Search

La pandémie de COVID-19 a entraîné une crise économique importante qui a obligé les entreprises du monde entier à faire face à d'importantes pertes de revenus, ainsi qu'à des perturbation des chaînes d'approvisionnement en raison des fermetures et à des restrictions de mouvement. Dans ce contexte, les sociétés, les conseils d'administration et les dirigeants ont dû faire face à des situations inédites et avoir recours à de nouvelles stratégies pour relever des défis sans précédent : gel des liquidités, incapacité temporaire à exécuter des contrats, etc. Afin de mieux comprendre le rôle du conseil d'administration dans la gestion de la crise sanitaire liée à la pandémie et dans le but d'améliorer la résilience et l'efficience des sociétés devant d'éventuelles situations problématiques, les auteurs proposent une réflexion sur les devoirs et les obligations des administrateurs de même que sur les pratiques de gouvernance qui peuvent aider à surmonter ce type de situation. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a major economic crisis that is confronting companies around the world with significant revenue losses as well as supply chain disruptions due to closures and movement restrictions. In this context, companies, boards and executives have had to face unprecedented situations and use new strategies to deal with unprecedented challenges : frozen liquidity, inability to execute contracts due to disruptions, etc. In order to better understand the board of directors' role in the management of the current crisis and to improve the resilience and efficiency of companies in the future, this article proposes a reflection on the duties and obligations of directors as well as on the governance practices that can help overcome such situations. La pandemia de la COVID 19 ha provocado una crisis economica importante, las empresas del mundo entero han debido asumir importantes pérdidas de ingresos, se han visto afectadas por perturbaciones en las cadenas de aprovisionamiento por los cierres y las restricciones de movimientos. En este contexto, las sociedades, las juntas directivas, y los dirigentes han tenido que afrontar situaciones inéditas y recurrir a nuevas estrategias para superar desafws sin precedentes : liquidez no disponible, incapacidad para ejecutar contratos por perturbaciones y otros motivos. Para comprender mejor el rol de la junta directiva en la gestion de la crisis en curso, y con el objetivo de mejorar la resiliencia y la eficacia de las sociedades ante futuras crisis, este texto ha planteado una reflexion sobre los deberes y las obligaciones de los ejecutivos así como de las prâcticas de gobernanza que pueden contribuir para poder superar este tipo de situaciones., 1 Les obligations et les devoirs généraux des administrateurs 1.1 L'obligation de loyauté ou l'obligation d'agir dans l'intérêt à long terme de la société 1.2 Le devoir de prudence et [...]

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) usually causes large, explosive epidemics among animals and humans and circulates in many African countries and the Arabian Peninsula (1-3). The human and veterinary medical [...]

To the Editor: Rift Valley fever (RVF) is caused by a Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae) transmitted by a wide range of mosquitoes (1). This zoonotic disease is present in Africa, the [...]

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient way of improving physical performance in healthy subjects and in patients with common chronic diseases, but less so in elite endurance athletes. The mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of HIIT are uncertain. Here, recreationally active human subjects performed highly demanding HIIT consisting of 30-s bouts of all-out cycling with 4-min rest in between bouts (≤3 min total exercise time). Skeletal muscle biopsies taken 24 h after the HIIT exercise showed an extensive fragmentation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel, the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1). The HIIT exercise also caused a prolonged force depression and triggered major changes in the expression of genes related to endurance exercise. Subsequent experiments on elite endurance athletes performing the same HIIT exercise showed no RyR1 fragmentation or prolonged changes in the expression of endurance-related genes. Finally, mechanistic experiments performed on isolated mouse muscles exposed to HIIT-mimicking stimulation showed reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS)-dependent RyR1 fragmentation, calpain activation, increased SR Ca2+ leak at rest, and depressed force production due to impaired SR Ca2+ release upon stimulation. In conclusion, HIIT exercise induces a ROS-dependent RyR1 fragmentation in muscles of recreationally active subjects, and the resulting changes in muscle fiber Ca2+-handling trigger muscular adaptations. However, the same HIIT exercise does not cause RyR1 fragmentation in muscles of elite endurance athletes, which may explain why HIIT is less effective in this group [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]