horvath and Casa Grande, in contrast, is much smaller and more limited in scope. It includes a few dozen houses and other features from a previously undocumented residential district on the outskirts of Casa Grande, along with segments of several canals that formed part of the Grewe-Casa Grande canal system, one of the engineering marvels of prehistoric North America.

This is the second in a series of three volumes documenting the results of the Grewe Archaeological Research Project (GARP). The Project was carried out by Northland Research, Inc. (Northland), under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Portions of three prehistoric sites were investigated on the project - Grewe, Horvath, and Casa Grande Ruins. Each of the sites represents a separate spatial and temporal component of the Grewe-Casa Grande settlement, one of the preeminent Hohokam settlements in southern Arizona between A.D. 550 and 1450. Northland's data recovery efforts focused on a narrow corridor through the middle of Grewe and along the outskirts of Casa Grande Ruins. Over 1,300 cultural features were identified by GARP. Summary information on these features is presented in Volume 1. The purpose of Volume 2 is to describe and interpret the material remains recovered. Part II of Volume 2 focuses on the stone, shell, bone artifacts and biological remains of the project. Close to 500,000 items of material culture were recovered on the project. Most of the materials are from Grewe, where 90 percent of the field effort was expended. Roughly 250 pit houses, 800 pits, 140 burials, and a portion of what have been the largest ballcourt ever built by the Hohokam were investigated at Grewe. The sample features from Horvath and Casa Grande, in contrast, is much smaller and more limited in scope. It includes a few dozen houses and other features from a previously undocumented residential district on the outskirts of Casa Grande, along with segments of several canals that formed part of the Grewe-Casa Grande canal system, one of the engineering marvels of prehistoric North America.

This report describes the results of an archaeological testing project at the Massera Ruin (Site AZ U:10:22 [ASM]) in Queen Creek, Arizona. The testing project was conducted at the request of Willis Property Company, L.C., of Mesa, Arizona, who proposes to construct a residential development on the 640-acre project parcel known as the Meridian Ranch. Previous survey data (Wenker 1999) indicated that the Massera Ruin overlapped a 399-acre portion of the Meridian Ranch, but this entire area had been plowed and used for agricultural fields since the 1940s and the subsurface integrity of the site remained undetermined. Archaeological testing was conducted at the site to determine the nature and extent of intact archaeological features underneath the plowed fields. These test investigations demonstrated that intact buried archaeological features and deposits do exist across a large portion of the site, and SWCA recommends that the Massera Ruin (AZ U: 10:22 [ASM]) is eligible for nomination to the National Register under Criterion (d) for its information potential. SWCA’s testing project also demonstrated that intact human burials (which are protected by state law) are present at the site. However, the overall area of the Meridian Ranch project area that contains intact buried archaeological features has been reduced from 399 acres to roughly 225 acres. This report concludes by providing recommendations concerning the treatment of the archaeological site.

This volume presents analyses of the ceramics collected from excavations conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc. as part of the Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP) in the Tonto Basin, Gila County, of east-central Arizona. The project was funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation prior to the widening and realignment of State Route 188 from 1994 to 1996. Over the course of fieldwork from 1992 to 1996, 27 sites were investigated through mapping, surface collection, and excavation. Site components ranged in age from the Middle Archaic to the late Historic era. This volume reports on materials from ceramic period components at prehistoric sites, generally dating from about A.D. 700 to A.D. 1350. A synthetic period-level approach is taken, rather than site-by-site treatment; site-specific discussions are found in Anthropological Papers Number 22, Volumes 1 and 2. The primary goal in this volume is to examine basin-wide temporal trends of functional and stylistic change in ceramic assemblages, patterns of production and distribution, and general ceramic technology. The Pioneer, Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods are represented in the ceramic assemblage. Investigated sites include seasonal farmsteads and year-round habitation sites, as well as several limited-activity sites. Occupational, functional, and temporal variation are well established in the data set. In addition to extensive sherd collections from domestic contexts (architectural and general refuse), 1,259 whole and reconstructible vessels from all contexts were analyzed, including 1,044 from mortuary contexts. Analyses focused on temporal trends in ceramic assemblages, production and exchange, functional variation, and stylistic variation. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the ceramic collection. General temporal trends are summarized, the project area is placed in regional context, and basic research questions are formulated. Chapter 2 addresses chronological issues, including site dating, temporal trends in settlement, and temporal variation in ceramic wares and vessel forms. Chapter 3 details the petrographic analysis used to model production and exchange of utilitarian pottery manufactured within the Tonto Basin. A synthetic treatment of ceramic production and exchange is presented in Anthropological Papers Number 25. Chapter 4 presents a detailed analysis of whole and reconstructible vessels, including variation in form and size. Chapter 5 explores functional variation in the whole vessel collection. A study of the worked sherds, particularly perforated disks (or "spindle whorls"), is presented in Chapter 6. A stylistic analysis of decorated whole vessels is the topic of Chapter 7, focusing on attributes that distinguish "local" or Tonto Basin design structures from nonlocal designs. Chapter 8 synthesizes the preceding chapters. Conclusions are drawn from the detailed analyses that bear on the general research questions posed in Chapter 1. Temporal and regional implications of these results are also discussed.

On May 11, 2000, SWCA, Inc. completed a Class III archaeological survey. The survey was conducted at the request of Whitman & Company in order to comply with Section 106 (36 CFR part 800) of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (Federal Register 1999), as may be required under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. The purpose of the survey was to determine if any cultural resources existed that may be adversely impacted by the installation of a proposed City of Peoria water transmission pipeline and booster station, and to provide recommendations for managing any archaeological sites and avoiding future impacts. Approximately nine acres were surveyed for cultural resources. All surveyed land is the property of the State of Arizona (Sections 36 and 2) and private landowners (Sections 35 and 1). Survey on Arizona State lands was conducted under SWCA’s blanket Arizona Antiquities Act permit (2000-23bl) and a filed Notification of Intent. This report is presented in support of an application to the Army Corps of Engineers for a 404 Permit within the 40-foot-wide right-of-way. In addition, this report accompanies a concurrent application to the ASLD for an additional, immediately adjacent, 20-foot-wide temporary access on the south side of the previous ASLD application. The current survey resulted in the identification of two previously recorded prehistoric sites, site AZ T:8:68 and :18 (ASM). Two other previously recorded archaeological sites could not be relocated within the surveyed corridor. Monitoring is recommended at three sites within the proposed pipeline alignment.

The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP) area was located in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. The project, funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) was undertaken by Desert Archaeology in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188. The area available for investigation was a 61-m-wide (200-ft) corridor centered on the planned route for the realigned highway. The corridor followed a 13.3-km (8-mi) stretch of the western terrace overlooking Tonto Creek floodplain. The two volumes of Anthropological Papers Number 22 contain the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions in addition to background information regarding project methods, chronology, and the local environment. Volume 1 contains the introductory material and the Slate Creek and Sycamore Creek site descriptions. Volume 2 is devoted entirely to sites investigated in the Punkin Center section. Mortuary features descriptions are presented in Archaeological Papers Number 24.

At the request of Sheila F. Castellano of El Paso Natural Gas Company (EPNG), Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted a cultural resources survey of approximately 234 acres of private land for the proposed EPNG 2039 pipeline relocation/removal project. The survey, conducted under non-collection permit 99-15BL issued by Arizona State Museum (ASM), was to provide an inventory and assessment of cultural resources that might be impacted by the construction. One new archaeological site (AZ T:12:114(ASM)), portions of a previously recorded site (AZ T:12:116(ASM)), the historic Roosevelt Canal, and six isolated occurrences were identified. No surface evidence was found of the historic Farmers Canal or the numerous prehistoric canals that have been projected to cross the project area.

Archaeological testing was conducted at the Sunset Colony residential development parcel in Mesa, Arizona. Test trenches were excavated to identify the presence and distribution of subsurface features Nine prehistoric features were identified and a site number was assigned to this area. AZ U:9:148 (ASM) The features included 2 pits and 7 irrigation features. One of the irrigation features, a canal, max represent an extension of canal alignments that were documented in the early part of this century. These irrigation features appear to have been constructed and used by the Hohokam sometime between AD 800 and 1450. This testing program successfully documented and recorded the resources within the project area No further archaeological work is recommended.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in the Lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This is one of three related data recovery projects undertaken in the Tonto Basin for the Bureau of Reclamation prior to the raising of the Roosevelt Lake dam. The results of the RCD project are presented in four Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology: Anthropological Papers No. 12 is the research design; Anthropological Papers No. 13 (two volumes) contains background information and the site descriptions; Anthropological Papers No. 14 (three volumes) includes the artifact and environmental analyses; and Anthropological Papers No. 15 presents the synthesis and conclusions. The project was situated within the Tonto National Forest and covered a four-mile, continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and, possibly, cultural diversity. These included two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites); a 10Q-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site); smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site); and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 100-600), at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site, through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin and provides definitive evidence for an indigenous ceramic-using population. The project area was inhabited most intensively during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, pueblo room blocks, and small masonry compounds were occupied. Architectural and artifact variability suggest the presence of several different cultural groups co-residing in the Tonto Basin at this time, and migration is believed to have been a significant process in Tonto Basin prehistory. The RCD project area was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites. The mandate of the RCD project, as spedfied by the Bureau of Reclamation, was to investigate the temporal and developmental sequence of the prehistoric populations within this area. To meet these goals, six sites were intensively examined through full-scale excavation, and an extensive data set was gathered from the remaining 21 sites. The three volumes in Anthropological Papers No. 14 contain the artifact and environmental analyses. More than 150,000 artifacts were recovered from the RCD excavations. This volume (Volume 3) presents the paleobotanical and osteological data. Included are analyses of the pollen (Chapter 18), flotation (Chapter 19), faunal (Chapter 20), and mortuary (Chapter 21) assemblages. Data from the subsistence analyses are combined and synthesized in Chapter 22. Volume 1 of Anthropological Papers No. 14 presents the analyses of the chipped stone, ground stone, jewelry and personal ornament, and shell assemblages. The ceramic artifact assemblage is examined in Volume 2 More spedfic information on the individual sites and the project background can be found in Anthropological Papers No. 13. Anthropological Papers No. 15 integrates and synthesizes these data to provide a more inclusive view of the prehistoric occupation of the RCD project area and the Tonto Basin.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted survey of 200 acres and limited testing of cultural resources on Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community (FMIC) land at the request of Mr. Jon Czaplicki of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The work was performed to define the boundaries of archaeological sites to be avoided by agricultural development. Eight sites were slated for preservation; however, only seven sites were relocated and flagged, and two new sites were defined. In most cases the sizes of the sites increased. This document includes lithic analyis by Ruth Rubenstein and ceramic analysis by Mac McDonnell.

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), United States Department of the Interior, was in the initial stages of the Water Management Project designed to bring Central Arizona Project water to the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC). Under terms of a contract signed in 1992 with the GRIC, facilities designed and constructed by Reclamation would deliver 173,000 acre-feet of water annually onto the reservation. Federal law mandates consideration of potential impacts of such projects upon cultural resources and requires that necessary and appropriate steps be taken to mitigate those impacts. In accordance with these laws, Reclamation did a complete inventory of all cultural resources that may fall within the project area. Data resulting from this inventory provided the basis for assessment of the significance of the resources and for the design of plans to mitigate potential impacts to them. Two survey areas in which a water delivery system and associated features (such as dikes) will be constructed were identified by Reclamation. Broad survey areas were defined so the location of eligible sites would be known before specific project design began. In total, 180 sites were identified and recorded during survey. These sites include possible Archaic period materials, a wide range of prehistoric Hohokam site types representing all periods of the Hohokam sequence, possible Protohistoric manifestations, and numerous Historic Pima sites of varying ages. The report consists of two volumes. Volume 1 contains background information; consideration of survey and recording methods; analyses, evaluation, and interpretation of collected data; and recommendations for future treatment of discovered sites. Volume 2 contains site descriptions.

This volume, which focuses on archaeological data recovery efforts at Dutch Canal Ruin, is the second of four prepared for the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center Development Project. Dutch Canal Ruin is located in the southern half of Section 10, Township 1 North, Range 3 East (Volume 1:1). Investigators identified 20 individual loci during the testing phase within the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center at Dutch Canal Ruin and excavated a sample of eight loci (Areas 1 through 8). During the monitoring of the remote parking facility in the eastern portion of the project area, SWCA discovered and excavated additional features and included them in the data recovery analysis (Areas 9 and 10). SWCA thus investigated half of the loci (Areas 1 through 10) in the project area during data recovery. The majority of the remains that constituted Dutch Canal Ruin, including the canals, were associated with the pre-Classic periods. Investigators assigned 2 loci to the Classic and post-Classic periods and 10 to the pre-Classic periods but concluded that 6 could not be assigned and 1 contained both pre-Classic and Classic period components. Occupation at Dutch Canal Ruin began at seasonal field house loci during the Snaketown phase; at this time the first canals were constructed. Field house settlements and seasonal occupation continued through the Colonial period, with activities related primarily to agriculture. Although investigators identified Sedentary period remains in four loci, the early occupants of Dutch Canal Ruin apparently used the canals only until approximately a.d. 900 and then may have shifted their land-use strategies to the procurement of wild economic resources associated with the previous agricultural disturbance; they eventually allowed the area to return to its natural setting and environment. The portion of the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center that contained Dutch Canal Ruin appeared to have been abandoned during the Soho phase, possibly as early as the Sacaton phase. The only features discovered in the project area that may have been associated with the Soho phase were four burials, including one from the Squaw Peak Parkway. Two intruded into pre-Classic period canals, one intruded into a pre-Classic period pit structure, and one was found adjacent to a canal. Burial goods from two of the interments suggested a Classic period association, which was supported by stratigraphic data in three cases. Interpreting the temporal placement of these burials was problematic; they may have represented limited use of the area during the Classic period in the form of resource procurement activities. Interment within the abandoned canals and the pit structure may have been a matter of convenience, in that the depressions offered by these features would have facilitated ease of burial. The Hohokam reoccupied Dutch Canal Ruin during the Civano phase. These later inhabitants constructed more canals through the site area and occupied habitation areas, which remained small and simple, on a permanent basis. These settlements probably never exceeded one or two households, although the density of material culture items suggested that occupation had been intensive (permanent) and perhaps long in duration. At least one habitation locus, Area 8, appeared to have been inhabited during the Polvoron phase of the post-Classic period. The Classic and post- Classic period occupations at Dutch Canal Ruin shared similarities with Pueblo Salado, a Classic and post-Classic period site south of Dutch Canal Ruin that is discussed in Volume 3 of this series. Reoccupation of Dutch Canal Ruin may have resulted from an expansion of the Pueblo Salado settlement and use of the area for its agricultural potential. In summary, Dutch Canal Ruin was used extensively as an agricultural zone during much of the Hohokam occupation of the Phoenix Basin. Some of the earliest canals within Canal System 2 extended through the site. Inhabitants of nearby village sites, such as La Ciudad, Los Solares, Pueblo Grande, and La Villa/Casa Chica, may have exploited the Dutch Canal Ruin area during the pre-Classic periods because of the deep alluvial soils. The area may have been abandoned as an agricultural zone after the Colonial period because of devastating floods. During the Sacaton and Soho phases, Dutch Canal Ruin may have been used casually for the exploitation of wild plant resources and hunting. The Hohokam established a permanent occupation during the Civano phase and extended their occupation into the post-Classic period. These later occupants relied on canal irrigation agriculture and wild resources for their subsistence. Dutch Canal Ruin was in an area considered high risk by today’s standards, yet the Hohokam persisted in using this area, initially during the late Pioneer and Colonial periods and later during the Classic and post-Classic periods. The investigations at this site have provided information on the types of land-use patterns and settlement strategies used by the Hohokam during these periods on the geologic floodplain of the Salt River and have added to the growing data base concerning the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin. Although this volume focuses on descriptive statistics and data presentation for the 10 investigated areas of Dutch Canal Ruin, it also presents detailed analyses of the site’s ceramics, flaked and ground stone, and botanical and faunal assemblages; a reconstruction of site chronology; and a discussion of the site within a regional perspective. The appendixes provide raw data from various analyses. For further interpretive and synthetic information, see Volume 4.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) was one of three data recovery mitigative studies that the Bureau of Reclamation funded to investigate the prehistory of the Tonto Basin in the vicinity of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. The series of investigations constituted Reclamation's program for complying with historic preservation legislation as it applied to the raising and modification of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. Reclamation contracted with Desert Archaeology, Inc. to complete the research for this investigation. The RCD study involved involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in a four-mile continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River, in the lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona.The Center for Desert Archaeology's Anthropological Papers No. 13 consists of two report volumes that present project background and provide descriptive information on the excavation and testing of sites in the project area. These reports include site and feature descriptions, site and feature maps, general artifact data, and preliminary interpretations of the individual sites. Volume 1: Introduction and Small Sites (Anthroplogical Papers No. 13) presents project background and provides descriptive information on the excavation and testing of the small sites in the project area. Volume 2 describes work at the larger sites of Meddler Point, Griffin Wash, and Pyramid Point. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and likely cultural diversity. These include two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites), a 100-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site), smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site), and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic Horizon (A.D. 100-600) at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin, and it provides definitive evidence for an indigenous pre-Hohokam population. The project area was the most intensively inhabited during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, large pueblos, and small masonry compounds were occupied. It was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites.

Archaeological investigations at Williams Air Force Base (WAFB), located in southeast Maricopa County, Arizona, were initiated in response to the 1991 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission’s (the Closure Commission) recommendation to close WAFB following the passage of the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 (the Closure Act) (Public Law 101-510, Title XXIX). Prior to closure or realignment of base facilities, preparation of an environment impact statement (EIS) was required, including documentation and evaluation of all cultural resources on WAFB. Each cultural resource was to be evaluated according to criteria established by the Secretary of the Interior for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), with recommendations provided regarding each property’s eligibility and recommendations for future protection or treatment (National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended). If a property was determined not to possess qualities required for inclusion to the NRHP, further protection or treatment would not be recommended. Should a property be found to possess such qualities, provisions would need to be developed to provide future protection. If a cultural property could not be protected, a treatment plan would need to be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to that property. Insomuch as this document presents the findings of investigations at WAFB, it is also designed to provide the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) and the Air Force Base Conversion Agency (AFBCA) with information necessary to develop a Record of Decision that will detail acceptable measures of protection or treatment for each NRHP-eligible property. AFCEE contracted with Halliburton NUS Corporation to complete the EIS for WAFB. Halliburton NUS in turn subcontracted SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants, under Subcontract No. 4011 -92- 014, to conduct the cultural resource inventory for all portions of WAFB that previously had not been inventoried or were not occupied by existing facilities. SWCA conducted investigations on approximately 2000 acres of the base and examined inventory documents from previous investigations. Three cultural properties (sites) were known from previous archaeological efforts at WAFB and on parcels that lay adjacent to the base. The Midvale Site, AZ U:10:24(ASU), which lies under much of the administrative and residential area of the base, had already been surveyed and listed on the NRHP. The other two cultural properties (AZ U: 10:20, ASU, and AZ U: 10:25, ASU) were re-examined and included in the evaluation process; the Midvale Site received no additional study. In order to determine the number of cultural properties present at WAFB and to develop recommendations for those cultural properties, two levels of examination were necessary. First, a cultural resource inventory for the 2000-acre portion of the base not previously inventoried was conducted, resulting in the discovery and recording of nine additional sites (AZ U: 10:60, ASM, through AZ U: 10:68, ASM). The results are presented as Part I of this document. Second, to define site boundaries and determine NRHP eligibility, a subsurface testing phase was implemented at eleven sites. The boundary definition that took place was done primarily for planning purposes and was not meant to be definitive. Additional testing or monitoring may be required if construction occurs near the "boundary" of a National Register eligible site, and extent testing will be required on any eligible site prior to implementation of development plans. The results of testing are presented as Part II.

This report is about 58 archaeological sites located in and around an expansive desert basin known as the Santa Cruz Flats, located south of the Gila River. None of these sites are large. The biggest among them had only three, widely separated houses. Most of them had no houses, and the majority lacked material remains except for a mere scattering of artifacts now perched on the modern ground surface. Several of the sites included occupations dated to the modern, Historic, Euro-American era, while a few other sites produced chipped stone projectile points that likely date to the Archaic stage, the time of hunter-gatherers, before the advent of agriculture among the prehistoric peoples of the region. The most frequently represented material remains were those associated with the prehistoric Hohokam culture, the sedentary (at least semi-sedentary) agriculturalists who occupied the northern Sonoran Desert between A.D. 300 and 1450. The sites located within the construction corridor of the Santa Rosa Canal, a large water delivery system linked to the Central Arizona Project, are not quintessential Hohokam sites. The few Hohokam sites that contained preserved houses likely represent seasonal use only, and the vast majority of the sites include evidence of limited employment, probably for gathering wild crops; hunting; or tending, harvesting, and packing the yield away for storage and use elsewhere. Overall, these sites suggest rather heavy exploitation of resources formerly located on the Santa Cruz Flats, to a degree not previously appreciated, and at a time when it was supposed the Flats held less attraction. During the Hohokam pre-Classic period, there were few large communities outside the Tucson and Phoenix basins; the few settlements that were located in the intervening range were tightly restricted, by all outward appearances, to the bajadas of the surrounding mountains (Wilcox 1988a).

The Casa de Shanti project involves new construction on approximately 2 acres of land in South Phoenix. SWCA was requested by Camelot Financial Services, representing the Phoenix Shanti Group, to implement an archaeological testing program for the parcel in order to identify and evaluate any cultural resources that are within the project boundaries. This is required because the project will be wholly or partly funded by federal monies (Department of Housing and Urban Development) and is therefore subject to federal antiquities legislation. Additionally, the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) requested that an archeological testing program be conducted because the project lies within boundaries of a large prehistoric site called Pueblo Viejo (see below). This site is potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) so the impact of the project on it must be assessed. A testing program was conducted on the parcel on December 22 and 23, 1992 by SWCA. Douglas R. Mitchell and Robert G. Haynes-Peterson conducted the fieldwork during this field testing phase. As a result of the excavation of 22 backhoe trenches, three prehistoric cultural features were located. Prehistoric artifacts were also collected from within the trenches. Based on the testing program results, it is recommended that the project proceed as planned with the acceptance of specific conditions. These conditions include permanent subsurface avoidance of the northwestern part of the parcel, which is where the prehistoric features were identified.

The City of Phoenix sponsored a voluntary archaeological project at the proposed location of a new recreation building. The project area is within the large Hohokam village of Pueblo Viejo, AZ T:12:73(ASM). The village was occupied from the Colonial period through the Classic period and covers about 640 acres. Field work at the site was conducted between March 30 and April 14, 1992, by a crew of four. Post-excavation monitoring of utility trenches by a single archaeologist took place September 21-22, 1992. A total of 185 m of trench was mechanically excavated, and 728 m2 were mechanically stripped. Forty features were identified: 3 crematoria, 31 secondary cremations, 2 trash-filled pits, 1 trash deposit, a prehistoric fence line with 20 postholes, and 2 historic/modern alignments of fence posts. Features dated to the Sacaton through the Polvorón phases, approximately A.D. 1000-1450. The crematoria, cremations, and prehistoric fence line constituted a cremation cemetery, which dated primarily to the Classic period. The trash features dated to the Sedentary through Classic periods and were probably filled and abandoned before the cemetery existed. Artifact analyses and ceramic temper analysis indicate that the Classic period inhabitants of the site did not interact to a great degree with their close neighbors but that they did participate in the larger regional network. Obsidian, which was sourced to the Sauceda Mountains, and marine shell were recovered. The presence of a "stone ball'' suggests ritual activities. Analysis of artifacts from earlier surveys alludes to the possibility that the pre-Classic period inhabitants of Pueblo Viejo had more interactions with nearby sites. The human remains and associated grave goods were analyzed at Pueblo Grande Museum. All analyses were nondestructive in nature. At least 32 individuals were identified in the 31 secondary cremations. Twenty of the individuals were adults and two were children, with no age determinations possible for the remainder. The gender of 10 adults could be discerned; 5 were females and 5 were males. The results of the project demonstrate that the Classic period Hohokam associated with the El Reposo Park project area of Pueblo Viejo participated in the Hohokam regional network and conducted many of the same activities and had technologies similar to contemporaneous sites.

The Rye Creek Project involved testing and data recovery at 19 archaeological sites within the Upper Tonto Basin of central Arizona. The project area is situated along a 5.4 mile (8.7 km) stretch of State Route 87, approximately 10 miles south of the town of Payson, Arizona, within the boundaries of the Tonto National Forest. The project was undertaken for the Arizona Department of Transportation prior to the realignment and expansion of State Route 87. Thirteen sites were tested and then intensively investigated (Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9) while six were only tested (Chapter 10). Considerable functional and temporal diversity was present; the sites ranged from small, isolated, single-room masonry structures and larger multiroom pueblos dating to the early Classic period (AD. 1150-1300), to earlier Preclassic period (AD. 750-1150) sites with subsurface pithouse architecture. Of the intensively investigated sites, seven dated primarily to the Classic period and six dated to the Preclassic period, although a number of these contained both Classic and Preclassic components (Chapter 25). The Preclassic period sites were for the most part more substantial; a methodological analysis of the archaeological signatures of sedentism suggests that the majority of the Preclassic period sites were sedentary in nature (Chapter 26). This contrasts with many of the Classic period sites which appear to have been seasonally occupied field houses, although a larger, more permanently occupied (but severely disturbed) pueblo roomblock was also present. Given the traditional emphasis on Classic period sites in Tonto Basin archaeology (Chapter 3), this project represents one of the most complete investigations of the less well known Preclassic period. The Deer Creek site (AZ O:15:52) contained 17 pithouses and dated primarily to the Gila Butte phase (AD. 750-850) with a possibly earlier Snaketown phase (AD. 650-750) component (Chapter 7). This is now one of the earliest excavated ceramic period sites within the Tonto Basin. Limited testing on a volunteer basis was also undertaken at Rye Creek Ruin (AZ O:15:1) which, while probably originating during the early Classic period (AD. 1150-1300), dates primarily to the late Classic period Gila phase (AD. 1300-1450) (Chapter 27). Rye Creek Ruin is one of the largest permanently occupied sites in the Tonto Basin, containing around 150 masonry rooms and two platform mounds. The site was undoubtedly the focus of the Classic period settlement of the Upper Tonto Basin. This is Volume 1 of a 3 volume series on the Rye Creek Project. This volume includes an introduction to the project and site descriptions.