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El COVID ? 19 cambi? totalmente las formas de vida de la poblaci?n en el mundo, afectando los ?mbitos sociales, econ?micos, pol?ticos y educativos. En el ?mbito educativo, se hizo necesario que los estudiantes comenzaran a recibir sus clases desde casa, esto trajo consigo que los maestros se enfrentaran a una serie de situaciones como la poca conectividad, ausencia de herramientas tecnol?gicas, se?al y problemas de salud mental que generaron la necesidad de buscar otras alternativas en las que se rompieran con los l?mites que impon?an las distintas condiciones socioecon?micas que crean brechas en el acceso a la educaci?n de calidad en la poblaci?n en general. Ante esta situaci?n de vulnerabilidad, surge el prop?sito de esta investigaci?n que es estudiar los retos que trajo la pandemia a los docentes para lograr el desarrollo de los procesos de ense?anza ? aprendizaje de la manera m?s eficiente, para esto se realiz? una revisi?n bibliogr?fica sobre diferentes proyectos de investigaci?n y art?culos que abordaran esta tem?tica, a partir de la reflexi?n y an?lisis de los mismos se establecen en la conclusi?n cu?les fueron los retos asumidos durante este tiempo. En este caso no se tiene en cuenta un contexto en espec?fico, en el estudio se tuvo la oportunidad de leer sobre las medidas tomadas en diferentes pa?ses como Colombia, Chile, Per?, M?xico, pa?ses entre los que se establecen grandes similitudes a nivel educativo, pues las brechas en realidad terminan siendo las mismas. COVID-19 changed the way of life of the world's population, affecting the social, economic, political, and educational spheres. In the educational field, it became necessary for students to begin taking classes from home. This forced teacher to deal with a number of situations such as poor connectivity, a lack of technological tools, signal issues, and mental health issues, which led to the need to seek for other alternatives in order to overcome the restrictions imposed by the various socioeconomic conditions that prevent the general population from having access to high-quality education. Given this vulnerable situation, the purpose of this research is to study the challenges that the pandemic presented to teachers in order to develop teaching-learning processes as effectively as possible. To this end, a review of the literature was conducted on various research projects and articles that address this issue; from the reflection and analysis of these, it is established in the conclusion what difficulties were faced at the time. Since a particular context was not taken into consideration in this instance, the study had the chance to learn about the measures taken in several nations, including Colombia, Chile, Peru, and Mexico, countries among which great similarities are established at the educational level since the gaps end up being the same. Especializaci?n Especialista en Pedagog?a

Epicaerus panamensis Gir��n & de Medeiros n. sp. Type material. Holotype (male): PANAMA: Chiriqu�� Province, Tierras Altas de Chiriqu�� District, Cerro Punta, 8.854, -82.573, 1952 m a.s.l., 30.XI���1.XII.2020, J. Pitti & R. Collantes (MIUP). Paratypes. (71 specimens). PANAMA: Same data as holotype (18 ♂, 3 dissected; 20 ♀, 3 dissected [including STRI_ENT_132115, STRI_ENT_132116, STRI_ENT_132119, STRI_ENT_132120]). Same data except 19.IV.2021, J. Pitti (14 ♂, 17♀, [including STRI_ENT_132117, STRI_ENT_132118, STRI_ENT_132121, STRI_ ENT_132122]).). Same data except Las Nubes, 8.8719, -82.5917, 1882 m a.s.l., 21-X-2020. Leg. Jorge Mu��oz. Chiriqu��, 3 km W Cerro Punta, 8��51���N, 82��36���W, 1720 m, 2 Aug 79 (ASUCOB0019951, ASUCOB0019955). Additional specimens. (20 specimens) PANAMA: Chiriqu�� Province, 3 km W Cerro Punta, 1750 m., 28.VII.1996, H. P. Stockwell (1♂, 1 ♀ MIUP; 6♂, 6 ♀ STRI); same, except 8��51���N, 82��36���W, 1720 m., 21.VII.1982 (1 ♀ STRI); same but 26.V.1977 (3 ♀ STRI); same, except 10.V.1976 (2♂ STRI). These additional specimens were previously identified as Epicaerus inaequalis in collections and are not included in the type series since they correspond to older collecting events. Differential diagnosis. Epicaerus panamensis can be recognized by the following character combination: oval to teardrop-shaped eyes in lateral view (Fig. 3B, E); rostrum anteriorly broadened, with epistomal area depressed, and with dorsolateral sulci (Fig. 4); antennal scrobes visible dorsally only at apical region of rostrum; antennal scape covered by non-overlapping, seta-like scales (Fig. 4); pronotum medially broadly depressed, with two deep and broad foveae, each positioned at basal and apical thirds along midline (Fig. 3A, D); humeri strongly reduced, with anterolateral corner of each elytron (humeral angle) slightly produced anterior and laterally (Fig 3D); joint anterior margins of elytra straight to nearly concave (Fig. 3A, D); scutellar shield absent, scutellar area of the elytra depressed, covered by pale scales (Fig. 3A, D); elytra moderately and uniformly convex in lateral view, in dorsal view with lateral margins uniformly convex; scale coverage relatively uniform in density, composed of small scales ranging in coloration from pink to yellow to brown and black, not forming evident patterns. There are several species of Epicaerus of similar size and overall appearance, with anteriorly broadened and medially depressed rostrum, medially depressed and coarsely punctate pronotum, strongly reduced humeri that are slightly produced anterior and laterally, and sharing the presence of a patch of pale scales on the scutellar area of the elytra (Fig. 3A, D). Epicaerus panamensis n. sp. can be differentiated from similar species by the alignment and moderate depth of the elytral punctation, the elytra moderately and uniformly convex in lateral view, and the relatively uniform pinkish tone of the scales. Epicaerus panamensis also resembles species of the South American genus Exorides Pascoe, 1881 (Pascoe 1881, p. 43; Marshall 1922; Wibmer & O���Brien 1986) by virtue of several characters that are typical of some members of the tribe Eustylini Lacordaire, 1863 (Lacordaire 1863, p. 205): teardrop-shaped eyes in lateral view (Fig. 3B, E); rostrum anteriorly broadened; pronotum medially depressed (Fig. 3A, D); elytra with humeri strongly reduced to absent. The absence of scutellar shield in Epicaerus panamensis easily distinguishes it from similar members of Exorides. Description. Body length 12���14 mm (females), 10���13 mm (males), width 5���6 mm (females), 4���5 mm (males); shape oval, length/width ratio 2.3���2.8; greatest width near mid-length of elytra both in males (Fig. 3A) and females (Fig. 3D). Integument dark brown to black; coverage composed of non-overlapping scales, denser along sides and depressed areas of pronotum and elytra (Fig. 3); scales oval, small, appressed, iridescent with pink and blue tones, or light to dark brown (Fig. 3). Head. Frons with somewhat uneven surface, slightly transversely impressed behind eyes, bearing deep, large median fovea and a pair of slight depressions, covered by oval to setiform setae, between midlength and base of rostrum and midway to medial longitudinal line (Fig. 4A, white arrow); surface of head sparsely covered by scales; curved, thick, pale brown setae scattered only along dorsal surface of head. Eyes in lateral view (Fig. 3B, E) oval, slightly tear-drop shaped, 1.3 �� longer than wide, with acute margin pointing antero-ventrally; eyes somewhat dorso-lateral, separated from anterolateral margin of prothorax by distance slightly shorter than greatest width of eye; surface surrounding anterior margin of eye moderately impressed; surface surrounding dorsal margin of eye forming well-defined ocular sclerite; in dorsal view (Fig. 4B), eyes moderately convex, with inner margins oblique, anteriorly converging, interocular distance at closest point, 4.0 to 4.5 �� maximum width of eye. Rostrum. Only very slightly longer than wide (Fig. 4B), anteriorly widened apicad of antennal insertion; shape in cross-section subrectangular. In dorsal view (Fig. 4B), outline of rostrum somewhat trapezoid, 1.3 �� wider near apex than at base; dorsolateral margins slightly sinuate; dorsal surface undulate; apical margin deeply emarginate (Fig. 4A). Nasal plate (Fig. 4A; see Vaurie 1963, Gir��n & Howden 2019) moderate in size, with depressed and smooth surface, positioned obliquely to surface of epistoma, with posterior margin rather sharply creased. Epistoma (Fig. 4A) distinctly depressed, with small, oval scales scantily scattered across surface; posterior margin of epistoma elevated. Epistomal setae (Fig. 4A) golden in color, moderate in thickness, length, and density, apicomedially pointing. Area of epistoma between posterior margin of nasal plate and epistomal setae flat, glabrous and nearly parallel to dorsal surface of rostrum. Dorsal surface of rostrum with one deep, anteriorly broadly widened median sulcus (Fig. 4) forming large, elongate triangular depression, extending between posterior margin of epistoma and base of rostrum, continuing more shallowly towards median frontal fovea; with two short dorsolateral sulci (Fig. 4A) positioned along nearly midlength of rostrum; lateroventral margins (Fig. 4A) anteriorly diverging. Ventral margin of antennal scrobe, nearly fully visible in dorsal view of rostrum. Rostrum in lateral view (Fig. 3B, E) slightly and gradually expanded apically, with dorsal outline slightly convex along median third; occipital suture deep extending from anteroventral margin of eye to ventral posterior third of rostrum to meet anterior tentorial pit, continuing anteriorly to near apex of rostrum; gular sutures basally fused together medially, separating at base of rostrum, not extending to posterior tentorial pits. Antennal insertion near anterior third of rostrum. Scrobe lateral (Fig. 3B, E), arcuate, deep, and broad, gradually expanding towards midlength of rostrum, with margins continuing nearly parallel towards ventral region of rostrum, with dorsal margin well-defined throughout, ending near ventral third of anterior margin of eye; ventral margin of scrobe ending at basal third of rostrum; scrobe covered with setae and elongated scales along posterodorsal areas. Mandibles shiny and lacking scales; each mandible with setae on outer and ventral surfaces; mandibular scar only slightly raised from surface (Fig. 4A). Maxillae not visible along sides of prementum; prementum trapezoid, only slightly expanded towards apex 1.1���1.2 �� longer than greatest width near apex, with ventral surface reticulate and undulate, bearing long fine setae on apical corners. Antennae with 12 antennomeres (Fig. 4). Scape clavate, widened along apical third, extending to posterior margin of eye, passing over ventral fifth of eye (in resting position), covered with elongate scales, with sparse, thick, semi-erect setae. Funicle about 1.3 �� longer than scape, with seven antennomeres; funicular antennomeres clavate, all similar in shape and size, except funicular antennomere 2 slightly longer. Club with four distinct visible antennomeres (terminal annulation fully differentiated, see Fig. 4A), nearly as long as funicular antennomeres 5���7 combined, nearly 2 �� longer than wide, densely covered by fine setae; club antennomeres gradually decreasing in length towards apex. Thorax. Pronotum somewhat trapezoid (Fig. 3A, D), 1.5 �� wider at base than at apex, slightly longer than basal width; pronotum nearly 0.4���0.5 �� length of elytra, with greatest width at base; lateral outline nearly parallel along basal two thirds, converging along apical third; posterior margin straight in females, slightly medially emarginate in males. Dorsal surface of pronotum undulate-foveate, medially longitudinally and broadly depressed, with two deep and broad foveae each positioned at basal and apical thirds along midline; lateral surfaces irregularly foveate; scales appressed, ranging from evenly distributed to covering only depressed areas; median area of pronotum often posteriorly depressed. Prothorax in lateral view (Fig. 3B, E) somewhat trapezoid (shorter ventrally); anterior margin oblique, only slightly curved, without postocular lobe, fringed with plumose setae projecting anteriorly; postocular vibrissae absent. Scutellar shield not visible externally. Prosternum (Fig. 3C, F) slightly longer than mesoventrite, mesoventrite similar in length to metaventrite; prosternum with transverse posterior sulcus and anteriorly with shallow lateral sulci; procoxal cavities contiguous, 3 �� closer to anterior than to posterior margin of prosternum; anterior margin of prosternum fringed mostly by plumose setae. Mesoventrite (Fig. 3C, F) with intercoxal process slightly elevated, covered by oval scales; mesocoxal cavities separated by distance nearly 0.2���0.3 �� greatest width of each mesocoxal cavity. Metaventrite (Fig. 3C, F) with median sulcus very short, shallow, Y-shaped, positioned near posterior margin; metacoxal cavities separated by distance nearly 0.7 �� width of each mesocoxal cavity. Legs. Prothoracic legs slightly longer than mesothoracic legs, slightly shorter than metathoracic legs; densely covered by scales with color similar to elytra and with evenly spaced whitish to pale brown, recurvate setae along femora, denser along tibiae, especially along antero-ventral margin. Profemur about as long as prothorax, gradually enlarging to slightly apicad of midlength, with ventral margin basally straight, distally strongly bisinuate; unarmed. Protibia about as long as profemur, slender, distally slightly expanded, with ventral margin slightly arcuate, especially along distal fourth; ventral margin without cuticular teeth, with row of translucent to pale brown spiniform setae; protibial apex with anterior margin slightly arcuate, densely fringed by fine setae; mucro shorter than to similar in length to tarsal claw, surpassed by tuft of fine, long setae. Protarsomeres 1 and 3 similar in length, protarsomere 2 0.6 �� length of protarsomere 1; protarsomere 5 slightly longer than 3. Mesofemur slightly longer than mesotibia, similar to prothoracic legs; mesotarsomeres about same proportions as protarsomeres. Metafemur gradually enlarging towards second third, slightly longer than metatibia. Metatibia straight, expanded at apical region; metatibial apex with anterior margin obliquely truncate, posteriorly ascending by one third of apical width; setal comb with setae similar in length along apex, longer along ascending region; articular surface (surrounding tarsal condyle) glabrous; both inner flange and outer bevel fringed by row of spines (���corbel enclosed���); outer bevel very narrow and lacking scales. Tarsal claws paired, separate, simple. Elytra. (Fig. 3A, B, D, E) 1.4���1.5 �� longer than greatest width; greatest width near midlength in both males and females; joint anterior margins only slightly wider than posterior margin of pronotum; humeri strongly reduced, anterolateral corner of each elytron slightly produced anterior and laterally (Fig 3D); surface of each elytron broadly and rather shallowly depressed around basimedial margin, densely covered by scales, with distinct patch of pale yellowish to pale pink scales; outline of each elytron in dorsal view straight and slightly diverging along anterior half, then evenly curved and gradually converging along posterior third. Elytra in lateral view (Fig. 3B, E) with dorsal outline nearly straight along anterior half, then evenly and strongly convex; summit of elytral declivity (Cort��s-Hern��ndez & Morrone 2020, fig. 3D) evenly curved in males, slightly angulate in females. Posterior margin of each elytron only slightly rounded, forming slightly obtuse angle (Fig. 4B). Elytra with longitudinally aligned punctures forming ten complete striae; striae 9 and 10 coming closer along metacoxal insertion, but fully separated along entire length; interstriae convex along most of their length, but not forming costae (Fig. 4B); interstriae 10 slightly convex at level of metaventrite; setae slightly shorter than width of intervals, recurvate, evenly distributed along interstriae, and sometimes between punctures in striae, slightly denser along lateral margins and elytral apex; scales covering entire integument, oval, overlapping, varying from whitish to brown or iridescent pink; distribution of scale colors variable across specimens. Hind wings absent. Abdomen. Abdominal ventrites (Fig. 3C, F) moderately covered with scales; ventrite 1 slightly longer than thoracic metaventrite, with posterior margin sinuate; abdominal ventrite 2 slightly shorter than 1, nearly as long as 5; surface of intercoxal process of ventrite 1 moderately depressed; surface of ventrites 1 and 2 laterally bulging, medially nearly flat in males (Fig. 3E), convex in females (Fig. 3C); ventrite 5 1.7 �� wider than long, with broadly rounded apex in males (Fig. 3F), 1.5 �� wider than long, with slightly emarginate apex in females (Fig. 3C). Male terminalia. Tergite 8 about 1.2 �� as wide as long, with apical corners broadly rounded, and truncate to slightly emarginate at apex, with relatively long and thick setae throughout, except along basal fourth; apical margin in posterior view broadly uniformly and evenly curved. Sternite 8 (Fig. 5A) composed of two lateral hemisternites somewhat weakly sclerotized, joined medially by membrane, somewhat sigmoidal in shape, laterally narrow, with few, long, apical setae. Sternum 9 (spiculum gastrale; Fig. 5A) including apodeme, about as long as median lobe, posteriorly bifurcate, furcal arms opposed; each furcal arm with sigmoidal outer margin, broadened and coarsely punctate medially, with somewhat triangular distal region more strongly sclerotized, rounded at apex. Tegmen (Fig. 5B; gonocoxites I, Boudinot 2018) with apodeme 0.6 �� length of median lobe; tegminal plate with two elongate projections (Fig. 5B, B 1), each nearly 0.3 �� length of apodeme, finely and densely denticulate along distal half. Aedeagus with median lobe (Fig. 5C; penial sclerite, Boudinot 2018) strongly melanized, 6 �� longer than widest point (at base) in dorsal view, with medial longitudinal region lightly sclerotized and somewhat creased; surface of aedeagus irregular, softly undulate; basi-ventral margin broadly emarginate; lateral margins nearly straight, gradually converging towards apex; apical region of median lobe gradually and evenly narrowing distally, ending in narrowly rounded tip, with yellowish setae along margins (Fig. 5C���E); distance from apical margin of ostium (gonopore) to apex of median lobe slightly longer than greatest length of ostium (Fig. 5D); median lobe in lateral view (Fig. 5E) broadly curved by about 120�� near basal third, approximately 6.3 �� longer than greatest width (at base of ostium), gradually widening from base to base of ostium, then dorsal margin tapering towards apex; apex slightly bent downwards. Endophallus only visible at ostium, with a pair of apically rounded medial endophallites (Fig. 5D; G��nier 2019). Aedeagal apodemes (gonocoxites II, Boudinot 2018) 0.8 �� length of median lobe, gradually narrowing towards median lobe, broadly curved along apical half, fused to median lobe. Female terminalia. Tergite 8 greatest length 1.2 �� longer than greatest width, with anterior margin mesally broadly and deeply emarginate; surface coarsely and sparsely punctate near apex, each puncture bearing one seta; with short row of long and thick setae on either side near apex; setae shorter along apical margin. Sternite 8 (Fig. 6A, B) with apodeme nearly 1.6 �� longer than lamina; lamina triangular, apically narrowly rounded, 2 �� longer than wide, apical third with row of setae near margins, gradually denser towards apex; basi-medial region of lamina with paired sclerotized longitudinal bars; lateral areas of lamina bent upwards (Fig. 6A, B). Coxites strongly compressed laterally, nearly 1.3 �� longer than lamina of sternum 8; distal coxites (Fig 6C, dcx) separated from proximal coxites (Fig 6C, pcx) by less sclerotized area; apical margin of coxites in lateral view sinuate, with dorsal section (Fig. 6C, E ds) larger and wider than ventral section (Fig. 6C, E vs); ventral section of distal coxites with scarce and thick setae; styli (Fig. 6C, E, sty) short, tubular, 2.7 �� longer than wide, apically with stout setae; styli inserted on dorsal lobe of coxites. Genital chamber with a large and strongly sclerotized, bident-shaped distal sclerite, with tips pointing posteriorly (Fig. 6C, dscl) and a pair of small, oval, lateral proximal sclerotizations (Fig. 6C, pscl) basad of coxites. Membranes of bursa copulatrix finely papillate (Fig. 6C, bc). Spermatheca (Fig. 6C, spe; 6D) hook-shaped; ramus (Fig. 6D, ra) and collum (Fig. 6D, cl) similar in length, both apically truncate; ramus slightly wider than collum; corpus (Fig. 6D, crp) slightly longer and nearly 2.8 �� wider than cornu (Fig. 6D, cn); cornu forming a curved, nearly straight angle with outline of corpus, apically rather broad and irregular. Variation. The color and density of the scales vary between specimens. In some specimens, particularly on the elytra, dark brown scales very similar in color to the integument may be dominant, while in others pink or yellowish scales are more common. Moreover, in some specimens, loosely defined transversal bands of yellowish to brown scales may be observed along the posterior third of the elytra and, less commonly, along the anterior third. While a patch of pale scales is always present around the scutellar area of the elytra, the color of these scales varies from white to yellowish or pink. The medial depression on the pronotum may be not as distinct in some specimens, but the two deep foveae along the longitudinal midline are always present. Distribution. Specimens of Epicaerus panamensis n. sp. have been collected at the localities of Tierras Altas and Las Nubes, and near Cerro Punta, Chiriqu�� Province, Panama, between 1720 and 1952 m in elevation. Etymology. The species is named after Panama, the cou, Published as part of Atencio, Randy, Barba, Anovel, Collantes, Rub��n, Pitt��, Javier, Mu��oz, Jorge, De Medeiros, Bruno A. S. & Gir��n, Jennifer, 2022, A new species of Epicaerus Pascoe, 1881 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Geonemini) associated with potato cultivars in Tierras Altas de Chiriqu��, Panama, pp. 103-121 in Zootaxa 5115 (1) on pages 106-114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6346146, {"references":["Pascoe, F. P. (1881) VI - New neotropical Curculionidae. Part IV. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 7 (37), 38 - 45. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938109459470","Marshall, G. A. K. (1922) VI. On new genera and species of Neotropical Curculionidae. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 70 (1 - 2), 181 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1922. tb 02830. x","Wibmer, G. J., O'Brien, C. W. (1986). Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 39, 1 - 563.","Lacordaire, J. T. (1863) Histoire naturelle des insectes: Genera des Coleopteres ou expose methodique et critique de tous les genres proposes jusqu'ici dans cet ordre d'insectes. Tome Sexieme. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 637 pp. https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9375856","Vaurie, P. (1963) A revision of the South American genus Hyphantus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 125, 239 - 304. [http: // digitallibrary. amnh. org / handle / 2246 / 1979]","Giron, J. C. & Howden, A. T. (2019) Five new species of Pandeleteius Schonherr, 1834 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Tanymecini) from South America. The Coleopterists Bulleti n, 73 (4), 831 - 845. https: // doi. org / 10.1649 / 0010 - 065 X- 73.4.831","Cortes-Hernandez, K. A. & Morrone, J. J. (2020) Systematic revision of the genus Isodacrys Sharp, 1911 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Tanymecini). PeerJ, 8, e 10191. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 10191","Boudinot, B. (2018) A general theory of genital homologies for the Hexapoda (Pancrustacea) derived from skeletomuscular correspondences, with emphasis on the Endopterygota. Arthropod Structure & Development, 47 (6), 563 - 613. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2018.11.001","Genier, F. (2019) Endophallites: a proposed neologism for naming the sclerotized elements of the insect endophallus (Arthropoda: Insecta). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 55 (6), 482 - 484. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2019.1685907"]}

La investigaci��n tiene como objetivo demostrar, a trav��s de una alternativa metodol��gica, que el uso del testimonio hist��rico oral como fuente hist��rica en los contenidos m��s recientes que abarca el programa de estudio de la asignatura Historia de Cuba constituye una v��a imprescindible para el desarrollo exitoso del proceso de ense��anza- aprendizaje que se imparte a los estudiantes que cursan las diferentes carreras en la Universidad de Oriente. Durante la fase de aplicaci��n de los diferentes instrumentos de obtenci��n de informaciones se pudo constatar que el uso del testimonio solo se orienta y, en correspondencia a esto, se utiliza por los estudiantes como m��todo de investigaci��n en el ejercicio de culminaci��n de estudio u otros trabajos investigativos curriculares o extracurriculares que por su objeto lo requieren pese a los reclamos de eminentes investigadores y autores historiogr��ficos de la ciencia hist��rica y/o la pedagog��a de esta materia de no hiperbolizar solo las fuentes escritas. Tambi��n se pudo comprobar que el uso del testimonio hist��rico oral contribuye a una evidente positiva influencia en las esferas motivacionales de los estudiantes hacia la asignatura, los convierte en agentes que asumen una posici��n activa en la autogesti��n y construcci��n de su aprendizaje y deja en los testimoniantes un saldo favorable en que los recuerdos hist��ricos archivados en su memoria afectiva por su condici��n de protagonistas de hechos, fen��menos y procesos hist��ricos relevantes tiene gran utilidad pr��ctica en la formaci��n e instrucci��n de las nuevas generaciones.

El objetivo de la presente investigaci��n fue: comparar el empleo de conductas compensatorias, la restricci��n alimentaria y la insatisfacci��n corporal en grupos con diferente grado de patolog��a alimentaria (atrac��n). La muestra se conform�� por 103 mujeres (39 normopeso, 23 obesas sin atrac��n, 23 obesas con comilona y 24 obesas con atrac��n), con un promedio de edad de 29.75 (DE = 12.89), quienes contestaron a los siguientes cuestionarios: Cuestionario de Alimentaci��n y Patrones de Peso-Revisado (QEWP-R), Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ), Cuestionario de Tres Factores de la Alimentaci��n (TFEQ) y Cuestionario de Bulimia (BULIT), asimismo se les tomaron medidas antropom��tricas. Los resultados indicaron que el grupo de obesas con atrac��n se caracteriz�� por una elevada insatisfacci��n corporal. Adem��s, se detect�� una asociaci��n positiva entre el IMC y la insatisfacci��n corporal. Por tanto, este estudio plantea la importancia de seguir investigando las variables que intervienen en el atrac��n alimentario y la investigaci��n del subgrupo de obesos que presentan una patolog��a alimentaria., Psicosom��tica y Psiquiatr��a, N��m. 2 (2017): julio-agosto-septiembre

Yara marmontsedu n. sp. Figs. 1���47. Type material. Holotype (male): ��� NICARAGUA / Pijibay Creek / Municipality of La Libertad / Chontales Department / 2012-13. In a shallow environment with grasses and clay. Col. Scarleth R��udez / Roberto Cano and Rafael Varela���. (CIRA / UNAN). Paratypes (39): NICARAGUA: La Libertad: same data as holotype (7 males, 6 females; all cleared and mounted in microscope slides; CIRA / UNAN); (10 males, 10 females, preserved in glycerol, SEMC; 3 males, 3 females, preserved in glycerol, USNM). Differential diagnosis. Body length, females (1.20���1.37 mm) and males (1.20���1.47 mm); hindwings welldeveloped; femoral plate of metacoxae triangular, extending beyond area of articulation with metatrochanter, almost covering the metatrochanter completely; metatrochanter with three thick spines along inner margin; female abdominal tergite and sternite VIII with a median apical emargination; median lobe of aedeagus nearly 1.5�� longer than basal apophysis; basal apophysis of aedeagus bifurcate near base. Yara marmontsedu n. sp. resembles Y. dybasi Reichardt & Hinton, mostly because of characters of the abdominal apex of females. Both species can be distinguished by the development of the hindwings (welldeveloped in Y. marmontsedu n. sp.; reduced in Y. dybasi Reichardt & Hinton), the size of the femoral plate (large in Y. marmontsedu n. sp., see Figs. 7, 16; short (as in the original generic diagnosis) in Y. dybasi Reichardt & Hinton), and the presence of three distinct spines along the inner margin of the metatrochanter in Y. marmontsedu n. sp. (with a row of long setae, as in the generic diagnosis in Y. dybasi Reichardt & Hinton). Furthermore, the form of the aedeagus of Y. marmontsedu n. sp. is similar to the form in Y. maculata Short, Joly & Garc��a (J-shaped at base), except by the basally bifurcated basal apophysis in Y. marmontsedu n. sp. (apically bifurcated in Y. maculata Short, Joly & Garc��a, see Fig. 6 in Short et al. 2010). Description. Body, elongated, fusiform, with dense setae all over the surface (Figs. 1���6). Body length 1.20��� 1.37 mm in females, 1.20���1.47 mm in males. Head. Prognathous, transverse, nearly 2�� wider than long. Eyes not protruding from outline of head (Figs. 4, 7); dorsal surface of head microreticulate, with sparse, rather long fine setae; frontoclypeal suture well defined, bell-shaped. Clypeus yellowish, reticulated, with abundant fine setae. Labrum with dorsal surface coarsely reticulated, bearing a transverse row of rather long and thick setae at midlength (Fig. 7); ventral edge of labrum (Fig. 11) fringed by stout setae, bearing lateral tufts of fine long setae; hypopharynx (Fig. 11) as a median longitudinal tuft of fine setae. Mandibles (Fig. 10) with well-developed mola, a median tuft of fine setae, and two teeth (apparently three) on the incisor region, with proximal tooth bifurcated. Antennae with eight antennomeres (Fig. 7, 8); antennomere I 1.6�� longer than antennomere II; antennomeres III��� VII subquadrate, similar in size and shape to each other, nearly as long as wide, half as long as antennomere II; antennomere VIII somewhat wedge-shaped, 1.4�� longer than antennomere I. Maxillary palps (Fig. 9) with four palpomeres; palpomere III thicker than palpomere II, palpomere IV short, digitiform, bearing a lateral and an apical sensilla. Mentum (Fig. 12) well-developed, subquadrate, with a basal row of six long setae. Prementum (Fig. 12) well-developed, with two transverse rows (preapical and apical) of subquadrate teeth, laterally limited by one spiniform tooth and a seta on each side. Labial palps (Fig. 12) with two palpomeres; palpomere II digitiform, with an outer basal sensillum and a group of apical sensilla, central apical sensillum digitiform, largest. Thorax. Pronotum trapezoidal in dorsal view, with posterior margin as wide as base of elytra (Figs. 1, 4). Elytra dark brown with yellow markings: an irregular area on basal third, a small median spot at 2/3, and an apical transverse band; elytra densely covered by long setae on dorsal surface; each elytron 1.5�� longer than wide, with anterolateral corner rounded, truncated at apex, covering up to basal half of third abdominal tergite (Figs. 1, 4); ventral surface with long setae along lateral and posterior margins. Hindwings well-developed (examined in 14 individuals; Fig. 13), each 2.3�� longer than wide, densely covered by short setae over entire surface, and fringed by long setae along margins, except antero-basal (costal) margin; anal lobe well-developed. Legs (Figs. 14���16). All femora with a row of setae along dorsal margin; all tibiae with a row of spines along ventral margin, mesotibia with additional row of well-developed spines along dorsal margin; metacoxae with long, triangular femoral plate (Figs. 7, 16), partly covering metatrochanter, extending beyond area of articulation; metatrochanter (Fig. 16) with three rigid and thick spines along posterior margin; all tarsi with three tarsomeres (Figs. 14���16); tarsal claws long and thin (Figs. 14��� 16). Abdomen. Abdominal segments of both males and females moderate and rather uniformly covered by setae (Figs. 1���6); tergite IV lacking dense cover of setae; tergite III light brown, tergites IV and V dark brown, tergite VI and VII yellowish; tergite VIII of females (Figs. 4, 5, 17, 17a) conical, yellowish along basal and apical fourths, dark brown along mesal region, with apical margin mesally emarginate; tergites VIII and IX of males (Figs. 1, 2, 19, 19a) conical, tergite VIII with narrow yellowish bands along basal and apical margins, dark brown along mesal region; sternite VIII of males with apex asymmetrically projected (Fig. 20, 20a), bearing three thick, curved setae along left side of projection. Female genitalia with two long lateral cylindrical projections extending beyond last tergite (Figs. 17, 17a, 18, 18a); both projections similar in length, covered by setae, with two long preapical setae. Aedeagus (Fig. 21) with median lobe slender, non-coiled, at most J-shaped at base (Figs. 21, 22); median lobe nearly 1.5�� longer than basal apophysis; basal apophysis bifurcated near its base (Fig. 23). Larva. Body fusiform in dorsal view (Fig. 26), slightly compressed dorsoventrally (Fig. 27), with abdominal segments gradually decreasing in width towards apex (Figs. 26���28); body 0.95���1.4 mm in length, light to dark brown in coloration; surface of body tuberculate and rather densely covered by thick and rather long, curved setae (e.g. Fig. 24). Head (Fig. 28) transverse, nearly 2�� wider than long; postero-dorsal margin of head slightly emarginate, postero ventral margin strongly emarginate. Stemmata relatively large, each well defined, six on each side; each group of stemmata abruptly projecting from the surface of the head capsule, bearing a well-developed central seta. Antennae (Fig. 30) nearly as long as stemmatal tubercle; antennal insertions projected as tubercles; basal antennomere cylindrical, nearly as wide as long; apical antenommere with two branches, one of them bifurcate at apex. Frontoclypeal suture indistinct. Labrum (Fig. 29) semirectangular, with posterior margin rounded, and a row of tiny denticles along median region of ventral apical margin which is bordered by paired larger teeth. Ventral mouthparts exposed, well-developed (Fig. 29). Maxillary palps well developed (Fig. 33), each with two elongated palpomeres; palpomere II with an apical seta. Labium (Fig. 31) subquadrate, nearly as long as wide, with two rows of tiny irregular denticles along apical margin, bordered by paired larger teeth; each labial palp with one single palpomere (Figs. 29, 31, 32). Thorax about half as long as abdomen (Fig. 26); posterior margin of each thoracic tergum fringed by rather long and thick setae. Legs (Figs. 36���38) slender, each pair separated by nearly the width of a coxa (Fig. 28); femora slightly longer than tibiotarsus, pretarsus nearly 0.7�� as long as tibiotarsus. Abdominal segments II to VII with lateral projections posteriorly directed; each projection with apical curved and thick setae (Fig. 34); abdominal tergite VIII with apical margin fringed by setae (Fig. 35); sternite VIII with paired hook-like spines (Fig. 35). Distribution. Pijibay Creek, La Libertad Municipality, Chontales Department, Nicaragua (12��12' N, 85��10' W; Figs. 43���47). Etymology. The specific epithet marmontsedu is formed by the abbreviation of the names of the three children of authors Raudez and Cano: Margarita, Montserrat and Eduardo, to whom the species is lovingly dedicated. Natural history. Adult specimens were collected during the wet season (October) in 2012 and in the dry season (April) of 2013 at the margins of Pijibay Creek. Ovigerous females were found during the dry season (April 2013). Each female contained between 1 and 3 eggs (Fig. 24). The eggs are elliptical, 2.4�� longer than wide (length: 199.8��9.5��m; width: 81.9��6.39��m; n = 8), light brown in color with smooth surface (Fig. 25); each egg is slightly longer than abdominal segments II and III of the female combined (Fig. 24). Larvae and a pupa were collected during the wet season. The larvae described here are likely on the last larval instar, given their strong resemblance to the adults. The head of the larva is also generally similar to the head of third instar Hydroscapha natans as described by Beutel & Haas (1998). The pupa was brown in coloration and covered by a membrane (Figs. 39���42); unfortunately, only one pupa was collected, and given its condition we are not able to describe it in detail. The site is characterized by shallow waters (less than 1 m deep), with permanent flow. The dominant materials of the creek bed are silt and clay, resulting in a muddy substrate devoid of rocks or sand; the marginal areas of the creek are covered with grassland vegetation and limited riparian shrubs (Figs. 43���47). According to the physicochemical parameters measured, Pijibay Creek has permanent flow of well oxygenated water in both wet and dry seasons (5.3 �� 0.5 mg /L mean value; oxygen saturation: 64.2 �� 1.7%); the average temperature is 26 �� 0.6 ��C; the electrical conductivity is low (51.3 �� 12.7 ��S/cm), and the pH is slightly acidic (6.90 �� 0.57). All the parameters indicate that because of the moderate temperatures, slow flow of water, and moderate concentrations of oxygen, Pijibay Creek offers optimal conditions for the survival of aquatic life. Other groups of invertebrates sampled along with Y. marmontsedu n. sp. include, among others, certain members of the orders Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and other Coleoptera, generally associated with clean to moderately contaminated (elevated contents of organic matter) waters (e.g. Hanson et al. 2010)., Published as part of Reyes, Scarleth Margarita Raudez, Espinoza, Roberto Antonio Cano & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2019, A new species and immature stages of the skiff beetle genus Yara Reichardt and Hinton (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae) from Nicaragua, pp. 125-134 in Zootaxa 4544 (1) on pages 127-133, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4544.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/2618205, {"references":["Short, A. E. Z., Joly, L. J. & Garcia, M. (2010) Discovery of the Skiff Beetle Genus Yara Reichardt and Hinton (Coleoptera: Myxophaga: Hydroscaphidae) in Venezuela with description of a new species. The Coleopterists Bulletin, 64 (2), 151 - 156. https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 40664383","Beutel, R. G. & Haas, A. (1998) Larval head morphology of Hydroscapha natans (Coleoptera, Myxophaga) with reference to miniaturization and the systematic position of Hydroscaphidae. Zoomorphology, 118 (2), 103 - 116. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 004350050061","Hanson, P., Springer, M. & Ramirez, A. (2010) Macroinvertebrados de Agua Dulce de Costa Rica I. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 58 (4), 1 - 198. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 58 i 4"]}

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) politus n. sp. Figs. 4A, 5I, 7I, 10B. Type material. Holotype (male): ��� GUATEMALA: Departamen-/to de Huehuetenango,/ 11 km N. Santa Eulalia / on road to San Mateo / Ixtantan,/ 2865m 5.II>1965/ D. E. Breedlove ��� (CAS). Differential diagnosis. Body size 6.6 mm. Clypeus dark yellow with the central third darkened to dark brown. Elytra without any detectable serial punctures or striae (Fig. 4A). Abdominal ventrites uniformly dark brown; pubescence dense and evenly distributed, the longest hairs shorter than those on the metaventrite. Aedeagus (Fig. 7I) 2.5-times longer than its greatest width; apex of parameres rounded, with outer corners widely rounded; inner corners of apex of parameres forming a nearly right angle; lateral outer margins of parameres parallel, slightly constricted near midlength; maximum width of aedeagus at basal half, nearly as wide as maximum width of aedeagus at apical half; median lobe with apex gradually tapering to an acute point. This species is extremely similar to H. laevis, from which it can only be definitively separated by the form of the aedeagus (Fig. 7I). Description. In addition to differential diagnosis: pronotum dark brown to black in central half (Fig. 4A). Ground punctation on head and pronotum moderately impressed, slightly less impressed on the elytra. Distribution. Guatemala (Fig. 10B). The single specimen was taken at a very high elevation (2865m). Etymology. Politus (L), after the smooth elytra which lacks any coarse serial punctures or striae. Biology. Nothing is known about the biology of this species., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) nexus n. sp. Figs. 2C, 5D, 6 C���D, 7F���H, 9C, 10B. Type material. Holotype (male): ���PANAMA: Cocle Province / 8 39���05.2���N, 80 35���18.7���W / 8.vi.2008, leg. A.E.Z. Short / AS-08-015; detrital pools/ in stream that crosses road���. (SEMC). Paratypes (41): ECUADOR: Manabi Province: 1.4 km E. of Pyampe, Puerto Lopez, Machalilla National Park, 25.x.1978, leg. J. Anderson (2, USNM); Guayas Province: 5.5 km N. of Noboi, 12.i.1978, leg. P.J. Spangler & J. Anderson (5, SEMC, USNM). PANAMA: Cocle Province: Same data as holotype (15, SEMC, including DNA voucher SLE1206); Colon Province: Parque Nacional Soberania, Pipeline Rd, Km 6.1, 7-21.vi.1995, leg. J. Ashe & R. Brooks #265 (1, SEMC); Panama Province: Paraiso, CZ [Canal Zone], 29.i.1911, leg. E.A. Schwarz (2, USNM); Las Cruces, CZ [Canal Zone], 23.iii.1911, leg. A.H. Jennings (1, USNM); Gamboa, Old Gamboa Road, 10.vi.1983, leg. C. Michalski, flight intercept trap (2, SEMC). VENEZUELA: Zulia State: Perija National Park, Toromo, 10�� 3' 3.4806" N, 72�� 42' 58.4352" W, 28.i.2009, detrital pool; leg. A. Short, VZ09-0128-01A (6, MIZA, MALUZ, SEMC); same data but seepage; VZ09-0128-01B (1, SEMC, DNA Voucher SLE1195); Perija National Park, Tukuko, 9�� 50' 29.3994"N, 72�� 49' 18.5916"W, 270 m, 22.ix.2007, rock pools/margin, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-07- 020b (1, SEMC); Perija National Park, Tukuko, Rio Manantial, 16.vii.2008, margins and pools, leg. A. Short, AS- 08-27 (2, SEMC); same locality but 29.i.2009, gravel margin, leg. Short, Garc��a, & Camacho, VZ 09-0129-01A (2, SEMC); same locality but 29.i.2009, detrital pool, leg. Short, Garc��a, & Camacho, VZ 09-0129-01B (1, SEMC). Other Material examined (1): ECUADOR: Esmeraldas Province: La Chiquita, 11 km SE of San Lorenzo, 19.viii.1971, pond, leg. J. Cohen (1, USNM). Differential diagnosis. Body size 4.3���5.0 mm. Clypeus uniformly pale in color (Fig. 5D). Elytra with ten rows of serial punctures, rows 1���4 weakly impressed into striae (Fig. 2C). Abdominal ventrites pale yellow either entirely or with medial half slightly darkened to light to medium brown (Figs. 6 C���D); pubescence dense and evenly distributed, the longest hairs shorter than those on the metaventrite. Aedeagus (Figs. 7 F���H) 2.2 to 2.3-times longer than its greatest width; apex of parameres truncate, with outer corners widely rounded; inner corners of apex of parameres forming an acute angle; lateral outer margins of parameres diverging on apical third; median lobe with apex narrowly tapering to a blunt point. Description. In addition to differential diagnosis: Dorsal body coloration yellow to medium brown, with pronotal disc moderately darker. Variation. While all specimens examined have pale markings on the abdomen (which is so far unique to this species among those included in this review), there is considerable variation in this character. In some specimens, the abdomen is entirely pale without any trace of darkening medially, while others have at least some portion of the central third to half distinctly darkened. This variation is observed even within specimens from the same series and does not appear related to differences in sclerotization. The single specimen from Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador is a male, and the aedeagus matches this species very well; however, it had been preserved in medium-grade ethanol for more than 45 years and consequently is very darkly colored, almost black throughout. Due to its preservation, we choose not to designate it as a paratype. Distribution. Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela (Zulia) (Fig. 10B). Etymology. Nexus (L), meaning connection, in reference to the species spanning the connection between Central America and South America. Biology. Most collecting events have been associated with streams and creeks, with specimens typically being found along the margins or in associated side pools with abundant decaying organic matter (e.g. Fig 9C). A few specimens have been collected by flight intercept traps. This species has been observed to carry its egg case. Remarks. This species straddles the junction between Central and South America, being found in mountainous areas in both central Panama, northwestern Venezuela, and coastal regions of Ecuador. The Cordillera de Perij��, which forms the northern border between Colombia and Venezuela, has been found to harbor Central American elements before, including several species of Oocyclus that were otherwise only known in Costa Rica and Panama (Short & Garc��a 2010). There is rather substantial genetic divergence between the Venezuelan and Panamanian populations, which exhibit a raw genetic distance of 7.2% between them. No recent collections from Ecuador populations were available for DNA extraction., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on pages 39-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290, {"references":["Short, A. E. Z. & Garcia, M. (2010) A review of the Oocyclus Sharp of Venezuela with description of twelve new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Laccobiini). Zootaxa, 2635, 1 - 31."]}

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) normatus (LeConte, 1861) Figs. 3 B���D, 5B���C, 6A, 8, 9B, 10A. Philhydrus normatus LeConte 1861: 341. Helochares normatus (LeConte, 1861). Horn 1890: 252. Chasmogenus normatus (LeConte, 1861). Zaitzev 1908: 383. Helochares (Hydrobaticus) normatus (LeConte, 1861). Knisch 1924: 194. ? Helochares seriatus Sharp, 1882: 76. Syn.: d���Orchymont 1943: 4. ? Helochares regularis Sharp, 1882: 76. Syn.: d���Orchymont 1943: 4. Type material examined. Holotype (sex unknown): ��� Bodega [California]���, ��� P. normatus / Lec.���, ��� Type /3102 [red paper]��� (MCZ). Other material examined (492). COSTA RICA: Guanacaste Province: Highway 1, 0.2 km S of Santa Rosa National Park, in rocky pool E of Highway, 10 52.62'N, 85 35.28'W, 15.vi.2003, leg. A.E.Z. Short (46: SEMC, INBio); Rio Santa Rosa at Highway 142, 5 km NE of Las Canas, creekside pools, 17.vi.2003, leg. A.E.Z. Short (23: SEMC, INBio); Rio Seco at Highway 1, N of Cirvelas, pools along river, 17.vi.2003, leg. A.E.Z. Short (1: INBio); near Carmona, Finca Agua Fria, margin of Rio Carmona, 15.i.2003, leg. A. Short, R. Roughley & W. Porras (1: SEMC); Rio Animas at Hwy 4, 210 m, detrital pools and backwaters, 13.i.2004, leg. A.E.Z. Short & D. Lebbin, AS-04-040 (2: SEMC, INBio); same locality but 14.vi.2003 (3: INBio); Finca Jenny, 30 km N Liberia, 240 m, ii.1994, leg. E. Araya (3: INBio); Barra Honda National Park, 3 km NE Nacaome, 100 m, iii.1993, leg. M. Reyes (1: INBio); Guanacaste National Park, Playa Naranjo [Naranjo Beach], iv.1991, leg. E. Alcazar (1: INBio). EL SALVADOR: 15 mi. SW La Union, 31.vii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (6, USNM); 7 mi. SE Cd. Arce, 3.viii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (17, USNM). HONDURAS: 10 mi. W. Choluteca, 29.vii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (5, USNM); San Marcus Colon, 28.vii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (29, USNM). MEXICO: Baja California: Sierra Juarez, Canon de Guadalupe, 16.v.1986, G. Challet (4, SEMC); Arroyo de Calamajue, near Calamajue, 9.iv.1961, leg. A.G. Smith (6, CAS); Arroyo de la Purisima, 1 mi. upstream from town, 28.xii.1958, leg. H.B. Leech (5, CAS); Arroyo Saltito, nr. Las Cruces, E of La Paz, 23.i.1959, leg. H.B. Leech (2, CAS); Canon San Bernardino, Boca de la Sierra, 3 mi. NW of Miraflores, 19.i.1959, leg. H.B. Leech (8, CAS); La Suerte, Sierra San Pedro Martin, 4.vi.1963, leg. R.K. Benjamin (4, CAS); Arroyo Santo Domingo, 5.7 mi. E. Hamilton Ranch, dam site, 23.iv.1963, leg. Leech & Arnaud (9, CAS). Baja California del Sur: 7 mi. W. Santiago, Arroyo San Jorge, 900 ft., 17.vii.2004, leg. W. Shepard (9, SEMC). Colima: 29 mi. NE of Colima, 3.xii.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (2, CAS). Morelos: Cuernavaca, 14 mi. S., 8.xii.1948, leg. H.B. Leech, mineralized sulphur stream (1, CAS). Nayarit: 19 mi. SE of Tepic, 27.xi.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (5, CAS); 20 mi SE of Tepic, pool in drying stream bed, 23.ix.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (3, CAS); 25 mi SE of Tepic, 23.xi.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (7, CAS). Puebla: Lago Alchichica, 18.xii.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS). Sonora: Hermosillo, 9-16.vii.1953, leg. B. Malkin (14, CAS). Veracruz: 1 mi SE of Puente Jula, 18.xii.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Rio Metlac, nr. El Fortin, 17.xii.1948, leg. H.B. Leech (2, CAS). NICARAGUA: Madriz: Somoto, 28.vii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (27, UNSM); Rivas: 22 mi. S. Rivas, 26.vii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (3, USNM); Managua: 13 mi N. Sn Benito, 11.vii.1965, leg. P.J. Spangler (19, USNM). Matagalpa: km 77.6, PanAm Hwy, 1290��� elev., roadside pool, 4.viii.2002, leg. W.D. Shepard (1, SEMC). UNITED STATES: Arizona: Cochise Co., Benson, 25.iii.1933 (3, CAS); Pima Co., Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, 27.x.1961, leg. E.L. Sleeper (1, CAS); Pima Co., Tucson, various dates (3, CAS); Gila Co., Pine (Natural Bridge), 28.vii.1956, leg. W.E. Steiner (1, USNM); Santa Cruz Co., 11.5 mi SE of Arivaca, 25.ix.1968, leg. P.S. Bartholomew (1, CAS); Cochise Co., Rt. 80, 5.3 mi S. Apache, 5.viii.2003, pool by trestle, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-03-041 (2, SEMC); Santa Cruz Co., Nr. Rt. 39, Sycamore Canyon, 6.viii.2003, pools in creekbed, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-03-052 (13, SEMC). Santa Cruz Co., Rt. 39 at Entrance to Pena Blanca, 7.viii.2003, stock tank, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-03-055 (1, SEMC). California: Alameda Co., Berkeley, leg. F.E. Winters (1, CAS); Butte Co., Richardson Springs, 10.v.1955 (5, CAS); Eldorado Co., Rubicon River at Georgetown-Ralston Road, 28.vii.1963, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Fresno Co., Waltham Creek, various dates, leg. H.B. Leech (12, CAS); Inyo Co., Grinshaw Take, Tecopa, 22.iii.1967, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Inyo Co., Saline Valley, 2.iv.1960, freshwater spring, leg. J. Sedlacek (24, CAS), Kern Co., 5 mi. NW of Walker Pass, 1.iv.1960 (1, CAS); Oak Creek, Oak Creek Pass Road at Cameron Canyon Road, S. of Monolith, 20.iii.1960, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Lake Co., Bartlett Creek, Bartlett Springs, 1.viii.1955, leg. H.B. Leech (2, CAS); Lake Co., Lucerne, 28.v.1949, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS), Los Angeles Co., San Gabriel Mts, Big Rock Creek, 31.iii.1959, leg. P.H. Raven (2, CAS); Los Angeles Co., Evey Canyon, 4.iv.1955, leg. R.K. Benjamin (1, CAS); Mariposa Co., Piney Creek at Hwy 132, 19.viii.1962, leg. H.B. Leech (6, CAS); Monterey Co., Arroyo Seco, 31.v.1958, leg. D.D. Linsdale (1, CAS); Napa Co., Chiles Creek, 1.7 mi N. of Highway 128, 23.viii.1964, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Riverside Co., Riverside, leg. F.E. Winters (1, CAS); San Bernardino Co., Klinefelter, 1.5 mi N. on Route 66 on Route 95, leg. 28.iii.1972, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); San Bernardino Co., Mojave River near Victorville, 12.ii.1956, leg. R.K. Benjamin (55, CAS); San Diego Co., 12 mi. N. Escondido, 17.iv.1953, leg. R.K. Benjamin (1, CAS); San Diego Co., Mountain Palm Springs, Anza Desert, 14.iv.1965 (4, CAS); San Luis Obispo Co., Cholame Creek, 1 mi S. Cholame, 1.v.1963, leg. Leech & Arnaud, (2, CAS); Santa Barbara Co., Cuyume river, 10 mi. E. Santa Maria, 21.vii.1952, leg. H.B. Leech (6, CAS); Santa Barbara Co., Santa Inez Mts, leg. F.E. Winters (2, CAS); Stanislaus Co., Del Puerto Creek, 4 mi. by road W. of Freeway Rt. No. 5, 3.ix.1971, leg. H.B. Leech (2, CAS); Tuolumne Co., Jackass Creek, 4.2 mi. SE of Priest on Coulterville Rd, 19.viii.1962, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Tulare Co., Deer Creek, leg. H.B. Leech (1, CAS); Colusa Co., Lodoga-Stonyford Rd., W of Ladoga, 1200��� elev., 5.viii.2001, leg. A.E.Z. Short (37, SEMC); Colusa Co., Rt. 20 at Bear Creek, 10.viii.2003, leg. A.E.Z. Short, creek margin, AS-03-060 (5, SEMC); San Bernardino Co., Zzyzx Springs, off I���15, 8.viii.2003, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-03-057 (1, SEMC); Ventura Co., Los Padres National Forest, Matilija Creek, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-06-077 (11, SEMC); Santa Barbara Co., Los Padres National Forest, Oso Canyon, Oso Creek, leg. A.E.Z. Short, 8.viii.2004, AS-04-0125 (2, SEMC); Imperial Co., Hot Spring, Frink, 4.viii.1969, leg. Gunstream & Chew (1, SEMC); Imperial Co., Wister, 29.viii.1969, leg. Gunstream & Chew (1, SEMC); Imperial Co., Calipatria, 9.vi.1922, leg. W. Benedict (3, SEMC). Nevada: Clark Co., Moapa (1, USNM); Clark Co., Warm Springs, Pelocoris Meadow, 26-27.xii.1948, leg. LaRivers & B.H. Banta (1, CAS); Nye Co., Amargosa Hot Springs, 31.iii.1953 (1, CAS); Nye Co., Clay Camp, Ash Meadows, 25.iii.1964 (2, CAS). Oregon: Josephine Co., Lake Selmac, 6.ix.2016, leg. A.E.Z. Short, US 16-0906-05B (4, SEMC). Texas: Brewster Co., Hwy 170, 1.7 mi E. Lajitas, 2.viii.2003, creek pools, leg. A.E.Z. Short, AS-03-029 (1, SEMC); Kerr Co., Kerryville, Guadalupe River, 27.viii.1962, leg. H.R. Burke (3, CAS); Jeff Davis Co., Ft. Davis, 19.vi.1953 (1, CAS); Travis Co., Austin, 7.iv.1924 (2, CAS); Val Verde Co., Del Rio, 5.xi.1949, leg. O. Bryant (1, CAS); ���S. Geronimo ���, 15.vii.1942, leg. E.S. Ross (2, CAS); Blanco Co., Cypress Mill (2, USNM); McLennan Co., 12 mi. S. of Waco, 18.x.1956, leg. J.R. Zimmerman (2, USNM); Crockett Co., 30 mi. W. Ozona, at Live Oak Creek, 18.iii.1976, leg. W.E. Steiner (5, USNM); Uvalde Co., Uvalde (at Neuces River), 28.vi.1976, leg. W.E. Steiner (1, USNM). Differential diagnosis. Body size 4.2���6.0 mm. Elytra with ten rows of serial punctures, which are typically not impressed into grooves across most of its range. Clypeus pale yellow to light brown in color, not strongly darkened medially (Fig. 5 B���C). Abdominal ventrites typically very dark brown, though some specimens in Mexico have been observed with a lighter brown abdomen (it is never orange or yellow as in some H. nexus); pubescence sparse, such that glabrous areas between setae are visible (Fig. 6A) and long, such that the length of the setae are longer than the longest setae on the metaventrite. Aedeagus (Fig. 8) 2.0 to 2.7-times longer than its greatest width; apex of parameres oblique (Figs 8C, 8E) to truncate (Figs 8A, 8B, 8D), with outer corners widely rounded; inner corners of apex of parameres forming an acute angle; lateral outer margins of parameres usually parallel, only slightly diverging on apical third; median lobe with apex broadly rounded, usually with median acute projection. Most specimens of this species (particularly those in the US) can be separated from all other New World Hydrobaticus by the sparsely pubescent abdominal ventrites (densely pubescent in H. maculicollis and H. nexus). Perhaps the most reliable character with which this species can be diagnosed is its aedeagal form, specifically the nearly parallel sided parameres and the mesally projected apex of the median lobe. Distribution. This species is known as far north as Oregon and as far south as Costa Rica. Within the US, it is strictly a western/southwestern species, and has been recorded as far east as Texas (Fig. 10A). Biology. This species has been found in a variety of habitats, including gravel stream bars in rivers (Fig. 9B), the muddy margins of ponds and lakes, and the remnant pools in an otherwise dry riverbed. It generally seems to be associated with lentic habitats or slow-moving streams and rivers. It is sometimes encountered in very large numbers. This species has been observed to carry its egg case. Remarks. The high morphological variation within H. normatus combined with the high genetic divergence and structuring within the species leads us to conclude that it is likely a species complex. The specimens from the northwestern portion of its range (e.g. the ���true��� H. normatus) are supported as genetically distinct from those in the more southern part of its range (Arizona to Costa Rica). Specimens from the southern portion of the range also tend to be smaller on average. Others (such as those in central Mexico, but not further south in Costa Rica) have slightly paler abdominal ventrites. More study and more sampling is needed to further clarify the status of this lineage., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290, {"references":["LeConte, J. L. (1861) New species of Coleoptera inhabiting the Pacific district of the United States. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 13, 338 - 359.","Horn, G. H. (1890) Notes on some Hydrobiini of Boreal America. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 17, 279 - 314. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25076544","Zaitzev, F. A. (1908) Catalogue des Coleopteres aquatiques des familles Dryopidae, Georyssidae, Cyathoceridae, Heteroceridae et Hydrophilidae. Horae Societatis entomologicae rossicae, 38, 283 - 420.","Knisch, A. (1924) Hydrophilidae. In: Junk, W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds.), Coleopterorum Catalogus. Vol. 14, part 79, 306 pp.","Sharp, D. (1882) Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. 1, part 2. 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 730","d'Orchymont, A. (1943) Palpicornia (Coleoptera) V. Bulletin du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 19, 1 - 8."]}

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) zamora n. sp. Figs. 2D, 5E, 7B, 10B. Type material. Holotype (male): ���ECUADOR:/ Zam.-Chin. Prov. / Zamora / 9 June 1976 / A. Langley et al. ���, ���collected in/ roadside pool���, ���ECUADOR PEACE CORPS/ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION/ AQUATIC INSECT SURVEY���. (USNM). Paratypes (4): ECUADOR: Pastaza Province: 21 km W. Puyo, 9.v.1977, leg. P.J. Spangler & D.R. Givens, ���PGS, DRG-23��� (1 male, USNM); Zamora-Chinchipe Province: Same data as holotype (1 male, SEMC; 1 female, UNSM); Yanzatza, 7.xi.1979, Rio Yanzatza, sandy margin, leg. J. Anderson (1 male, USNM). Differential diagnosis. Body size 4.7���4.8 mm. Clypeus appearing dark brown in median third, with lateral thirds distinctly paler (Fig. 5E). Elytra with ten rows of serial punctures, usually appearing weakly impressed into striae (Fig. 2D). Abdominal ventrites uniformly dark brown; pubescence dense and evenly distributed, the longest hairs shorter than those on the metaventrite. Aedeagus (Fig. 7B) 2.2-times longer than its greatest width; apex of parameres rounded, with outer corners widely rounded; inner corners of apex of parameres forming a nearly right angle; lateral outer margins of parameres only slightly diverging on apical half; median lobe with apex broadly rounded. The coloration of the pronotum, which is entirely darkened, will separate this species from all others, as well as the distinct form of the aedeagus. Description. In addition to differential diagnosis: pronotum dark brown throughout except for anterior and lateral margins, which appear slightly paler (Fig. 2D). Ground punctation on head and pronotum moderately impressed. Elytra appearing nearly parallel-sided to slightly broader posteriorly. Distribution. Ecuador (Fig. 10B). All three colleting events are from the eastern lowlands of the Andes. Etymology. Named after the type locality of Zamora, Ecuador. Biology. Three specimens are listed as being found in a ���roadside pool���, while another was collected along the ���sandy margin��� of a river., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on pages 46-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290

Hydrobaticus MacLeay, 1871: 131. Diagnosis. Among New World Acidocerinae, species of Hydrobaticus can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) antennae with 9 antennomeres, (2) fifth ventrite with a distinct apicomedial emargination lined with coarse setae, (3) mesoventrite without a distinctly elevated keel or protuberance, (4) elytra with ten rows of serial punctures (except H. championi, H. laevis, and H. politus), and (5) aedeagus with parameres simple and fused, forming a tube-like structure, with median lobe appearing as a flat, tongue-like strap (Figs 7, 8). It should be emphasized that these characters will only separate species of the New World species, and are not sufficient to distinguish Hydrobaticus from species of other subgenera in other parts of the world. Description. Body size: 4.2���7.0 mm. Head. Antennae with nine antennomeres, including three-segmented pubescent club. Maxillary palps curved inward and moderate in length, generally subequal to slightly longer in length to the width of head just anterior to eyes; inner face of palpomere 2 slightly curved; apical palpomere subequal in length to slightly shorter than penultimate. Labial palps short, distinctly shorter than mentum width. Mentum slightly concave centrally, strongly emarginated anteromedially; surface moderately to strongly sculptured; appearing mostly glabrous to possessing a few scattered short setae. Frons with series of irregular systematic, setae-bearing punctures anterior to each eye. Systematic punctures also present on clypeus and labrum but often blend with ground punctation, though occasionally appearing distinct. Eyes not or only slightly bulging, continuous with outline of the head or nearly so; not emarginated anteriorly by the frons. Thorax. Pronotum with systematic punctation in lateral thirds, each puncture usually bearing a short seta. Prosternum moderately wide, tectiform medially and usually with a narrow, fine longitudinal carina; very slightly elevated in anterior third. Mesoventrite with a low, weakly elevated bulge, never with an elevated keel, lamina, or tubercle. Metaventrite without a glabrous patch posteromedially, or at most with two small glabrous spots situated adjacent to midline in posterior quarter. Elytra with ten rows of very coarse serial punctures (except H. championi, H. laevis, and H. politus) which may or may not be depressed into grooves on at least the posterior half of the elytra. Procoxae set with sparse setae, but without thickened spines. Hind femora densely pubescent except on distal fifth���sixth or less. All tarsi with five tarsomeres. Abdomen. With five pubescent ventrites, density of setae ranging from sparse to very dense. Fifth ventrite distinctly emarginated apicomedially, emargination set with thickened setae. Aedeagus (Figs. 7���8) 2.0 to 2.8-times longer than its widest point, with basal piece short, nearly one third the length of parameres; parameres basally fused together into a dorsoventrally flattened tube with basal margin rounded to mesally notched; lateral outer margins of parameres slightly sinuate, parallel along basal half or third, continuing nearly parallel to apically diverging; widest point of aedeagus usually near apex of parameres; widest point of each paramere narrower than median lobe; median lobe with lateral basal apodemes, nearly as long as median lobe; gonopore situated on distal half of median lobe. Remarks. As previously mentioned, characters used to define the subgenus as a whole do not seem to demarcate natural groups of species. The diagnosis that is provided here should be used to separate Nearctic and Neotropical members of Hydrobaticus only, though some of these features are common to the subgenus in other regions., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on pages 33-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290, {"references":["MacLeay, W. S. (1871) Notes on a collection of insects from Gayndah. Transactions of the Entomological Society of New South Wales, 2, 79 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9427"]}

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) laevis n. sp. Figs. 4B, 7J, 10B. Type material. Holotype (male): ��� MEXICO: Chiapas / San Cristobal las Casas / 17-21.vii.1964 / leg. P.J. Spangler ���, ���grass chocked stream on edge of town��� (USNM). Paratypes: (5): MEXICO: Chiapas: 20 km NE of San Cristobal de las Casas on road to Tenejapa, Las Ollas, ���bog���, 6.iii.1965, leg. D. E. Breedlove (4 females, CAS, SEMC); same data as holotype (1 female, USNM). Differential diagnosis. Body size 6.2���6.8 mm. Clypeus dark yellow to orange with the central third darkened to dark brown. Elytra without any detectable serial punctures or striae (Fig. 4B). Abdominal ventrites uniformly dark brown; pubescence dense and evenly distributed, the longest hairs shorter than those on the metaventrite. Aedeagus (Fig. 7J) 2.3-times longer than its greatest width; apex of parameres truncate, with outer corners rounded; inner corners of apex of parameres forming an acute angle; lateral outer margins of parameres parallel along basal two thirds, slightly constricted at two thirds, diverging along apical third; maximum width of aedeagus at basal half, clearly narrower than maximum width of aedeagus at apical half; median lobe with apex gradually tapering to an acute point. This species is extremely similar to H. politus, with the primary difference being in the form of the aedeagus (Fig. 7J). Description. In addition to differential diagnosis: pronotum dark brown to black in central half (Fig. 4B). Ground punctation on head and pronotum moderately impressed, slightly less impressed on the elytra. Distribution. Mexico (Chiapas) (Fig. 10B). Etymology. Laevis (L), after the smooth elytra which lacks any coarse serial punctures or striae. Biology. One series was collected in a ���bog���, while the other was collected in a ���grass chocked stream���., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) sp. A Figs. 2E, 5H, 10B. Material examined (5). PERU: Jauja Province: Junin Department, Sani Beni (8 km. S. Satipo), 840 m., 17��� 30.viii.1935, leg. F. Woytkowski (1: SEMC); same data but 16���21.vi.1935 (2: SEMC); Same data but 24.vi.1935, and with additional label that states, ���Label data do not agree with field notes��� (1: SEMC); ��� Vic San Pedro ���, 900 m, 15���19.v.1935, muddy pools, leg. F. Woytkowski (1: SEMC; abdomen missing) Differential diagnosis. Body size 5.2���5.5 mm. Clypeus appearing dark brown in median third, with lateral thirds distinctly paler (Fig. 5H). Pronotum darkened on elytral disc (Fig. 2E). Elytra with ten rows of serial punctures, usually appearing weakly impressed into striae. Abdominal ventrites uniformly dark brown; pubescence dense and evenly distributed, the longest hairs shorter than those on the metaventrite. Aedeagus unknown. Distribution. Peru (Fig. 10B). Biology. The label data of one specimen indicates it was collected in a ���muddy pool���. Remarks. This species is known from 5 poorly preserved specimens, four of which are female (a fifth specimen is missing the abdomen and cannot be sexed). The specimens appeared to have become moldy some time ago, and all are missing parts of appendages. Though the specimens are distinct and intact enough for them to be easily diagnosed from the other six described species, we consider it is best to wait to describe this species until male specimens in better condition can be found. At present, these specimens represent the southern extent of the range of Hydrobaticus species in the New World., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290

Key to the New World species of the Helochares subgenus Hydrobaticus 1. Elytra with distinct rows of serial punctures, sometimes deeply impressed into grooves (e.g., Fig. 2A, C���E). Size variable (4.2��� 6.6 mm). Widely distributed............................................................................. 2 - Elytra without rows of serial punctures (Figs. 2B, 4). Size larger than 5.5 mm. Mexico and Central America.............. 8 2. Abdominal pubescence sparse and not uniformly distributed on each ventrite (Fig. 6A). Abdominal ventrites uniformly very dark brown to almost black in coloration. Elytra with rows of serial punctures not impressed into striae............................................................................................ H. normatus (LeConte) (in part) - Abdominal pubescence dense and uniform, not appearing sparse or absent on anterior half of each ventrite (e.g. Fig. 6 B���D). Abdominal ventrites variously colored. Elytra with rows of serial punctures impressed into striae or not................. 3 3 Size larger (> 5.8 mm). Elytral serial punctures not impressed into striae or only very weakly so; absent or almost appearing absent anteromedially (Fig. 2A).............................................................. H. trujillo n. sp. - Size variable (4.2���6.0 mm). Elytra with rows of serial punctures impressed into striae or not; rows distinctly present anteromedially............................................................................................... 4 4 Abdominal ventrites pale in color, either uniformly yellowish brown or yellowish brown on lateral thirds with median third darker brown......................................................................................... 5 - Abdominal ventrites uniformly dark brown to almost black in color..............................................6 5 Parameres of aedeagus truncate at apex, with outer corners widely rounded (Fig. 7 F���H). More southern distribution (Panama, Ecuador, Venezuela)....................................................................... H. nexus n. sp. - Parameres of aedeagus with apex oblique to truncate, with outer corners widely rounded (Fig. 8). More northern distribution (this rarer form known from Mexico)............................................ H. normatus (LeConte) (in part) 6 Clypeus pale in coloration, not darkened medially (Fig. 5A). Eastern North America............. H. maculicollis Mulsant - Clypeus distinctly darkened medially (Fig. 5E, H). South America............................................... 7 7 Pronotum almost entirely darkly colored (Fig. 2D). Size smaller (4.7���4.8 mm). Ecuador................ H. zamora n. sp. - Pronotum only darkened on central disc (Fig. 2E). Size larger (5.2���5.5 mm). Peru............................ H. sp. A 8 Clypeus pale in coloration, not darkened medially (Fig. 5G). Aedeagus with median lobe broadly rounded, with only a small ���pinched��� apex (Fig. 7K)............................................................... H. championi Sharp - Clypeus distinctly darkened medially (Fig. 5I). Aedeagus with median lobe tapered to a point at apex (Fig. 7 I��� J)......... 9 9 Aedeagus with apex of parameres rounded (Fig. 6I); lateral outer margins of parameres parallel, slightly constricted near midlength; maximum width of aedeagus at basal half, nearly as wide as maximum width of aedeagus at apical half................................................................................................... H. politus n. sp. - Aedeagus with apex of parameres truncate (Fig. 6J); lateral outer margins of parameres parallel along basal two thirds, slightly constricted at two thirds, diverging along apical third; maximum width of aedeagus at basal half, clearly narrower than maximum width of aedeagus at apical half........................................................... H. laevis n. sp., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290

Helochares (Hydrobaticus) trujillo n. sp. Figs. 2A, 5F, 7A, 9A, 10B. Type material. Holotype (male): ���VENEZUELA: Merida State / Merida, Monte Zerpa Area / small roadside stream; 14.i.2006 / AS-06-027/ leg. A.E.Z. Short ���. (MIZA). Paratypes (10): VENEZUELA: Merida: Same data as holotype [8��37'48.9"N, 71��9'39.9666"W] (5, SEMC, MIZA, MALUZ, including DNA voucher SLE1192). Trujillo: Laguna Agua Negra, 9��18' 22.3812"N, 70��10'30.9714"W, 21.i.2009, margin of lagoon, leg. Short, Garc��a, & Camacho, VZ 09-0121-04X (2, SEMC); same locality but 13.vii.2009, leg. Short et al., VZ09-0713-03A (3, SEMC, MIZA; includes DNA voucher SLE0034). Differential diagnosis. Body size 5.8���6.6 mm. Clypeus pale yellow to light brown in color, slightly darkened posteromedially (Fig. 5F). Elytra with ten distinct rows of serial punctures; rows 1���4 not reaching the base of the elytra; rows 1���2 weakly impressed into shallow striae along most of their length (Fig. 2A). Abdominal ventrites uniformly dark brown; pubescence dense and evenly distributed, the longest hairs shorter than those on the metaventrite. Aedeagus (Fig. 7A) nearly 2.4-times longer than its greatest width; apex of parameres truncate, with outer corners forming a rounded right angle; inner corners of apex of parameres forming an acute angle; lateral outer margins of parameres diverging on apical third; median lobe with apex gradually tapering to an acute point. Description. In addition to differential diagnosis: dorsal coloration yellow to medium brown, pronotal disc moderately darker (Fig. 2A). Distribution. Venezuela (Merida Andes region) (Fig. 10B). Etymology. Named after one of the Venezuelan states in which this species was collected. Biology. All three collections of this species were made in densely vegetated, muddy margins of creeks and lagoons at high elevations (> 1800 m). This species has been observed to carry its egg case., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z. & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2018, Review of the Helochares (Hydrobaticus) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 29-50 in Zootaxa 4407 (1) on pages 45-46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4407.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3766290

Globulosis flavus Short, Garc��a, & Gir��n sp. n. Figs. 2 D���F, 3B, 5, 6, 7A, 8, 9. Type material. Holotype (male): ��� VENEZUELA: Amazonas State/ 5 48.141���N, 67 26.313���W, 80m / nr. Iboruwa: ���Tobogancito���/ 13.i.2009; leg. A. Short et al./ VZ09-0113 - 02X ���, ���[barcode]/ SEMC 0881820 / KUNHM-ENT��� (MIZA). Paratypes (9): VENEZUELA: Apure: ca. 6 km S. Rio Cinaruco, Road between Rio Orinoco & Rio Cinaruco, 8.i.2006, morichal and marsh along road, leg. Short, AS-06-019 (1, SEMC; voucher SLE527). Amazonas: ca. 12 km N. Samariapo, road between Puerto Ayacucho and Samariapo, 5��20' 29.8212"N, 67��45' 21.4806"W, 72 m, 6.i.2006, small stream in road culvert, leg. Short, AS-06-013 (2, SEMC). Bol��var: Los Pijiguaos, 6��35.671'N, 66��49.238'W, 80 m, 12.i.2009, margin of morichal, leg. Short, Camacho, Garcia, Joly, & Miller, VZ 09-0112-01A (5, MALUZ, SEMC; voucher SLE027); Rio Caripito, 6��35'12.984"N, 67��1'44.8356"W, detrital pool alongside river, 12.i.2009, leg. Short & Miller, VZ09-0112-02B (1, SEMC; voucher SLE528). Differential diagnosis. The straight, parallel-sided parameres (Fig. 7 A) and yellow to light brown dorsal coloration (Fig. 2 D) serve to distinguish this species from G. hemisphericus, in which the outer margins of the parameres are curved along their entire length, and is darker in coloration. Description. Total body length 1.9���2.3 mm. Dorsal coloration light brown to yellow (Fig. 2 D). Thoracic and abdominal venter brown to dark brown (Fig 2 F). Maxillary palps uniformly yellow (Fig. 3 B). Aedeagus (Fig. 7 A) with basal piece short, less than one third the length of the parameres; outer margins of parameres parallel-sided, with apex slightly curved inward. Median lobe broad, narrowing in apical third to an acute point, apex slightly lower than the apex of the parameres; gonopore situated in apical third. Etymology. flavus, L., after the yellow coloration of the dorsum. Distribution. Venezuela (Amazonas, Apure, Bol��var). The specimen from Apure, though in the llanos, was in a morichal (palm-lined stream) very close to the Orinoco River in an area that has an Amazonian influence. Biology. This species has been collected along the margins of lotic habitats (e.g., Fig. 9 A). Remarks. The northwest ���shoulder��� of the Guiana Shield where this species occurs has been found to harbor unique lineages of aquatic insects that have not been found elsewhere in the region, including Meruidae (Spangler & Steiner 2005) and a lineage of Hydroscaphidae (Short et al. 2015). The reason for this apparent biogeographic distinctness is not well understood., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z., Garc��a, Mauricio & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2017, Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Globulosis Garc��a, 2001 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 271-281 in Zootaxa 4232 (2) on pages 277-278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/292828, {"references":["Spangler, P. J. & Steiner, W. E. Jr. (2005) A new aquatic beetle family, Meruidae, from Venezuela (Coleoptera: Adephaga). Systematic Entomology, 30, 339 - 357.","Short, A. E. Z., Joly, L. J., Garcia, M., Wild, A., Bloom, D. D. & Maddison, D. R. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of the Hydroscaphidae (Coleoptera: Myxophaga) with description of a remarkable new lineage from the Guiana Shield. Systematic Entomology, 40, 214 - 229."]}

Globulosis sp. Material examined. COLOMBIA: Meta: 9 km S. San Juan de Arama, 3 17���9.83���N, 73 52���16.17���W, 380 m, 28.ii.2015, leg. J��ch, collecting event CO 15 (1 female, NMW). Remarks. This single female specimen was recently collected in central Colombia, at the western edge of the llanos. It is the only known record of the genus from the country. Aside from the locality, the specimen is otherwise unremarkable in form and is similar if not indistinguishable externally from the other two described species., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z., Garc��a, Mauricio & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2017, Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Globulosis Garc��a, 2001 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 271-281 in Zootaxa 4232 (2) on page 279, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/292828

Genus Globulosis Garc��a Globulosis Garc��a, 2001: 153 Type species. Globulosis hemisphericus Garc��a, 2001, by original designation. Differential diagnosis. Small beetles, total body length 1.9���2.3 mm (Fig. 2). Color yellow to dark brown. Body form rounded in dorsal view, and subhemispherical (slightly dorsoventrally compressed). Antennae with eight antennomeres (Fig. 5 A). Maxillary palps curved inward. Elytra without sutural or other distinct striae. Mesoventrite with a transverse ridge, usually elevated medially into an acute tooth (Fig. 5 B). Fifth abdominal ventrite with small truncation at apex (Fig. 6 A). Description. Head (Figs. 3; 5A). Antennae with eight antennomeres, including three-segmented pubescent club (Fig. 5 A). Maxillary palps curved inward and long, distinctly longer in length than the width of head just anterior to eyes; inner face of palpomere 2 straight to slightly curved (Fig. 5 A); apical palpomere slightly longer than penultimate. Labial palps short, distinctly shorter than mentum width. Mentum (Fig. 5 A) flat and set with a few scattered setae; strongly emarginated anteromedially with a notch extending posteriorly about one-quarter to one-third of its length. Head with ground punctures weakly impressed. Frons (Fig. 3) with series of irregular systematic setiferous punctures anterior to each eye. Systematic punctures also present on clypeus and labrum but blend with ground punctation, appearing almost absent. Eyes (Fig. 3) not bulging, continuous with outline of the head; slightly emarginated anteriorly by a small extension of the frons. Thorax. Pronotum with systematic punctation in lateral thirds, each puncture usually bearing a short seta. Prosternum narrow, not carinate medially (Fig. 6 B); very slightly elevated in anterior third, and with a transverse crease. Mesoventrite with anapleural sutures distinctly concave (Fig. 5 B). Mesoventrite with a transverse, triangular ridge medially (Fig. 5 B). Metaventrite pubescent, with a small indistinct glabrous region posteromedially; with a small posteriorly projecting tooth medially. Elytra without sutural stria or serial punctures (Fig. 5 C); with irregular rows of systematic punctures bearing short setae, appearing indistinct from surrounding ground punctation. Procoxae set with sparse setae, but without thickened spines (Fig. 6 B). Hind femora pubescent on all but apical fifth to sixth of ventral face (Figs. 2 C, F). All tarsi with five tarsomeres; with a few short setae on dorsal face but without long natatory setae. Ventral surface of tarsomeres 1��� 4 set with two rows of moderately long articulated spicules. Abdomen. Abdomen with five densely pubescent ventrites, with setae slightly denser medially on each ventrite (6A). Fifth ventrite truncate to very weakly emarginated at apex, and set with a row of coarser yellow setae (Fig. 6 A). Aedeagus (e.g., Fig. 7) with short basal piece, less than one-third the length of the parameres. Median lobe wide, wider than width of parameres. Larvae. Unknown. Distribution. Colombia (Meta), Venezuela (Apure, Amazonas, Bol��var), Guyana, Suriname, & Brazil (Amazonas, Par��). Biology. Recent collecting efforts in Venezuela and Suriname suggest that the genus is primarily found in moving waters, particularly stream margins with detritus. It has been found at elevations from near sea level to 600 m., Published as part of Short, Andrew Edward Z., Garc��a, Mauricio & Gir��n, Jennifer C., 2017, Revision of the Neotropical water scavenger beetle genus Globulosis Garc��a, 2001 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae), pp. 271-281 in Zootaxa 4232 (2) on pages 273-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.10, http://zenodo.org/record/292828, {"references":["Garcia, M. (2001) Nueva subtribu, genero y especie de Hydrophilini (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) del extremo suroriental de Venezuela. Boletin del Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Universidad del Zulia, 35, 151 - 160."]}

International audience; abstract simple

Apodrosus adustus Gir��n & Franz sp.n. (Fig. 16) Diagnosis Apodrosus adustus is characterized by the combination of having a mesally constricted rostrum, an apically bifurcated median furrow on the head, uniformly colored legs, a slightly produced interval X along the second fifth of the elytra, and a uniform coverage of brown, iridescent (reddish) scales, except on the ventral surface where the scales are whitish. This species may be distinguished from A. empherefasciatus by its uniformly brown dorsal coloration, the lack of a constriction between the cornu and corpus of the spermatheca, and a less developed ramus of the spermatheca. Specimens examined Holotype ♀ ��� GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND, Freeport, 20-27 June 1987, W. E. Steiner, M. J. & R. Molineaux ��� (NMNH, dissected); paratypes, same label information as holotype (NMNH: 1 dissected ♂, 1 dissected ♀). Description Body length 4���4.5 mm; in dorsal view (Fig. 16A) 2.1-times longer than greatest width which is at midpoint of elytra, shape subrectangular; dorsal outline in lateral view subplane. Integument surface smooth; vestiture uniformly composed of brown, iridescent (reddish) scales, and white scales on ventral surface, with recurvate, decumbent, brown setae. Eyes (Fig. 16B) 1.8-times longer than wide, projected, 0.3-times width and 0.6-times length of head in lateral view, separated from anterior margin of prothorax by 0.6-times greatest diameter of eye; line of anterior margin of eyes impressed; shortest distance between eyes (in dorsal view) 0.4-times greatest width of pronotum; median furrow (Fig. 16B) apically bifurcated, narrow, shallow, extending from anterior margin of eyes though not reaching their posterior margin. Rostrum (Fig. 16B) 1.2- times wider than long, with lateral margins slightly constricted at basal third; epistome apically with 3���4 setae situated on each side, extending posteriorly as a longitudinal, narrow keel to midpoint of rostrum, nasal plate defined, concave. Rostrum in lateral view slightly wider than long; antennal insertion near apical third of rostrum; scrobe curved downwards by 45��, directed ventrally at end, extending to midpoint of eye, separated from it by 2-times width of scrobe. Mandibles with 2���3 lateral setae. Antennae yellowish brown; antennal scape almost reaching posterior margin of eye; funicular antennomere I 1.8-times longer than II; antennal club 0.5-times length of funicle, 2.6-times longer than wide. Pronotum (Fig. 16A) subquadrate, 1.2-times wider than long, with greatest width at anterior third; dorsal surface shallowly puncturate, each puncture with a curved, brown seta; posterior margin slightly bisinuate, 1.2-times wider than anterior margin; prothorax in lateral view (Fig. 16C) with dorsal outline 1.5-times length of ventral outline; scutellum subcircular, with scales. Mesosternum (Fig. 16D) 0.6-times length of prosternum. Metasternum with lateral portions posteriorly produced (in lateral profile gradually ascending towards posterior third, thereafter descending roundly, posterior face covered with scales); distance between posterior margin of mesocoxae and anterior margin of metacoxae 0.7-times length of prosternum. Legs with profemora 1.2-times length of pronotum; claws subparallel. Elytra in dorsal view (Fig. 16A) 1.8-times their greatest width which is 1.6- times wider than pronotum; anterior margins straight; humeral region 1.5-times wider than posterior margin of pronotum; apex rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 16C) with dorsal outline subplane; posterior declivity rounded; striae IX and X fused along their second third; intervals completely covered with brown scales; interval X slightly produced along second fifth; with recurvate, decumbent setae. Venter (Fig. 16D) densely covered with whitish scales; VII with median posterior pit interrupting posterior margin, anterior margin 2.4-times wider than its length; ♂: IV 1.2-times longer than V and VI jointly, as long as VII, with VII posterior margin rounded; ♀: IV 2-times longer than V and VI jointly, 1.7-times longer than VII, VII with posterior margin mesally narrowed. Terminalia. Male with tergum VII subpentagonal, nearly as long as wide; anterior margin subtriangular, mesally narrowly rounded, posterior margin mesally emarginate, laterally rounded. Tergum VIII transverse, 2.2-times wider than its mesal length; anterior margin roundly emarginate; posterior margin widely rounded. Sternum VIII with 2���3 apical setae. Spiculum gastrale with apodeme 1.3-times longer than aedeagus, each furcal arm suboval. Tegmen with tegminal apodeme nearly 0.6-times length of aedeagus, tegminal plate mesally slightly projected posteriorly. Aedeagus in dorsal view (Fig. 16E) 3.6-times longer than its greatest width, lateral margins parallel; apex widely rounded. Endophallus with a pair of opposed lightly sclerotized areas positioned near apex, and a median reticulate area. Aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 16F) 7.4-times longer than its greatest width. Aedeagal apodemes 0.5-times as long as aedeagus. Female. With tergum VII as long as wide, suboval, posterior margin acutely rounded. Tergum VIII subtriangular, as wide as long. Sternum VIII with lamina triangular, occupying posterior one fifth. Coxites+styli as long as lamina of sternum VIII, stylus 3.6-times longer than its greatest width, with 1 long and 3 shorter apical setae. Genital chamber 0.6-times length of sternum VIII. Spermatheca (Fig. 16G) 1.2-times longer than wide, J-shaped; cornu roundly curved towards ramus; margin between cornu and ramus nearly straight; ramus apically truncate; surface not particularly sculptured. Variation Th e examined specimens vary slightly in size. All examined specimens are apparently teneral. Etymology Named in reference to the uniform brown dorsal scale coloration, with the Latin term adustus meaning ���brown, tanned, swarthy��� (Brown 1956). Natural history Apodrosus adustus is apparently restricted to Grand Bahama Island (Fig. 18A). The host plan associations remain unknown., Published as part of Gir��n, Jennifer C. & Franz, Nico M., 2010, Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), pp. 339-414 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 41 on pages 392-395, DOI: 10.1163/187631210X538799, http://zenodo.org/record/3764564, {"references":["Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of scientific words, revised edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 882 pp."]}

Apodrosus epipolevatus Gir��n & Franz sp.n. (Fig. 9) Diagnosis Apodrosus epipolevatus is characterized by the combination of subplane to convex dorsal outline in lateral view, an indistinct nasal plate, a slightly tuberculate surface of the elytra, an alternating color pattern of scale vestiture on the legs, a strongly produced surface of the elytra basad of the midpoint of interval X, a complete separation of elytral striae IX and X along their entire length, and a vestiture composed of brown and light brown to white, iridescent (greenish, yellowish to reddish) scales, and with recurvate, semi-erect setae. This species may be differentiated from A. wolcotti by its smaller size, the slightly tuberculate elytral surface, and the completely separated elytral striae IX and X. Specimens examined Holotype ♀ ��� Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro de Punta, 1330 m, N 18��10.2��� 0��� W 66��35.31��� 0���, Beating/ sweeping plants / Mar 15/2008, Leg. J. Cardona, N. Franz, J. Gir��n, A. Mazo ��� (UPRM); paratypes, same label information as holotype (CMNC: 2 ♂, 1 ♀; CWOB: 2 ♂, 1 ♀; MEBT: 2 ♂; NMNH: 2 ♂, 1 ♀; UPRM: 2 ♂); ���PUERTO RICO, Guilarte For. Res., Hwy. 131 & 158, July 23-1979, G.B. Marshall��� (UPRM: 1 ♀); ���PUERTO RICO, Carib. N. F., El Toro Negro, D., Hwy. 143, K16H4, 7-21-1979, C.W.O���Brien/ on Rubus sp.��� (UPRM: 1 ♀); ���PUERTO RICO, Carib. N. F., El Toro Negro, D., Hwy. 143, K16H4, 7-21-1979, G.B. Marshall��� (UPRM: 1 ♂); ���Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro de Punta, 1330m, N 18��10.333��� W 66��35.513/ Beating/sweeping plants, Leg. Cardona, Castellanos, Franz & Gir��n; Jan-04-2008��� (UPRM: 4 ♂, 4 ♀); ���Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro de Punta, 1320 m, N 18��10.32��� W 66��35.53���/ beating/sweeping plants, leg. N. Franz & J. Gir��n, VIII-07-2007��� (UPRM: 2 ♂, including dissected, 1 ♀; MEBT: 1 ♀); ���Puerto Rico (USA), Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Cerro Monte de Jayuya, 1320 m, N 18��10.064��� W 66��34.596���/ Beating/sweeping plants, Leg. Cardona, Castellanos, Franz & Gir��n; Jan-04-2008��� (UPRM: 4 ♀); ���USA, Puerto Rico, Bosque Estatal Toro Negro, Biol. Stat. UPRM, 935 m, N 18��10���43��� W 66��29���19���/ beating/sweeping plants, leg. N. Franz & J. Gir��n, VIII-07-2007��� (UPRM: 1 ♂); ���PUERTO RICO, Hwy. 184, K21H1, Carite For. Res., July 20-1979, G.B. Marshall��� (UPRM: 1 ♂). Description Body length 2���4 mm; in dorsal view (Fig. 9A) 2.5-times longer than greatest width which is at basal third of elytra, shape escudate; dorsal outline in lateral view subplane in males, convex in females. Integument surface slightly tuberculate; vestiture composed of brown and light brown to white, iridescent (greenish, yellowish to reddish) scales, with recurvate, semi-erect setae. Eyes (Fig. 9B) 1.5-times longer than wide, projected; 0.6-times width and 0.7-times length of head in lateral view, separated from anterior margin of prothorax by 0.5-times greatest diameter of eye; line of anterior margin of eyes slightly impressed; shortest distance between eyes (in dorsal view) 0.3-times greatest width of pronotum; median furrow (Fig. 9B) linear, deep, extending from mid length of rostrum to posterior margin of eyes. Rostrum (Fig. 9B) 1.1-times longer than wide, constricted at midpoint; apical half with a shallow V-shaped impression; epistome apically with 2-3 setae situated on each side; nasal plate not defined. Length of rostrum in lateral view 1.4-times its basal width; antennal insertion at apical fourth of rostrum; scrobe curved downwards by 45��, directed ventrally at end, extending to anterior margin of eye, separated from it by 1.2-times width of scrobe. Mandibles with 2 lateral setae, pharyngeal process 1.6-times longer than mandible. Maxillae with cardo 3-times longer than its greatest width; stipes with 2-3 lateral setae; galeo-lacinial complex mesally extending to midpoint of maxillary palpomere II, apex with 4-5 tongue-like apically narrowed setae and a tuft of shorter and apically rounded setae, with 3 lacinial teeth and 4 long fine setae at base of lacinia; maxillary palpomere I slightly longer than II, II slightly longer than III; II and III with 2 mesolateral setae. Labium with prementum 1.9-times longer than wide, apex slightly roundly produced in mid region, with external surface sculptured. Antennae yellowish brown; antennal scape extending beyond posterior margin of eye, not reaching anterior margin of prothorax; funicular antennomere I as long as II; antennal club 0.6-times length of funicle, 2.2-times longer than wide. Pronotum (Fig. 9A) subquadrate, slightly wider than long, greatest width at midpoint;dorsal surface slightly depressed at apical third, shallowly puncturate, each puncture with a curved, spatulate brown seta; posterior margin slightly bisinuate, 1.2-times wider than anterior margin; prothorax in lateral view with dorsal outline 1.7-times length of ventral outline; scutellum subcircular, with scarce setiform scales. Mesosternum (Fig. 9D) 0.5-times length of prosternum. Metasternum with lateral portions mesally produced (in lateral profile mesally roundly produced); distance between posterior margin of mesocoxae and anterior margin of metacoxae 0.7-times length of prosternum. Metendosternite with furcal arms 1.4-times longer than stalk, positioned at 120�� in relation to horizontal axis; length of ventral margin of stalk 3.1-times its dorsal width. Legs with profemora 1.3- times length of pronotum; claws subparallel. Elytra in dorsal view (Fig. 9A) 1.6-times their greatest width which is 1.6-times wider than pronotum; anterior margins sinuate; humeral region 1.5-times width of posterior margin of pronotum; lateral margins subparallel until midpoint, thereafter convergent; apex roundly truncate; in lateral view (Fig. 9C) with dorsal outline subplane to convex; posterior declivity gradual; striae IX and X completely separated along their entire length; intervals completely covered with oval scales, forming an irregular dark/light pattern; interval III with three elevations (at base, at second and at third fifth); interval V with two elevations (at second and at third fifth); interval X strongly produced along basal third; with recurvate, spatulate, brown setae. Wings nearly as long as elytra, 3.1-times longer than wide; costal margin emarginate along basal third; apex rounded; alar venation reduced, only R, Cu and 2A, defined, vanished apically; radial, medial and cubital margins nearly straight; anal area with margin slightly emarginate. Venter with elongate, scattered, greenish scales, denser at sides; IV 1.5-times longer than V and VI jointly; median posterior pit of segment VII reduced to absent; VII with anterior margin 2-times wider than its length; ♂: IV as long as VII; VII posterior margin rounded; ♀: IV 1.4-times length of VII; VII posterior margin slightly narrowed mesally. Terminalia. Male with tergum VII 1.5-times wider than its mesal length, mesal area with setae on distal half; anterior margin with mesal area projected, truncate; posterior margin nearly straight, posterior area with long multifid setae. Tergum VIII 1.5-times longer than its mesal length, with anterior margin acutely emarginate; apical margin rounded. Sternum VIII with posterior margin emarginate; spiculum relictum as a linear process 5.2-times longer than wide, with apical fourth darker. Spiculum gastrale with apodeme 1.2-times longer than aedeagus, each arm sclerotized, narrowly oval, with parallel inner margins. Tegmen with tegminal apodeme nearly 0.6-times length of aedeagus; tegminal plate simple. Aedeagus in dorsal view (Fig. 9E) 5-times longer than its greatest width, slightly constricted apicad of midpoint; apex mesally roundly set off. Endophallus with a pair of lateral plates at apical fifth, with a light, elongate, median sclerite, with a pair of vertical rod-like sclerites positioned near midpoint, between these with 1 n-shaped sclerite. Aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 9F) 8-times longer than its greatest width. Aedeagal apodemes 0.9-times length of aedeagus. Female. With tergum VII 1.6-times wider than long, posterior margin rounded. Tergum VIII nearly trapezoidal, 1.5-times wider than long. Sternum VIII with lamina rhomboidal, occupying posterior one fourth. Coxites+styli nearly as long as lamina of sternum VIII, stylus 3.6-times longer than its greatest width, with 3-4 long apical setae. Genital chamber 0.7-times length of sternum VIII. Spermatheca (Fig. 9G) 1.8- times longer than wide, J-shaped; ramus apically truncate, laterally rounded; surface striate. Variation Th e examined specimens vary mainly in their color pattern which is either slightly spotted or uniformly colored. There is also slight variation in the degree of projection of the elytral elevations. Etymology Noun in apposition. Named after the Greek epipole signifying ���surface��� and the Latin levatus signifying ���raise��� (Brown 1956), thus referring to the characteristic elytral elevations of this species. Natural history Apodrosus epipolevatus occurs at some of the highest elevations of the Puerto Rico Central Cordillera (Cerro de Punta, Monte Jayuya, Carite) (Fig. 19A). Under laboratory conditions the oviposition pattern corresponds to ���type a��� according to Emden (1950; cited by Marvaldi 1999), in which the eggs are laid separately and randomly; the egg shell is white when recently oviposited, becoming darker during subsequent days. The observed eggs hatched within 14-16 days. Only first instar larvae were obtained at that time. The host plant associations remain unknown., Published as part of Gir��n, Jennifer C. & Franz, Nico M., 2010, Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), pp. 339-414 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 41 on pages 362-366, DOI: 10.1163/187631210X538799, http://zenodo.org/record/3764564, {"references":["Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of scientific words, revised edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 882 pp.","Marvaldi, A. E. (1999) Eggs and oviposition habits in Entimini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Coleopterists Bulletin 53: 115 - 126."]}

Apodrosus stenoculus Gir��n & Franz sp.n. (Fig. 14) Diagnosis Apodrosus stenoculus is characterized by the combination of having a rostrum without a mesal constriction, an apically bifurcated median furrow on the head, linearly narrowed eyes in lateral view, and a uniform scale coverage which is green throughout yet with white to pinkish scales on legs and with recurvate, decumbent, light brown setae. This species may be differentiated from A. viridium by having an apically bifurcated (as opposed to linear) median furrow on the head and narrow (as opposed to widely oval) eyes in lateral view while lacking long erect elytral setae. It furthermore differs from A. quisqueyanus by virtue of the general uniformly colored scale coverage and a mesally non-constricted rostrum. Specimens examined Holotype ♀ ���D. R., Independencia, Lake Enriquillo National Park, La Azufrada, 4 km east of La Descubierta; - 20 m, N 18��33���45.9��� W 71��41���53.1��� / Jun 11/2008 (RD 11-1), Leg. N. Franz, J. Gir��n, A. Mazo, S. Navarro ��� (UPRM); paratypes, same label information as holotype (AMNH: 5 ♂, 5 ♀; CMNC: 5 ♂, 5 ♀; CWOB: 5 ♂, 5 ♀; MEBT: 5 ♂, 5 ♀; MHND: 5 ♂, 5 ♀; NMNH: 5 ♂, 5 ♀; UPRM: 97 ♂, including 1 dissected, 48 ♀, including 1 dissected); ���DOM. REP., Independencia, Postrer Rio, Hwy 48, 8-29-1997, C. W. O���Brien��� (CWOB: 1 ♂);���DOM. REP., Independencia, 8 km W. Duverge, 8-29-1997, C. W. O���Brien��� (CWOB: 6 ♂, 4 ♀); ���DOM. REP., Independencia, ESE Jiman��, La Florida, 18��24��� N, 71��44��� W, 20 m, moist site, 14 Apr 1993, M. A. Ivie, D. Sikes, W. Lanier��� (CMNC: 2 ♂); ���D. R., Independencia, Sierra de Neyba, 8.0 Km inwards from Rd. Neyba to La Descubierta, Secci��n El Guayabal, 280 m, N 18��35���58.6��� W 71��38���17.8���/ Jun 10/2008 (RD 10-4), Leg. N. Franz, J. Gir��n, A. Mazo, S. Navarro��� (UPRM: 2 ♂, 2 ♀); ���REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, Barahona, Barahona, 1 September 1983, W. E. Clark��� (CWOB: 2 ♂, 2 ♀); ���REPUBLICA DOMINICANA, Bar., 6 Km N.W. Fundacion, 1 September 1983, W. E. Clark��� (CWOB: 14 ♂, 9 ♀); ���D. R., Barahona, Rd. 46, Barahona to Duverg��, Km 44.5, dry shrub h��bitat, 30m, N 18��13���53.1��� W 71��9���5.7���/ Jun 10/2008 (RD 10-1), Leg. N. Franz, J. Gir��n, A. Mazo, S. Navarro��� (UPRM: 1 ♂); ���Bani, 65m, 20.2.1971/ Rep. Dominic., J. & S. Klapperich��� (CWOB: 1 ♀). Description Body length 3.5���5 mm; in dorsal view (Fig. 14A) 2.6-times longer than greatest width which is at mid length of elytra, shape subrectangular; dorsal outline in lateral view subplane. Integument surface smooth; vestiture uniformly composed of green and white iridescent (reddish) scales, with recurvate, decumbent, light brown setae. Eyes in dorsal view (Fig. 14B), 1.9-times longer than wide, projected; in lateral view (Fig. 14C), linearly narrow, 0.3-times width and 0.7-times length of head, separated from anterior margin of prothorax by 0.6-times greatest diameter of eye; line of anterior margin of eyes flat; in dorsal view, shortest distance between eyes 0.8-times greatest width of pronotum; median furrow (Fig. 14B) apically bifurcated, shallow, extending between anterior and posterior margin of eyes. Rostrum (Fig. 14B) nearly as long as wide, lateral margins slightly concave at mid length; epistome apically with 3-5 setae situated on each side, extending posteriorly as a longitudinal narrow keel almost to base of rostrum. Rostrum in lateral view slightly longer than its basal width; antennal insertion near apical third of rostrum; scrobe curved downwards by 45��, directed ventrally at end, extending to anterior third of eye, separated from it by 2-times width of scrobe. Mandibles with 2-3 lateral setae, pharyngeal process as long as mandible. Maxillae with cardo 3-times longer than its greatest width; stipes with 3 long lateral setae; galeolacinial complex mesally nearly extending to apex of maxillary palpomere II, apex with scarce mid-sized setae, with 6-7 tongue-like apically rounded setae and a tuft of shorter and apically rounded setae, with 4 lacinial teeth and scarce long and fine setae at base of lacinia; maxillary palpomere I with 1 mesal lateral seta; II with 2 mesal lateral setae. Labium with prementum subquadrate, slightly longer than wide, apically widened, slightly projected at apical mesal region, corners widely rounded; in lateral profile with ventral surface slightly depressed at base, then abruptly roundly produced, continuing upwardly straight to apex, not strongly sculptured. Antennae reddish brown; antennal scape nearly extending to posterior margin of eye; funicular antennomere I 1.4-times longer than II; antennal club 0.6-times length of funicle, 2.6-times longer than wide. Pronotum (Fig. 14A) subquadrate, slightly wider than long, greatest width at mid length; dorsal surface shallowly puncturate, each puncture with a curved, spatulate brownish seta; posterior margin bisinuate, 1.1-times wider than anterior margin; prothorax in lateral view with dorsal outline 1.5-times length of ventral outline; scutellum subcircular, with scales. Mesosternum (Fig. 14D) 0.6-times length of prosternum. Metasternum with lateral portions posteriorly produced (in lateral profile gradually ascending towards posterior fourth, thereafter descending roundly, posterior face covered with scales); distance between posterior margin of mesocoxae and anterior margin of metacoxae 0.7-times length of prosternum. Metendosternite with furcal arms 1.2-times longer than stalk, nearly positioned at 110�� in relation to horizontal axis; ventral margin of stalk 1.8-times its dorsal width. Legs covered with white, iridescent reddish scales; profemora slightly longer than pronotum; claws subparallel. Elytra in dorsal view (Fig. 14A) 1.7-times their greatest width which is 1.5-times wider than pronotum; anterior margins sinuate; humeral region 1.5-times wider than posterior margin of pronotum; lateral margins parallel; apex acutely rounded; in lateral view (Fig. 14C) with dorsal outline subplane; posterior declivity distinct, rounded; striae IX and X fused along their second third; intervals completely covered with green scales; interval X not produced along basal third; with recurvate, spatulate setae. Wings 2.2- times length of elytra, 3.2-times longer than wide; costal margin emarginate along basal half; apex narrowly rounded; cubital margin slightly rounded; 3A not intersecting with 2A. Venter densely covered with scales; VII with anterior margin 2.1-times wider than its length; posterior margin of VII rounded; ♂: IV 1.4-times longer than V and VI jointly, 1.2-times longer than VII; ♀: IV 2.1-times longer than V and VI jointly, 1.6-times longer than VII. Terminalia. Male with tergum VII pentagonal, slightly longer than wide, mesal area with multifid setae on distal fourth; anterior margin subtriangular, mesally narrowly rounded, posterior margin mesally slightly emarginate, laterally rounded. Tergum VIII transverse, 1.5-times wider than its mesal length. Sternum VIII without spiculum relictum. Spiculum gastrale with apodeme 1.4-times longer than aedeagus, each furcal arm lightly sclerotized, sickle-shaped.Tegmen with tegminal apodeme nearly 0.8-times length of aedeagus; tegminal plate mesally posteriorly produced. Aedeagus in dorsal view (Fig. 14E) 4-times longer than its greatest width; apex rounded. Internal sac with a pair of opposed, comma-shaped sclerites positioned near apical fourth, and a pair of parentheses-like sclerites apicad of midpoint; without teeth. Aedeagus in lateral view (Fig. 14F) 8.3-times longer than its greatest width. Aedeagal apodemes slightly longer than aedeagus. Female. With tergum VII slightly longer than wide, with multifid anteapical and unifid apical setae. Tergum VIII suboval, 1.4-times longer than wide. Sternum VIII with semicircular lamina occupying posterior one fifth. Coxites+styli nearly as long as lamina of sternum VIII, stylus 2.4-times longer than its greatest width, with 4-5 long apical setae. Genital chamber 0.7-times length of sternum VIII. Spermatheca (Fig. 14G) 1.4-times longer than wide, J-shaped; margin between cornu and ramus emarginate; distance between cornu and base of corpus longer than width of cornu; ramus apically rounded; surface of cornu striate. Variation Th e examined specimens vary primarily in size and also somewhat in the tone of the green scale color. Etymology Noun in apposition. Named for the narrowed eyes as apparent in lateral view, with steno meaning ���narrow��� and oculus meaning ���eye��� (Brown 1956). Natural history Apodrosus stenoculus occurs at various lower-elevation sites (-30 m to 280 m) in the southwestern Dominican Republic (Fig. 18B). Most specimens were collected on legume species in open dry habitats along the shore of the hyper-saline Lake Enriquillo., Published as part of Gir��n, Jennifer C. & Franz, Nico M., 2010, Revision, phylogeny and historical biogeography of the genus Apodrosus Marshall, 1922 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae), pp. 339-414 in Insect Systematics & Evolution 41 on pages 385-388, DOI: 10.1163/187631210X538799, http://zenodo.org/record/3764564, {"references":["Brown, R. W. (1956) Composition of scientific words, revised edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 882 pp."]}

Animal food production is one of the most powerful European economic sectors; however, this sector is facing new challenge due to the development of bacteria with resistant genes, and consequently, restriction on the administration of antibiotics. Limitation, at the moment, is focused on those antibiotics employed in human medicines. Therefore, it is necessary to improve as much as possible animals’ health and reduce diseases. Among others, alternatives include adequate animal handling, hygienic facilities, quality food, or vaccines. Probiotics also arise as a good alternative due to their already known properties as intestinal microbiota modulators, improving the immune functions and reducing the risk and the development of illness. Significant data can found scientific literature that demonstrates probiotics benefits when they are administrated to the animals through diet. However, to be able to apply all these findings in a specific animal species, at a particular production animal life stage and at a industrialize scale, it is necessary to compile and organize reported information. This chapter presents the most recent and relevant finding on the use of probiotics in swine production.