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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of agrochemicals registered for soybean on parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum in immature stages. Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory by exposing eggs parasited, using the methods proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants (IOBC). The experimental design was completely randomized with eight replicates per treatment. The parameter for the classify agrochemical were based on the reduction of emergence of parasitoids (RE) evidenced by the number of parasitized eggs per female in the control. Based on the results obtained, all agrochemicals were innocuous to T. pretiosum in their immature stages.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of biostimulant positioning on common bean cultivars in the southwestern Goiás conditions. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Mineiros-GO. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 6x3, corresponding to the positioning of the Triplus® biostimulator (R5, R5 + R8 and water) in six common bean cultivars (BRS Campeiro, BRS Esteio, BRS Estilo, BRS Marfim, BRS Notavel and BRS Perola) in 4 replicates. The following productive attributes were evaluated: number of pod, number total of grains, number of commercial grains, number of non-commercial grains, mass of commercial grains, thousand grains mass. There was a significant interaction between cultivar x biostimulant as well as the factors alone. At the end of the experiment, it was concluded that the positioning of the biostimulant via foliar in the R5 phenological phase provided the highest yields for all common bean cultivars, especially BRS Estilo (43.87 sc ha-1) and BRS Notavel (43.02 sc ha-1). Biostimulant applications at stage R5 promoted the best results for number of non-commercial grains, mass of commercial grains, thousand grains mass. In the three stratifications used in the dendrogram, it was possible to form two groups of genotypes. Number total of grains, number of commercial grains and number of pod positively correlate with yield.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of seeds dressing in the initial establishment of irrigated rice and in the tolerance to herbicides when submitted to low temperatures. The study comprehended two experiments, where the first stage was realized at the Laboratory of Seeds and Technology of the Plants Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas. Experiment 1: Effect of different seed dressings under the physiologic potential of irrigated rice seeds and experiment 2: Effect of the seeds dressing in the initial establishment of irrigated rice in different sowing seasons in field. The treatment with dietholate and the combining of dietholate + fipronil + carboxina + tiram, negatively influenced the germination and the vigor tests in both temperatures, decreasing the physiologic performance of rice seeds in lab. When taken to field, the seeds dressing did not influence the analyzed factors, being dependent of the herbicide applying and the sowing season. Besides presenting phytotoxicity, the rice plants presented detoxification power from the herbicide, being possible to analyze this fact, since there was higher number of tillers, resulting in higher number of panicles resulting in higher productivities.

The climate unpredictability causes long periods of drought, becoming the main risk factor in soybeans production fields and consequent losses to farmers in Brazil and worldwide. As sessile organisms, plants are constantly challenged by a wide range of environmental stresses, including drought. Growth constraints and stress due to these environmental changes result in reduced yield and significant harvesting losses. The response to abiotic stresses is a very complex phenomenon, since several stages of plant development can be affected by a particular stress and often several stresses affect the plant simultaneously. In order to mitigate the damages caused by the climate, new soybean cultivars adapted to the drought and the diversified climate are necessary, as well as technological advances in the production of soybeans that must advance with the increase of cultivated area. Therefore, the mechanisms underlying tolerance and adaptation to stress have been the focus of intensive research. In this sense, the objective of this review is to provide an overview of the evolution of genetic improvement regarding the search for more drought-tolerant cultivars, as well as to verify which strategies are used in the genetic improvement of soybean in the search of these genotypes.

The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal of extreme economic and social importance, due to its wide use, which varies from human and animal consumption, use in chemical and brewing industries. This specie, as for many other, is widely affected by unfavorable environmental conditions, inducing a state of stress in the plants, which, depends on the specie, duration, severity, development stage, affect structure and genotype. Among the main factors causing stress in plants, the abiotic stress stands out, such as high and low temperatures, hydric restriction or excess, salt excess, mineral toxicity and nutritional shortages. The present study has the purpose of expose, as a review, the effects of unfavorable environmental factors in barley and the role of genetic breeding.

The aimed to evaluate the influence of different glyphosate formulations in nodulation, agronomic performance and RR soybean seeds yield, grown in two sowing periods. The experimental design was the casualized blocks with treats disposed in four replicates, being organized in factorial scheme, two seeding periods x five glyphosate formulations. The measured characters were number of nodules per plant, number of active nodules, number of inactive nodules, height of the first legume insertion, plant height, number of legumes per plant, number of seeds per plant, mass of thousand seeds and yield of seeds per plant. The isopropylamine salt influences nodular activity, number of vegetables and seeds per plant, as well as seed yield. The sowing of soybeans at the recommended time propitiates smaller modifications face to glyphosate formulations. mulations.

The study had the purpose to evidence the agronomic performance, inter-relations of characters and the multivariate differentiation of soybean genotypes cultivated in the preferential season, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In the crops season of 2017/2018, The experimental design was the completely randomized blocks, being 25 genotypes with three replicates. The data obtained was submitted to presuppositions based on normality and homogeneity of residual variances, variance analysis, Tocher method, Euclidian algorithm, linear correlations, relative contribution of characters by Singh and artificial neural networks. The agronomic performance of the genotypes presents superior seeds yield per plant through the elevated magnitude of reproductive nodes, legumes and seeds per plant. The plant height of the soybean is positively associated with the number of total nodes and reproductive nodes in the main stem and branches, where they are directly linked with the soybean productive potential. The most polymorphic characters correspond to the number and mass of thousand seeds, being possible to differentiate in a multivariate way the soybean genotypes though the similarity profiles.

There is influence of size of the wheat seeds in the traits of importance agronomic. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of the size of wheat seeds in the yield components and grains productivity. The study was carried out in the 2016 harvest. Apllied is the experimental design was a randomized block, organized in factorial design, with three wheat cultivars x six seed lots x five sizes of sieves, the treatments were arranged in three replicates. Were measured characters as grain yield (kg ha-1), mass of thousand seeds (g), hectoliter mass (kg hct-1) and economic analysis obtained through profitability per hectare (R$ ha-1). The size of wheat seeds influences the number of spikelets of the principal plant, number of primary and secondary seed, number of seeds of the principal plant, primary and secondary tillers, productivity, mass of thousand seeds and hectoliter weight. The standardization of wheat seeds provides benefits to the productive yield of wheat plants. The seeds retained in the sieve V ( 3,0 mm), 2.7% compared to sieve IV (2.0 to 2.49 mm) and 6% from sieve V (

This study aimed to estimate the general and specific combining ability of partial soybean diallel crossings. The parents were divided in two groups contrasting for the characteristics of mass of thousand seeds, maturity group, flowers’ color, lodging and growth aspect. The scheme of partial diallel followed the Griffing model, where it were included the parents and the F1 generation. There was predominance of additive genic effects for the characteristics number of seeds per pods, number of seeds per plant and plants height. For number of pods per plant, seeds per plant and mass of hundred seeds the dominance effects were expressed by the superiority of specific combining ability in the determination of these characters. The parents G3 and G7 were the ones that contributed the most to the increase in yield in function of general combining ability for the characters number of pods per plant, seeds per plant, plant yield and mass of hundred seeds. The hybrids from the crossings between G3 x G5 and G3 x G4 are more promising for the characteristics related to yield, since they present elevated heterosis effect and high specific combining ability associated to increase general combining ability presented by the parent G3.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is the cereal most produced in the world, due to its wide scope and utilization in human and animal diet. This study aims to evaluate the agronomic performance of intervarietal maize hybrids, as well as the linear associations, interrelations of cause and effect, and the genotypes dispersion through canonical variates. The experiment was conducted in the agricultural year of 2014/2015. The crosses that originated the hybrids were carried out on the growing season of 2013/2014 and hybrids evaluated on 2014/2015. The hybrids were arranged in randomized blocks, being 13 treatments with five repetitions. The measured characters were: plant height, spike insertion height, stem diameter, spike diameter, spike length, spike mass, number of rows of grains per spike, number of grains per row, cob diameter, cob mass, spike grains mass, mass of a thousand grains, grain length and grain yield. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and mean values compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. The Pearson’s linear correlation analysis and path analysis were performed using grain yield as a dependent character. Furthermore, the analysis of canonical variables was carried out. The hybrid H5: G3 X G4 revealed higher grain yield, spike grains mass, number of grains per row and spike diameter. Grain yield of intervarietal hybrids presented positive correlations with the traits such as stem diameter, spike diameter, spike length, number of grains per row, mass of a thousand grains, grain length and spike grains mass. Spike diameter and spike length presented higher direct effects on grain yield of intervarietal hybrids. The canonical variates revealed the formation of five phenotypically distinct groups of intervarietal hybrids.

The physiological quality of seeds is commonly characterized by the germination and vigor, which can be defined as the sum of attributes that confers the potential for seeds to germinate, rapidly emerge and result in normal seedlings under a wide range of environmental conditions. The purpose of the study was to test alternative methodologies for the accelerated aging test to evaluate the physiological potential of poppy seeds. Samples obtained from four batches were subjected to germination test at a temperature of 20 °C, traditional accelerated aging and accelerated aging diluted with saline solution (11 g of NaCl in 100 mL-1 of water) using three temperatures, 41 °C, 42 ºC and 43 ºC , for periods of 12 and 24 hours. The percentage of germination, the rate of emergence velocity, performed together with the emergence speed and the percentage of seedling emergence test were evaluated. It is concluded that the methodology of traditional accelerated aging with temperature of 43 °C and period of 12h shows to be promising for the verification of the physiological quality of poppy seeds.

The aims to evaluate the soybean seeds quality in response to the vigor level of seeds and the fertilizing distribution system in the sowing row. The experimental design was random blocks organized in factorial scheme, being two growing environments (Passo Fundo – RS and Ernestina – RS) x three vigor levels classified as high, medium and low (90%, 70% and 60% vigor, respectively) x three fertilizing distribution systems (no distribution, conventional and overflow), and the treats disposed in four replicates. The measured characters were thousand seeds mass, germination, accelerated aging, electric conductivity, viability and vigor, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry matter and field emergency. Vigor and physiologic quality of produced seeds are intimately related to characteristic of environment of production and vigor level of used seeds. Elevated physiologic potential are obtained in seeds produced in specifically using seeds with high vigor independent of the fertilizer distribution system. El objetivo es evaluar la calidad de las semillas de soja en respuesta al nivel de vigor de las semillas y al sistema de distribución de fertilizantes en la fila de siembra. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar organizados en esquema factorial, siendo dos ambientes de cultivo (Passo Fundo - RS y Ernestina - RS) x tres niveles de vigor clasificados en alto, medio y bajo (90%, 70% y 60% de vigor, respectivamente) x tres sistemas de distribución de fertilizantes (sin distribución, convencional y rebosadero), y las golosinas se disponen en cuatro repeticiones. Los caracteres medidos fueron masa de mil semillas, germinación, envejecimiento acelerado, conductividad eléctrica, viabilidad y vigor, longitud de brotes y raíces, materia seca de brotes y raíces y emergencia de campo. El vigor y la calidad fisiológica de las semillas producidas están íntimamente relacionados con las características del entorno de producción y el nivel de vigor de las semillas usadas. Se obtiene un potencial fisiológico elevado en semillas producidas específicamente utilizando semillas con alto vigor independientemente del sistema de distribución de fertilizantes. Objetiva-se avaliar a qualidade das sementes de soja em função do nível de vigor das sementes e do sistema de distribuição da adubação na linha de semeadura. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, organizados em esquema fatorial, sendo dois ambientes de cultivo (Passo Fundo - RS e Ernestina - RS) x três níveis de vigor classificados em alto, médio e baixo (90%, 70% e 60% vigor, respectivamente) x três sistemas de distribuição de fertilizantes (sem distribuição, convencional e transbordamento), e as guloseimas dispostas em quatro repetições. Os caracteres medidos foram massa de mil sementes, germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, viabilidade e vigor, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz, matéria seca de parte aérea e raiz e emergência de campo. O vigor e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas estão intimamente relacionadas às características do ambiente de produção e ao nível de vigor das sementes utilizadas. Potenciais fisiológicos elevados são obtidos em sementes produzidas especificamente com sementes de alto vigor independente do sistema de distribuição de fertilizantes.

The aimed to evaluate the physical and physiological quality, as well the field initial performance of different maize seeds size, produced in two growing environments. It were used seeds of the Amarelo maize (Zea mays L.) genotype, where it were produced in two growing environments at Rio Grande do Sul, in the crops season of 2016/2017. The environment that the seeds are produced and the seeds form affect the maize plants initial growth. Flat seeds are tend to have a better performance on field in relation to the initial growth. The seedlings originated from Entre Ijuís-RS present superiority to shoot length, stem diameter, roots dry matter and shoot dry matter, while Pelotas-RS determines the sieves yield. The round and small seeds present lower sieves yield, shoot length, root length and stem diameter of maize seedlings. El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad física y fisiológica, así como el desempeño inicial en campo de diferentes alimentos de maíz, producidos en dos ambientes de cultivo. Se utilizaron semillas del genotipo Maíz amarillo (Zea mays L.), donde se produjeron en dos ambientes de cultivo en Rio Grande do Sul, en la cosecha 2016/2017. El entorno en el que se producen las semillas y se forman las semillas afecta el crecimiento inicial de las plantas de maíz. Las semillas planas tienden a funcionar mejor en el campo en comparación con el crecimiento inicial. Las plantas de Entre Ijuís-RS muestran superioridad en longitud de brote, diámetro de tallo, materia seca de raíz y materia seca de brote, mientras que Pelotas-RS determina la productividad de los tamices. Las semillas redondas y pequeñas tienen menor rendimiento de tamizado, longitud del tallo, longitud de la raíz y diámetro del tallo de las plantas de maíz. Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica, bem como o desempenho inicial em campo de diferentes tamanhos de sementes de milho, produzidas em dois ambientes de cultivo. Foram utilizadas sementes do genótipo Milho amarelo (Zea mays L.), onde foram produzidas em dois ambientes de cultivo no Rio Grande do Sul, na safra 2016/2017. O ambiente em que as sementes são produzidas e as sementes se formam afetam o crescimento inicial das plantas do milho. As sementes planas tendem a ter um melhor desempenho no campo em relação ao crescimento inicial. As plantas oriundas de Entre Ijuís-RS apresentam superioridade para comprimento da parte aérea, diâmetro do caule, matéria seca das raízes e matéria seca da parte aérea, enquanto Pelotas-RS determina a produtividade das peneiras. As sementes redondas e pequenas apresentam menor rendimento de peneiras, comprimento do caule, comprimento da raiz e diâmetro do caule das plantas de milho.

The objective of the present study was to describe the morphological characteristics that allow the differentiation of cultivars and to evaluate the agronomic characteristics that can determine the yield of Chenopodium quinoa cultivated in the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul. Quinoa is a pseudocereal that it is originally from the Andes region; it is consumed throughout the world due to its nutritional characteristics. Its introduction and production in Brazil are recent, so studies that make possible the increase of growing are of great importance. We evaluated the stem, leaf and inflorescence characteristics, number of seeds per branch, number of branches and mass of one thousand seeds, thus obtaining the agronomic characteristics. We calculated the yield of the cultivars using the adjusted formula for estimated yield. It was observed that the characteristics of the leaf could be used to differentiate the cultivars. It is possible to calculate the yield of the crop using the adjusted formula for estimated yield.

In view of the need to obtain genetically superior eucalyptus clones that promote productivity coupled with quality, we used multivariate statistical techniques for the selection and evaluation of Eucalyptus spp. clones for wood production. The experiments were carried out in three environments in the districts of Eldorado do Sul, Butia and Sao Gabriel. A clone of the commercial species Eucalyptus saligna was used as a common control in all trials. A total of 84 eucalyptus clones were used belonging to the breeding program in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in a randomized block design, with 20 replicates and one plant per plot, spacing 3.50 x 2.14 m. Silvicultural practices were performed according to the particularities required by each environment. The clones were evaluated at 36 months for diameter at breast height, total height, total individual volume with bark and survival of clones. The datawere submitted to a joint analysis of variance, and the significance was interpreted by the F test at 5% probability. Interaction tests were performed and then multivariate models were used. Selection of clones from their values of genetic divergence and heterogeneity in relation to the others can be used to increase variability in breeding populations. Improvement strategies such as Intrapopulation Recurrent Selection can be "fed" from selections made based on these parameters, but also focusing on increasing productivity and improving wood technology. There wasa great difference in behavior of the clones for each environment, demonstrating the influence of genotype x environment interactions, which can be evaluated later in amplified clonal tests or in the observation plantings of these clones; these will serve for the future indication of genotypes for commercial plantations.

The objective of this work to evaluate the official results of seeds quality of ryegrass, black oat grass, sudangrass and pearl millet, originated from commercial establishments from the State of Santa Catarina. Lots of forage seeds sampled in the state of Santa Catarina in the year of 2013 to 2015, presented low physiologic and physic quality, being the main criteria of disapproval the physic purity and germination. The samples of forage seeds from C1 and C2 categories collected in Santa Catarina present superior quality in relation to the non-certified S1 and S2. The quality of ryegrass seeds (national) showed below the legal standards established, independent of the year, for the physic purity and germination criteria. Although, for the ryegrass lots (imported) there was none disapproval related to germination and physic purity being out of the tolerated limits.The germination and physic purity indexes, for sudangrass lots presented conformity index adequate to the tolerated limits allowed by legal standards. In the other hand, for the same species, the criteria for number of other cultivated species presented 100% of disapproval for the analyzed lots in the non-certified categories in 2013. Lots of pearl millet seeds, with exception of those from the C2 category sampled in 2014, presented in conformity to the legal standards required, being, in comparison with the other species, the one that showed lower non-conformity degree in the analyzed period.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is considered one of the most important cereals, such as maize, rice and wheat, due to its multiplicity of usage, as much for human consumption as for feed. The Nitrogen is one of the main nutrients that influences the quality and productivity of barley seeds because it participates in numerous metabolic routes. It is a limiting factor of the production, the lack or the excess can bring consequence to the culture. In this manner, the present study aims to evaluate the influence of different nitrogen doses on the physiologic quality and biochemical characters of brewing barley seeds produced in two growing environments. The experiment was conducted in the 2017 crop season, in a randomized block design, organized in a factorial scheme, being 2 cultivation environment × 2 brewing barley cultivars × 4 nitrogen doses, disposed in four replicates. The physiological quality of the seeds was evaluated by germination, first counting of germination, accelerated aging, field emergence, shoot and root length, dry mass of shoot and root of seedlings, electrical conductivity (3, 6 and 24 hours) and isoenzymes. The growing environment promotes differences in the barley seeds physiologic quality. The nitrogen fertilizing, at dose of 120 kg ha-1, results in superiority in the physiologic quality of seeds. The cultivar BRS Cauê in both environments presented higher vigor. The nitrogen fertilizing alters the isoenzymatic expression of barley seedlings, creating variation in the bands intensity, at different nitrogen doses.

The hydric resources are primordial for plants growth and development, under conditions where the growing environment express hydric shortage. These conditions can directly or indirectly affect development, the formation of new organs, yield and quality seeds. The study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of rice and soybean seeds, produced under hydric restriction. Experiment 1: for rice, the scheme was completely randomized with four repetitions, the treats of hydric restrictions were applied in the periods of 0, 24, 48, 72 hours at the phenological stage of filling seeds. Experiment 2: for soybean, the scheme was completely randomized, conducted in factorial scheme, four replicates with four hydric restriction periods of 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours, at the phenological stage of filling seeds. It was verified that as the hydric restriction hours increase, at the rice seeds filling, the physiologic quality is affected, the higher effect occurred at 72 hours of restriction. While at the soybean seeds production it was not verified such effects, only the thousand seeds mass was negatively affected. The physiological quality of rice seeds were more affected, when compared to soybean seeds submitted to the same treats of hydric stress.

The objective to evaluate the effect of the size of the crimson clover seeds under the vigor of produced seeds, as well the growth and development throughout the crop cycle. The work was conducted in the experimental area of the Plant Science Department of the Federal University of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It were used crimson clover seeds (Trifolium incarnatum L.), cultivar “Crimson Clover”. The seeds size effect affected the growth and the partition of the assimilated in the crimson clover plants, where medium size seeds raise the biomass accumulation in the different plants structures. Seeds of crimson clover produced from plants originated from different seed sizes did not presented difference in relation to the physiologic quality, seedling emergence and speed of emergence index.

The aimed to characterize common beans genotypes utilizing multivariate models and artificial neural network thru the agronomic attributes and seeds dimensions. The experiment was conducted in the 2017/2018 crop season at the city of Tenente Portela - RS. The experimental design was expanded blocs, were 53 segregating F2 populations and ten cultivars considered checks, disposed in four repetitions. The accurate characterization of bean genotypes can be based in the reproductive period, cycle and seeds length. Genotypes with longer cycle increase the potential of ramifications, legume and seeds magnitude per plant and increase the seeds yield independent of the commercial group. The use of biometric approach allows revealing patterns to the genotype grouping, being the patterns magnitude dependent of the intrinsic premises to the Standardized Average Euclidian Distance, Tocher optimized grouping and Artificial Neural Network with non-supervised learning. It is defined that the Artificial Neural Network are determinant to define associative patterns, being these inferences indispensable to the common beans genotype selection that answer the agronomic attributes and seeds production.