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Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), comprising basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are typically encountered on photo-exposed skin. Nevertheless, several cases of NMSC have been described in covered areas such as the genital region; furthermore, some of these lesions may express a variable degree of pigmentation. Due to the existence of mucosal melanoma, an accurate diagnosis is paramount. In this narrative review, we focused our attention on management and - in particular- diagnosis of pigmented NMSC (pNMSC) located in the genital region, emphasizing the features assessed by dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy. As an implementation, we included data on pNMSC from the Dermatology Unit of the University of Campania Vanvitelli. BCC in the genital region represents only 1% of all BCC cases. It has been supposed that the mutation of patched 1 may lead to the development of BCC even without concomitant UV exposure. Pigmented variants on genitals have seldom been described. More prominent dermoscopic features seem to be blue-gray ovoid nests and arborizing vessels associated with whitish structureless areas. SCC and Bowen's disease (BD) - a variant of in situ SCC - may be encountered in the genital area and are sometimes associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Pigmented SCC is very rare, and most of the literature is focused on pigmented BD (pBD), which is mainly characterized by gray-brown dots in a linear fashion and glomerular vessels without evident scales. In conclusion, pNMSC is rarely encountered on genitals; evaluation with dermoscopy or other ancillary devices like RCM is important both to exclude benign lesions like seborrheic keratosis and lentigo and to rule out melanoma., (© 2024 the International Society of Dermatology.)

Introduction: Several dermatological diseases lead to inflammatory conditions of the scalp. Most of these afflictions are recalcitrant and require long term maintenance treatment., Objectives: We present a case series where topical tacrolimus was used in a solution vehicle for these conditions., Methods: A total of 22 patients (aged 24-90 years) with confirmed diagnosis of lichen planus pilaris (LPP), discoid lupus (DL), frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA), erosive pustulosis of the scalp (EPS) or folliculitis decalvans (FD) were evaluated and treated with tacrolimus solution (0.1%) applied twice daily for 1 month, then once daily for another month and alternate days for 4 months. Efficacy was evaluated by an investigator global assessment, clinical and dermoscopic evaluation at weeks 4, 8 and 24. The safety assessment included monitoring of all adverse events., Results: The study included 13 patients with LPP, 2 with DL, 2 with FD, 2 with EPS and 3 with AFF. After 1 month, 14 patients (63.6%) had a good response and 7 (31.8%) had excellent response. After 2 months, 16 patients (72.7%) had excellent response, and this response was persistent after 6 months of treatment., Conclusions: Tacrolimus in solution, even if not yet commercially available, was an effective and well tolerated alternative for the maintenance treatment of inflammatory conditions of the scalp.

Introduction: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the most effective topical treatments for actinic keratosis (AK). A new 4% formulation of 5-FU was recently approved in Europe., Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating 4% 5-FU cream safety and effectiveness in a real-world setting., Methods: Adult AK patients were retrospectively selected from the University of Campania Dermatology Unit database. Selection criteria included a diagnosis of non-hyperkeratotic, non-hypertrophic AK (Olsen grade I and II) of the face, ears, and/or scalp, treatment with 4% 5-FU once daily for 4 weeks, and at least 3 follow-up visits (4 and 8 weeks after treatment initiation, and 6 months after treatment end). The primary objectives were to evaluate AK lesions improvement at 8 weeks and relapse rate at 6 months. Patient-reported erythema and burning sensation intensity were also assessed at 4 weeks., Results: Ninety-eight patients were included in this analysis (male/female 80/18, mean age 74.7 years). AK lesions improvement at 8 weeks resulted complete or significant in 74.5% and 20.4% of the patients, respectively. At 6 months, 65.3% of the patients did not show AK relapses. Burning sensation at 4 weeks was reported as light, moderate, or absent by 44.9%, 22.4%, and 31.6% of the patients, respectively. Erythema was reported as light, moderate, or absent by 37.8%, 51%, and 10% of the patients, respectively. Burning sensation and erythema disappeared gradually during follow-up. No other side effects were reported., Conclusions: In this real-world study 4% 5-FU proved to be highly effective for AK lesions clearance with a favorable safety profile.

Background: Digital dermoscopy monitoring (DDM) helps to recognize melanomas lacking specific dermoscopic features at baseline, but the number of melanomas eventually developing specific features is still unknown., Objective: To assess how many melanomas are identified because they develop melanoma-specific criteria over time compared with melanomas recognized by side-by-side image comparison., Methods: A case-control study was conducted collecting 206 melanomas: 103 melanomas diagnosed during DDM follow-up and 103 melanomas diagnosed at baseline. The control group was composed of 309 benign lesions consisting of 103 nevi excised for diagnostic reasons, 103 not excised nevi, and 103 not excised seborrheic keratoses. Dermoscopic images of all 515 lesions were randomly presented to 2 blinded experts to give a diagnosis and to score the criteria of the 7-point checklist., Results: Of the 103 melanomas diagnosed at baseline, 78.6% (n = 81) were correctly identified compared with only 40.8% (n = 42) of melanomas diagnosed after DDM (P < .001). Of the 103 melanomas excised after DDM, 59.2% (n = 61), did not develop melanoma-specific criteria and were identified only because of the side-by-side image comparison., Limitations: The type of morphologic changes considered as suspicious on DDM was not assessed., Conclusions: Most melanomas are diagnosed with DDM by side-by-side image comparison., (Copyright © 2020 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cerebellar stimulation reduces seizures in animals and in humans with drug-resistant epilepsy. In a pilot safety and feasibility study, we applied continuous cutaneous vibratory stimulation (limb proprioceptive cerebellar stimulation) to foot limb proprioceptive receptors to activate cerebellar, pontine, and thalamic structures in drug-resistant epilepsy patients for 8-h nocturnally up to 6-months after a 4-week pre-treatment control baseline. Seizure frequency was evaluated during the baseline control period, and at 6, 12, and 24 weeks after the control recordings. Five-subjects completed at least the first 6-week treatment. At 12-weeks, the median reduction in seizure frequency was -27.8% (mean reduction = -22.3%). Two subjects continued for 24 weeks, with a decline of -44.1 and -45.4%. This pilot study provides support for further clinical studies into the safety and efficacy of limb proprioceptive cerebellar stimulation for epilepsy., Competing Interests: The University of California has filed for a provisional patent for the device described in the manuscript, listing RH, CD, and ES as inventors. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Harper, Hertling, Curtis, Sauerland and De Giorgio.)

Hyperhidrosis is a disorder of excessive sweating severely impacting on patient's quality of life (Qol). Several studies have been published about oral oxybutynin, but no studies focused on the achievement of complete clinical and Qol response. The aim of this study was to report our real-life experience with oral oxybutynin in patients with severe hyperhidrosis significantly affecting their Qol. In this cohort retrospective study, we enrolled, in a 3-year period, patients affected by severe hyperhidrosis with poor Qol, continuously treated with oral oxybutynin. Our outcome was the obtainment of complete clinical and Qol improvement. A systematic review of the literature was also performed reporting efficacy and safety of oral oxybutynin for primary hyperhidrosis. We enrolled 62 patients, of which 53 (85.5%) received a mean daily dose of 10 mg and nine (15.5%) of 5 mg. Complete clinical response was achieved in 77.4% (48/62) of cases, while complete Qol improvement occurred in 51.6% (32/62) of cases. Adverse events were only reported as mild, with dry mouth being the most frequently observed (16.1%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis highlighted that both median clinical and Qol complete responses were reached after 1 year of continuous therapy with oral oxybutynin. The main limitation of our study is the small number of patients enrolled. Long-term therapy with oral oxybutynin for severe hyperhidrosis, continuously administered at a mean daily dosage of 5 to 10 mg, allowed the majority of our patients to reach both clinical and Qol complete improvement, without significant adverse events., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Keratinocyte tumors (KT) are frequently observed. Surgery is the treatment gold standard. In some cases, a surgical approach might not be the best option. Radiotherapy (RT) and systemic treatments can frequently cause side effects or be contraindicated. Intralesional methotrexate (MTX) can be a conservative yet effective alternative. We decided to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intralesional chemotherapy with MTX for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), keratoacanthoma (KA), and basal cell carcinoma (BCC)., Methods: All patients had a histologically confirmed diagnosis of BCC, SCC, or KA and no indication to surgery or RT. MTX was injected subcutaneously proceeding from the periphery of the lesion toward the center. Different protocols in terms of dose, frequency, and length of treatment were used to compare them. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in terms of tumor size reduction. Patients were divided into three groups: responders (improvement of more than 50%), partial responders (< 50%), and non-responders (no improvement or worsening). All data were analyzed using the chi-squared test (χ 2 )., Results: Thirty-five patients were included. Twenty-one patients suffered from SCC, 12 from KA, and 2 from BCC. KA showed a higher response rate than SCC and BCC. For AK, 92% of patients had a complete resolution; 8% were partial responders. For SCC, 47.6% of cases were responders and 14.3% partial responders, while 38% non-responders. All BCCs showed no improvement. A treatment protocol of weekly injections, performed for 4 to 6 weeks, was the most efficient. Doses of 25 mg/ml per session seemed to be most effective. About one third of our patients developed side effects with mild anemia being the most frequent., Conclusions: For selected cases, intralesional MTX can be a safe and effective option for the treatment of KT, especially in case of KA and, to a lesser extent, SCC.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a complex immune-mediated disorder, which is difficult to treat. The available treatment options seem to have limited benefit, help only some patients and have a high relapse rate. We evaluated a new therapeutic option for moderate to severe AA based on the combination of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and microneedling (MN). In total, 14 patients were enrolled, and these were randomly divided into 3 groups: Group A (MN alone; n = 9), Group B (ALA-PDT alone; n = 15) and Group C (combination of MN and ALA-PDT; n = 17). All patients were treated once every 3 weeks for a total of six treatments. The best clinical outcome was achieved in Group C, with complete hair regrowth observed in three patients, and an improvement of ≥ 50% and < 50% of the treated areas obtained in seven and six patients, respectively. Our report suggests that combination of ALA-PDT with MN could be an additional therapeutic option in moderate to severe AA, as MN allows better skin penetration of ALA and subsequent indirect immunosuppression., (© 2019 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Background: In the latest few years, plasma radiofrequency ablation has turned out a good option for treatment of several benign skin lesions. The technique can be easily performed to treat skin lesions with limited tissue invasion and no residual scars or hypo/hyperpigmentation areas., Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of plasma radiofrequency ablation in treatment of benign skin lesions, through clinical and reflectance confocal microscopy outcomes., Methods: Six patients who presented benign skin lesions underwent long-wave plasma radiofrequency ablation treatment with DAS medical device (Technolux, Italia). Reflectance confocal microscopy analysis was performed at baseline and after 1 month., Results: The treatment was well tolerated; only a slight erythema and a thin crust on the treated area were referred for 3-7 days after treatment. After one month from treatments, we observed the complete disappearance of the lesions and no significant signs of inflammation, redness, hypo/hyperpigmentation, or scars on the site of the treated areas; these clinical data were also confirmed by reflectance confocal microscopy analysis., Conclusions: Long-wave plasma radiofrequency ablation actually can be considered a well-tolerated, painless, safe, effective, and low-cost procedure for skin treatments., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)