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Abstract Spatio-temporal variation in the quantity and quality of resources available to insects influence the strength and direction of interactions with plants, ultimately affecting the preference of insects and also plant performance. Florivory encompasses the consumption of floral resources and has both direct and indirect effects on plant reproduction and performance. In this study, we evaluated how synchronic flowering of phylogenetic-related plant species blooming in an urban landscape affected insect florivores. Flowers from six plant species belonging to the Bignoniaceae family were sampled and florivory was measured as the frequency of attacked flowers (florivory incidence) as well as the amount of floral area removed (florivory intensity). We detected species-specific variation in florivory incidence and intensity in the urban landscape and our spatial analysis indicated that plants that were close (< 200 m apart) and in simultaneous blooming had significantly correlated levels of florivory than plants that were far apart (almost 1 km). Our data indicates complex relationships between insects and flowers and we suggest that a throughout evaluation of insect community and dispersal ability is necessary to understand the patterns of florivory in trees, as well as its effects on plant reproduction and insect attraction.

Tropical tree-climbing lianas form paths that benefit foraging of dominant ants which might protect the host tree against herbivores. In contrast, lianas are often associated with negative effects on growth and reproduction of host trees due to light obstruction, structural stress and other negative effects. It is unclear if dominant ants could mitigate the negative effects of lianas on host plants. We investigated how lianas and carton nest ants (Azteca chartifex) affected herbivory and reproductive structures of the host tree Byrsonima sericea. Considering 68 trees, almost half of them were naturally colonized by A. chartifex nests (32 trees). We removed lianas from half of the trees (34), establishing a factorial sampling design between A. chartifex and liana presence. We sampled ants and leaf herbivory before and after removing lianas, and measured plant fitness in two consecutive years after removing lianas. Liana removal had no effect on A. chartifex foraging, on leaf herbivory and flower-fruit conversion of host plants. However, A. chartifex decreased leaf herbivory and increased B. sericea flower-fruit conversion irrespective of lianas presence. A noticeable positive effect of ants was detected only in the second year of the experiment, consistently on all plants at each experimental level. The reproductive conditions of the first year resulted in most plants with more than 75% flower-to-fruit conversion success, regardless of the presence of A. chartifex, a success sustained only on those ant-colonized plants in the second year. Our results contribute to understanding multi-trophic interactions in tropical forest canopies as we demonstrated i) that dominant arboreal ants can benefit plants even in a non-obligatory interaction and ii) that the influence of lianas on its host tree is context-dependent, presenting even neutral effects depending on habitat type and species involved.

Although automation is not a novelty, high hopes are currently pinned on more and more ingenious devices built with Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI has become a key discussion point in the agendas of governments and multinational agencies, with particular interest in educational applications. This article explores parallels between ideas surrounding AI in education and conceptions proposed in the 17th century by Jan Amos Comenius, known as the father of modern education. Drawing upon illustrations from ongoing research that takes metaphor as its core analytical category, the piece assumes that metaphors are not mere stylistic elements, but strategic persuasive devices. Comenius’ dachography, a portmanteau coined in his 1657 Didactica Magna to describe an inclusive educational system, relies heavily on metaphors that suggest remarkable similarities with contemporary EdTech rhetoric, especially on AI-related developments. Whilst exemplifying that ideas and premises entailed in current discourses on EdTech may hark back to centuries-old ideas, the paper argues that, despite taking on varying, contextually situated linguistic expressions, underlying metaphors appear to have endured from Comenius’ time to support the advent of an educational system poised to automate teaching and, thus, dispense with a key part of his scheme: the teacher. In closing, the piece suggests that we may need to acknowledge the contingent nature of teaching and learning, perhaps accepting that key aspects of what makes us human may always resist engineering.

Although automation is not a novelty, high hopes are currently pinned on more and more ingenious devices built with Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI has become a key discussion point in the agendas of governments and multinational agencies, with particular interest in educational applications. This article explores parallels between ideas surrounding AI in education and conceptions proposed in the 17th century by Jan Amos Comenius, known as the father of modern education. Drawing upon illustrations from ongoing research that takes metaphor as its core analytical category, the piece assumes that metaphors are not mere stylistic elements, but strategic persuasive devices. Comenius' "didachography," a portmanteau coined in his 1657 "Didactica Magna" to describe an inclusive educational system, relies heavily on metaphors that suggest remarkable similarities with contemporary EdTech rhetoric, especially on AI-related developments. Whilst exemplifying that ideas and premises entailed in current discourses on EdTech may hark back to centuries-old ideas, the paper argues that, despite taking on varying, contextually situated linguistic expressions, underlying metaphors appear to have endured from Comenius' time to support the advent of an educational system poised to automate teaching and, thus, dispense with a key part of his scheme: the teacher. In closing, the piece suggests that we may need to acknowledge the contingent nature of teaching and learning, perhaps accepting that key aspects of what makes us human may always resist engineering.

In the current National Education Plan (2014-2024), the word technology appears repeatedly in the description of strategies proposed to support the goals defined in the document. Although the term tool is not explicitly included in the text, the idea of technology as tool is widely disseminated in academic and marketing discourses on educational technology. This image can be viewed as a fundamental (Perelman Tyteca-Olbrecht) or conceptual (Lakoff Johnson) metaphor, that is, a metaphor that encapsulates certain ways of perceiving, thinking and relating to the world, and, thus, structures thought and action. This article discusses the metaphor of technology as tool as an insidious and doubly dangerous conception since, whilst it supports a view of technology as neutral, expressed in a perspective on the impacts of certain artefacts as depending only on their uses, the metaphor reflects a reductionist perspective on the relationship between human and technical. The text discusses the ways in which this metaphor supports conceptions of technology that need to be examined, as the simplistic and uncritical view it promotes tends to obscure fundamental questions regarding the multiple contexts of production and consumption of artefacts created by an industry with agendas and interests that are primarily commercial.

RESUMO: O movimento dos Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA) já completou mais de 15 anos. No Brasil, em particular, o sucesso do movimento pode ser ilustrado com a inclusão de REA no Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) 2014-2024. Porém, o documento apresenta esses recursos como uma categoria de tecnologias educacionais, posicionadas no texto como ferramentas ou artefatos neutros. Este artigo examina tal posicionamento a partir de uma discussão de REA em uma perspectiva que destaca questões históricas, políticas e ideológicas. Reitera-se a ideia de que a espinhosa relação entre a educação e a tecnologia requer análises que destaquem aspectos contextuais e considerem relações com o tempo presente e a história.

Os discursos hegemônicos sobre as Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) na Educação apresentam-nas como “ferramentas” essenciais à ampliação do acesso à Educação Superior (ES) em um contexto caracterizado pela globalização econômica e demandas por qualificação profissional continuada. Nessa perspectiva, a ES enfrenta o desafio de ampliar os números de matrículas adotando “soluções” técnicas para garantir a “qualidade” e a “relevância” de sua oferta. Há, entretanto, uma lacuna significativa entre tais discursos generalistas e a realidade. Este artigo constitui um recorte de um estudo de caso cujo objetivo geral foi examinar concepções e práticas docentes com as TIC na ES. Tomando como campo uma instituição de ES privada, coletaram-se dados por meio de questionários, observação participante e entrevistas. A presente discussão baseia-se em uma análise de conteúdo temática das 11 entrevistas conduzidas com docentes, adotando como fundamentação literatura da área da Docência Superior e textos críticos da Tecnologia Educacional. Os achados sugerem que, apesar das indicações de clara preocupação com a didática, concretizam-se formas de “inovação” com o uso de novos artefatos para apoiar práticas previamente conduzidas e focalizadas, basicamente, na “transmissão” de conhecimento. A situação explica-se, parcialmente, por contingências como falta de tempo, carência de formação específica e o “solucionismo” que caracteriza algumas ações e demandas institucionais relacionadas às TIC. Por outro lado, há indícios de práticas que sugerem enorme comprometimento com os alunos, o trabalho e a própria instituição. Assim, reitera-se a necessidade de estudos empíricos que desafiem discursos generalistas e, principalmente, a culpabilização do professor.

Este artigo constitui um recorte de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo geral analisar as concepções e práticas relativas à produção de vídeo na Educação Básica. Apresenta um panorama da discussão acadêmica sobre o vídeo na escola a partir dos achados de uma revisão de literatura levantada na Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD), complementado com buscas conduzidas no portal Capes Periódicos. Foram selecionados e analisados 35 trabalhos que abordam diferentes aspectos relativos à produção de vídeo na escola. O objetivo inicial era identificar o modus operandi dos usos do vídeo na escola e esclarecer os espaços-tempo onde são conduzidas as atividades. Os achados sugerem que as experiências relatadas não têm diferenças significativas se realizadas dentro ou fora de sala de aula, em aulas regulares ou em oficinas extraclasse. As maiores distinções percebidas nos estudos dizem respeito às diferentes ênfases dos elementos relativos à atividade de produção de vídeos. Ainda que partam de construtos teóricos, metodologias e ênfases diferentes, os estudos analisados sugerem um consenso acerca dos ganhos do trabalho com o vídeo na escola, ou seja, trata-se de atividade construtiva e propiciadora de um grande desenvolvimento do potencial dos jovens. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: TIC na Educação; Vídeo Digital; Educação Básica; Revisão de Literatura

AbstractHuman T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated infective dermatitis (ID) is a chronic, severe and recurrent eczema occurring during childhood in patients vertically infected with HTLV-1. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesia (HAM/ TSP) is slow and progressive. We report the case of an adolescent female from a non-endemic area for HTLV-1 who presents ID and, most likely, associated HAM/TSP.

Resumo Este artigo examina concepções, práticas e perspectivas de um grupo de jovens do ensino médio (EM) sobre como aprendem com as tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC). Apresenta uma discussão fundamentada em empiria, constituída por dezenove desenhos e catorze entrevistas, parte do corpo de dados coletado em uma pesquisa mais ampla que objetivou explorar possibilidades abertas pela integração da ideia de ambientes pessoais de aprendizagem (APA) no EM integrado. Baseia-se em uma análise semiótica social que tomou como ferramental teórico-metodológico a gramática de Gunther Kress e Theo van Leeuwen. A discussão sugere que, nas representações de seus respectivos APA, as quais apontam para os usos que fazem das TIC em suas práticas de aprendizagem, incluindo plataformas de redes sociais, já legitimamente aceitas em seu repertório de recursos de apoio ao trabalho escolar, os jovens não parecem apresentar usos surpreendentes de artefatos digitais. De fato, os desenhos aparentam ser caracterizados pela ausência de ações criativas e formas de engajamento produtivo com seu entorno imediato e com o mundo: os jovens parecem posicionar-se, predominantemente, como receptores, sugerindo que suas apropriações dessas tecnologias na aprendizagem são fortemente mediadas por elementos de uma cultura escolar tradicional e hierarquizada. Ao sugerir um cenário que parece marcado pela reprodução de relações usuais da educação bancária, fundamentada na pedagogia da transmissão, a discussão aponta para limites da utilidade da categoria nativos digitais, desafiando expectativas prometeicas e descontextualizadas do potencial transformador das TIC.

Este texto investiga os concursos realizados pela Brasiliana, em 1957 e 1958, com o objetivo de selecionar o título que viria a ser publicado como o número 300 da coleção. O processo de realização dos concursos coloca a Brasiliana, uma das mais importantes coleções do país no século XX, como palco de disputas intelectuais intensas que, em grande medida, refletem o processo de reconfiguração do campo intelectual brasileiro em curso naquele período. E demonstra que as coleções – aparentemente homogêneas, regulares e coerentes –, revelam, se analisadas em seu processo de elaboração, fortes disputas entre seus organizadores.

Temporal triangular alopecia, also referred as congenital triangular alopecia, is an uncommon dermatosis of unknown etiology. It is characterized by a non-scarring, circumscribed alopecia often located unilaterally in the frontotemporal region. It usually emerges at ages 2-9 years. Alopecia areata is the main differential diagnosis, especially in atypical cases. Dermoscopy is a noninvasive procedure that helps distinguish temporal triangular alopecia from aloepecia areata. Such procedure prevents invasive diagnostic methods as well as ineffective treatments.

O objetivo deste texto é analisar como as questões referentes à vulgarização da ciência eram tratadas por um periódico brasileiro do século XIX, a Revista Popular , editada pela Livraria e Casa Editorial Garnier, entre 1859 e 1862. São investigadas as seções relacionadas a esse assunto, analisados os prólogos, identificados os temas tratados na revista em relação às comissões e viagens de exploração científica do território brasileiro, bem como levantados os autores e editores do periódico. A análise aponta para conclusões que evidenciam o importante papel ocupado pela revista na difusão de informações sobre o delineamento de uma possível ciência nacional para um público mais amplo do que aquele formado pelos círculos estritamente intelectuais.

This article examines aspects of the Brasiliana collection, when it was under the direction of Americo Jacobina Lacombe, and História Geral da Civilização Brasileira(HGCB), which at the time was coordinated by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda. The study covers the period between the years of 1956 and 1972 and includes bibliographic and documentary sources, particularly from personal files of the mentioned authors when referring to the publishing ventures they organized. Its primary purpose is to reflect on the institutionalization and academic specialization of the History area in Brazil, shown through the process of organization of such collections.

O presente artigo analisa os eventos realizados em comemoração ao tricentenário de morte de Luís de Camões, no Rio de Janeiro, em junho de 1880, com destaque para o discurso pronunciado por Joaquim Nabuco no momento da festa. Busca-se investigar a fala de Nabuco considerando-se as relações culturais e políticas em curso entre Portugal e Brasil, naquele período, destacando-se o fato de que as comemorações do tricentenário enfatizaram, na ação de seus organizadores, um ideal de identidade nacional brasileira definida como fundamentalmente lusitana. A contribuição de Nabuco para a composição dessa representação da Nação é o objetivo deste artigo.

This article seeks to analyse the historiographical controversy, which started in 1972, between Sérgio Buarque de Holanda and Carlos Guilherme Mota about texts written throughout their careers, especially those produced for, respectively, the collection História Geral da Civilização Brasileira (General History of Brazilian Civilisation, HGCB), published by Difel, and the collection Debates, published by Perspectiva. Our aim is to understand the extensions of this conflict through an “ethnography” of the books and of the conflicts they produced.

A 12-year-old boy with difficulty in wound healing and scars of unusual appearance was examined. Thin, shiny and protruding skin, characterizing pseudotumoral lesions, was observed on his knees and elbows. Loose joints and increased skin elasticity were also observed. Light microscopy showed rare collagen bundles and loosely dispersed collagen fibers. Irregularly distributed elastic tissue was observed, and transmission electron microscopy revealed disorganized collagen fibers. In cross sections under high magnifications, fibers of varying diameters could be seen, as well as an irregular fiber outline. Scanning electron microscopy of the dermis showed disorganized collagen fibers, which were rarely arranged in bundles. Isolated and crossed-over fibers were also foundPaciente masculino de 12 anos relatou dificuldade em cicatrizar, seguido por cicatrizes de aspecto infrequente . A pele dos joelhos e cotovelos é fina, brilhante e protrusa, caracterizando pseudo- tumores. Além disso apresenta hiperelasticidade cutânea e articular. A microscopia óptica demonstrou raros feixes colágenos, as fibras colágenas encontram-se dispersas. O tecido elástico está presente e secundariamente irregular. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão também observou fibras colágenas desorganizadas e com cortes transversais em grande aumento evidenciou diâmetros variados e contorno irregular das mesmas. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura da derme demonstrou raros feixes colágenos e fibras colágenas isoladas e entrecruzadas

Objective: This study evaluated the ability of heme oxygenase-1 to prevent or reverse renal fibrosis. Methods: Sprague-dawley male rats were submitted to unilateral ureteral obstruction and divided into groups: non-treated and hemin. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed. We also conducted RT-PCR to verify the expression of heme oxygenase-1, MCP-1, IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, COL-I, COL-III, PAI-1 and fibronectin mRNA. Rresults: heme oxygenase-1 expression significantly increased in treated animals. The non treated group showed significantly higher levels of proteinuria than the Hemin group. The protein/urinary creatinine ratio in obstructed pelvis was also higher in non treated group, which also showed greater albuminuria and higher percentage of fibrosis when compared to the Hemin group. The expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules was significantly higher in the non treated group. Cconclusions: The treatment induced the expression of heme oxygenase-1, preventing the installation of fibrosis and even limiting its progression.

O propósito deste texto é evidenciar possíveis impactos que vêm sendo gerados no âmbito das instituições de educação superior, em resposta à sistemática de avaliação implementada pelo governo federal no período de 1995 a 2002. Para tanto, toma-se como referência resultados de pesquisa documental que analisou e cotejou dados estatísticos oficiais, resultados do Exame Nacional de Cursos e pareceres de comissões de avaliação, para fins de autorização e reconhecimento de cursos, focalizando instituições de ensino superior do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. As evidências coletadas indicam que as modificações ocorridas não se fizeram de modo igual nas instituições públicas e privadas; que o poder indutor da avaliação usualmente leva a uma qualidade formal em detrimento de uma qualidade real e que a sistemática de avaliação, tal como delineada, tende a esgotar seu potencial de estimular alterações nas instituições.This paper shows possible impacts on the environment of higher education institutions caused by the systematic assessment implemented by the Brazilian Federal Government from 1995 to 2002. Its reference is the results of a documental research that analyzed and studied the official statistic data from the Exame Nacional de Cursos (National Course Exam) and the points of view of the assessment board that authorizes and recognizes courses. Collected evidences indicate that: the modifications have not taken place homogeneously in public and private institutions; the power guiding assessment usually leads to a formal quality as opposed to real quality, and; this systematic evaluation, as it was designed, tends to empty its potential to motivate changes in these institutions.

Congenital hypotrichosis and Stargardt macular dystrophy are rare autosomal recessive disorder of unk nown etiology respectively characterized by hair loss, macular degeneration and severe progressive vision reduc tion. There are few reports in the literature with this association. Studies show that the defective gene is on the chro mosome I6q22.1 and involve cadherin molecule in the pathogenesis. Early recognition of these disorders often starts with hair changes and should alert the dermatologist for an eye examination thereby avoiding more severe ocular defect.A hipotricose congênita e a distrofia macular de Stargardt são desordens autossômicas recessivas raras de etiologias desconhecidas, caracterizadas respectivamente pela perda de cabelos, degeneração macular e redução pro gressiva e grave da visão de forma precoce. Encontram-se pouquíssimos relatos na literatura com a associação de ambas. Há estudos que demonstram que o gene defeituoso dessas doenças encontra-se no cromossomo I6q22.1 e implicam a participação da molécula caderina na patogênese das mesmas. O reconhecimento precoce dessas desor dens muitas vezes inicia por alterações capilares e deve alertar o dermatologista para uma análise oftalmológica para como forma de se evitar alterações oculares mais graves.

A 33-year-old woman presented with a 3-year history of progressive alopecia of the scalp. Past treatment with hydroxicloroquine did not show improvement. Physical examination revealed multiple areas of alopecia with atrophic aspect of the scalp, and axillary and pubic hypotrichosis. Dermoscopy showed hyperkeratosis and accentuation of follicular ostia. Anatomopathological examination revealed decrease in the number of hair follicles, upper perifollicular infiltrate and areas with fibrosis. The Piccardi-Lassueur-Graham-Little syndrome is a rare disorder, characterized by the triad of multifocal scarring alopecia of the scalp, keratotic follicular eruption and hypotrichosis of axillary and pubic regions. Management is a challenge and many medications tried have controversial results. We report a case of this rare syndrome which improved with corticoids.Mulher, 33 anos, apresenta quadro de alopecia progressiva do couro cabeludo há 3 anos. Tratamento com hidroxicloroquina há 12 meses, sem apresentar melhora. Ao exame físico exibe múltiplas áreas de alopecia cicatricial no couro cabeludo, além de hipotricose axilar e pubiana. A dermatoscopia evidencia hipercetose folicular e acentuação dos óstios foliculares. O exame anatomopatológico revela diminuição do número de folículos pilosos, infiltrado perifolicular e fibrose. A síndrome de Graham-Little Piccardi Lassueur é uma dermatose rara, caracterizada pela tríade de alopecia cicatricial multifocal do couro cabeludo, ceratose folicular disseminada e hipotricose das regiões axilares e pubianas. A terapêutica desta dermatose é um desafio, muitas medicações relatadas tem resultados controversos. Relatamos o caso desta síndrome rara que apresentou melhora com corticoterapia.

Prospective study compared the agreement between the direct microscopy and fungical culture from subungueal samples of the patients with clinical suspicion of feet's onychomycosis. The agreement occurred in 56.1% of the exams with dermatophytes, in 52.4% by others fungi and in 90.4% of the negative cases, 0,54 according to the Kappa`s test. In 39.3% of the onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes and 31.8% by nondermatophytes, these were identificated only for direct microscopy. The direct microscopic showed more sensibility compared with the culture, being superior in 19.5% of the total sample and maintaining agreement with the culture in 71.5% of the sample.Estudo prospectivo avaliando a concordância entre os resultados do exame micológico direto e dacultura para fungos de material coletado de pacientes com suspeita clínica de onicomicose dos pés. Ocorreu concordância em 56,1% dos exames com dermatófitos, em 52,4% dos exames com outros fungos e em 90,4% dos exames negativos (0,54 de acordo com o teste kappa). Em 39,3% das onicomicoses por dermatófitos e em 31,8% das por não dermatófitos, os agentes etiológicos foram identificados somente pelo exame direto. O exame direto demonstrou maior sensibilidade, comparado ao cultural, sendo superior em 19,5% da amostra total e mantendo concordância com a cultura em 71,5% da amostra.

This article presents a perceptual analysis of Jean-Claude Risset's Sud. A theoretical stance is adopted that is based on Gregory Bateson’s Theory of Mind (Bateson, 1980, Mind and Nature), which suggests that perception operates as a continuous dialectic between concept and sense-data. A complementarity between intrinsic and extrinsic connotations in electroacoustic music is assumed, and a broad concept of structure is suggested, prompting the notion of meaning as a multi-layered construct that relates musical and worldly experiences. From this perspective, Sud may be perceived as an encounter between human imagination and nature in two of its most powerful symbols: the sea, alluded to through the sounds of the waves, and the forest, alluded to through the sounds of birds and insects. The piece presents an exploration of the essence of these environmental sounds, which are either modified or recreated with different substances. In its appeal to images widespread in a variety of cultures, as well as in its unique use of traditional musical materials, Sud is more than a strongly programmatic and visually evocative piece. §Part of the material presented here was originally published in Ferreira, G. M. d. S. A Perceptual Approach to the Analysis of J. C. Risset's Sud: sound, structure and symbol. 1997. Organised Sound v.2 n.2 pp.97-106. Permission obtained from the Cambridge University Press.

O presente artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o uso do Facebook no apoio complementar on-line em uma disciplina de graduação de um curso presencial. A discussão integra contribuições do pensamento filosófico acerca da relação entre o humano e a técnica, bem como concepções de poder e subjetividade, em particular, da obra de Michel Foucault. Com base em um extenso corpo de dados qualitativos coletados junto a 50 participantes em uma pesquisa exploratória, o texto examina o que parece configurar um processo de criação de um novo espaço de subjetividades. A discussão focaliza os dados colhidos em 3 grupos focais realizados após o término do semestre, com 15 alunos cada um. Conclui que, enquanto o Facebook pode se constituir em um sítio que abre novas possibilidade de ser no processo educacional, torna-se, também, em uma perspectiva acrítica, um artefato aparentemente dotado de agência e, assim, em um processo de reificação, um questionável novo sujeito.

O presente artigo propõe a Análise de Discurso Crítica (FAIRCLOUGH, 2000) como uma ferramenta para refletir sobre os vários discursos que podem ser identificados acerca de Recursos Educacionais Abertos (REA). O argumento será construído a partir do conceito do "mundo plano", uma poderosa metáfora usada por Thomas Friedman em seu famoso livro "The world is flat" (2005). A discussão lança mão de conceitos da Análise de Discurso Crítica para explorar materiais compartilhados por iniciativas REA, e investiga em que grau essas iniciativas têm um efeito de ‘nivelamento’ em termos de ampliação da participação e empoderamento de indivíduos por meio do acesso ao conhecimento.

Em pouco mais de uma década após sua concepção, a expressão “Recursos Educacionais Abertos” (REA) foi alçada ao patamar de qualificação de um “movimento” que conta agora com fileiras de defensores incluindo indivíduos, instituições educacionais e até mesmo empresas espalhadas pelo mundo. Sob o epíteto Open Educational Resources identificam-se múltiplas comunidades engajadas em práticas de compartilhamento aberto de materiais educacionais na Web e, crucialmente, na disseminação de valores ditos democratizantes alinhados às possibilidades deste compartilhamento. Entretanto, tendo a disponibilidade das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação como uma das contingências que possibilitaram sua emergência, a área é, de fato, caracterizada por profundas contradições que tendem a permanecer encobertas no âmbito de agendas pragmáticas, as quais conferem premência a questões de cunho prático. Assim, privilegiam-se temas como, por exemplo, a sustentabilidade do movimento e suas iniciativas, direitos autorais, e a interoperabilidade entre formatos e plataformas de compartilhamento. Este artigo apresenta uma discussão que remete à necessidade de se combinar os trabalhos de implementação, disseminação e conscientização acerca do potencial dos REA e suas ramificações, com uma problematização advinda de uma articulação mais sistemática entre as ações e reflexões produzidas na área e o pensamento dos autores críticos da contemporaneidade. É baseado em um recorte da literatura relevante e parte de um histórico parcial do movimento construído através de uma análise documental de textos chave da área, oferecendo uma introdução crítica à área e um pano de fundo para a apresentação de temas propostos para sua problematização. Palavras-chave: Recursos Educacionais Abertos. REA. Conteúdo Aberto. Educação a Distância. Educação online. From content to resource, practice and pedagogy: on the OER movement and its ramificationsAbstractIn little over a decade following its initial conception, the phrase “Open Educational Resources”, OER, has achieved the status of epithet of a “movement” that currently counts on lines of followers and advocates including individuals, educational institutions and even businesses across the globe. The acronym OER functions as an umbrella term that accommodates multiple communities engaged in practices of sharing educational resources on the Web and, crucially, contributing to disseminate underlying democratising values aligned with these practices. However, with Information and Communication Technologies constituting an essential contingency that facilitated the emergence of the movement, the area is, indeed, marked by profound contradictions. These tend to remain tacitly unexamined within the scope of pragmatic agendas that privilege questions of a more practical nature and, therefore, promote focus on issues pertaining to the sustainability of the movement and its initiatives, intellectual property and copyrights, and interoperability between formats and platforms. This article suggests the need to combine actions related to implementation, dissemination and development of a wider awareness of the potential of OER and their more recent ramifications with a more careful examination of the practices and thinking produced in the area from the perspective of contemporary thinking by critical commentators. The article discusses the OER movement with basis on a partial history constructed from an examination of its seminal documents and a selection of complementary sources, thus providing a critical introduction to the area as well as a backdrop for the presentation of themes that arise for further problematization. Key words: Open Educational Resources. OER. Open Content. Distance Education. Online Education.

Malaria associated-acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with 45% of mortality in adult patients hospitalized with severe form of the disease. However, the causes that lead to a framework of malaria-associated AKI are still poorly characterized. Some clinical studies speculate that oxidative stress products, a characteristic of Plasmodium infection, as well as proinflammatory response induced by the parasite are involved in its pathophysiology. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the development of malaria-associated AKI during infection by P. berghei ANKA, with special attention to the role played by the inflammatory response and the involvement of oxidative stress. For that, we took advantage of an experimental model of severe malaria that showed significant changes in the renal pathophysiology to investigate the role of malaria infection in the renal microvascular permeability and tissue injury. Therefore, BALB/c mice were infected with P. berghei ANKA. To assess renal function, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and ratio of proteinuria and creatininuria were evaluated. The products of oxidative stress, as well as cytokine profile were quantified in plasma and renal tissue. The change of renal microvascular permeability, tissue hypoxia and cellular apoptosis were also evaluated. Parasite infection resulted in renal dysfunction. Furthermore, we observed increased expression of adhesion molecule, proinflammatory cytokines and products of oxidative stress, associated with a decrease mRNA expression of HO-1 in kidney tissue of infected mice. The measurement of lipoprotein oxidizability also showed a significant increase in plasma of infected animals. Together, our findings support the idea that products of oxidative stress, as well as the immune response against the parasite are crucial to changes in kidney architecture and microvascular endothelial permeability of BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei ANKA.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 in sepsis-induced AKI. C57BL/6 TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) male mice were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Twenty four hours later, kidney tissue and blood samples were collected for analysis. The TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-) and MyD88(-/-) mice that were subjected to CLP had preserved renal morphology, and fewer areas of hypoxia and apoptosis compared with the wild-type C57BL/6 mice (WT). MyD88(-/-) mice were completely protected compared with the WT mice. We also observed reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the kidneys of the knockout mice compared with those of the WT mice and subsequent inhibition of increased vascular permeability in the kidneys of the knockout mice. The WT mice had increased GR1(+low) cells migration compared with the knockout mice and decreased in GR1(+high) cells migration into the peritoneal cavity. The TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice had lower neutrophil infiltration in the kidneys. Depletion of neutrophils in the WT mice led to protection of renal function and less inflammation in the kidneys of these mice. Innate immunity participates in polymicrobial sepsis-induced AKI, mainly through the MyD88 pathway, by leading to an increased migration of neutrophils to the kidney, increased production of proinflammatory cytokines, vascular permeability, hypoxia and apoptosis of tubular cells.

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of acute renal failure. The definition of the molecular mechanisms involved in renal IRI and counter protection promoted by ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC) or Hemin treatment is an important milestone that needs to be accomplished in this research area. We examined, through an oligonucleotide microarray protocol, the renal differential transcriptome profiles of mice submitted to IRI, IPC and Hemin treatment. After identifying the profiles of differentially expressed genes observed for each comparison, we carried out functional enrichment analysis to reveal transcripts putatively involved in potential relevant biological processes and signaling pathways. The most relevant processes found in these comparisons were stress, apoptosis, cell differentiation, angiogenesis, focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, ion transport, angiogenesis, mitosis and cell cycle, inflammatory response, olfactory transduction and regulation of actin cytoskeleton. In addition, the most important overrepresented pathways were MAPK, ErbB, JAK/STAT, Toll and Nod like receptors, Angiotensin II, Arachidonic acid metabolism, Wnt and coagulation cascade. Also, new insights were gained about the underlying protection mechanisms against renal IRI promoted by IPC and Hemin treatment. Venn diagram analysis allowed us to uncover common and exclusively differentially expressed genes between these two protective maneuvers, underscoring potential common and exclusive biological functions regulated in each case. In summary, IPC exclusively regulated the expression of genes belonging to stress, protein modification and apoptosis, highlighting the role of IPC in controlling exacerbated stress response. Treatment with the Hmox1 inducer Hemin, in turn, exclusively regulated the expression of genes associated with cell differentiation, metabolic pathways, cell cycle, mitosis, development, regulation of actin cytoskeleton and arachidonic acid metabolism, suggesting a pleiotropic effect for Hemin. These findings improve the biological understanding of how the kidney behaves after IRI. They also illustrate some possible underlying molecular mechanisms involved in kidney protection observed with IPC or Hemin treatment maneuvers.

Francisco José de Oliveira Vianna é um dos mais reconhecidos intelectuais brasileiros das primeiras décadas do século XX, um dos pioneiros dos estudos sociológicos no Brasil e um dos principais autores do chamado pensamento autoritário. Sua trajetória editorial - iniciada na Revista do Brasil - atingiu o ápice com a inclusão de títulos de sua autoria na coleção Brasiliana, editada pela Companhia Editora Nacional. A presente comunicação tem como objetivo principal analisar os prefácios escritos por Vianna para os livros de sua autoria publicados nesta coleção, entre os anos de 1931 e 1947, com vistas a identificar as suas estratégias de legitimação de suas idéias e o seu processo de construção de autoria.

Tubule-interstitial nephritis (TIN) results in decreased renal function and interstitial inflammation, which ultimately leads to fibrosis. Excessive adenine intake can cause TIN because xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) can convert this purine into an insoluble compound, which precipitates in the tubuli. Innate immune sensors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and inflammasome complex, play a crucial role in the initiation of inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of TLR-2 and -4, Myd88 and inflammasome complex in an experimental model of TIN. Here, we show that wild-type (WT) mice fed adenine-enriched food exhibited significant renal dysfunction and enhanced cellular infiltration accompanied by collagen deposition. They also presented higher gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, TLR-2, -4, MyD88, ASC and Caspase-1 KO mice showed renoprotection associated with expression of inflammatory molecules at levels comparable to controls. Furthermore, treatment of WT animals with allopurinol, an XDH inhibitor, led to reduced levels of uric acid, oxidative stress, collagen deposition and a downregulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway. We concluded that MyD88 signaling and inflammasome participate in the development of TIN. Furthermore, inhibition of XDH seems to be a promising way to therapeutically target the developing inflammatory process.

É hoje praticamente consensual a idéia de que é a prática de tombamento e preservação de bens culturais o que permite a construção da identidade nacional. Assim sendo, o presente texto busca investigar formas plásticas - particularmente a chamada arte do barroco mineiro, as pinturas históricas do século XIX e o modernismo – que, preservados em museus, tombados em seus locais de origem ou reproduzidos em livros e/ou obras didáticas, contribuíram para plasmar imagens de uma memória nacional e para a consolidação da idéia de nação no Brasil.

O texto busca apresentar a discussão proposta por diversos autores em torno do conceito de pós-modernismo e a reflexão a respeito da idéia de uma produção artística pós-moderna. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: pós-modernismo; arte pós-moderna; História e pós-modernismo. ABSTRACT This paper presents the discussion proposed by several authors around the post-modernism concept, as well as the reflextions about the idea of a postmodernist artistic production. KEYWORDS: city; gender; modernity.

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a promising new therapy for kidney diseases. Many authors have been demonstrated that the MSC treatment leads to N improvement of the renal function in acute damaged models. However, the way it works still remains elusive. Purpose: To evaluate whether the renal protection provided by MSC administration seen in acute and chronic renal remnant damaged models involves modulation of the inflammation. Methods: MSC were attained from bone marrow of male Wistar rats. Female Wistar were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion damage by clamping renal pedicles for 1 hour. After a 6h reperfusion, 2.105 MSC were administrated i.v. in the chronic model. The nephrectomy models 5/6 were treated with 1.106 MSC administered i.v. after two weeks. Results: After a 24h reperfusion, MSC-treated animals presented a significant improvement of the renal function associated to decreased levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression. Interestingly, the IL-4 mRNA expression increased in parallel. Furthermore, a higher expression of PCNA and an increase in the Bcl2/Bad ratio were seen in kidney tissues of MSC-treated animals. In the remnant model, this modulation in the cytokine pattern was sustained, despite a lack of amelioration of the renal dysfunction. Moreover, the expressions of TGF-β, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and Smad7 were not altered, although PAI-1 was significantly decreased. Conclusion: MSC therapy can indeed modulate the inflammatory response following acute and chronic renal injuries, accelerating the tubular repair; however, long-term outcomes seem not to be halted by this therapy.

This article discusses issues concerning the spread of data-driven educational technologies in Brazil. Here, as elsewhere, educational technology continues to be promoted optimistically as the bearer of a panacea for historically-rooted social problems. Whilst some of these technologies have indeed contributed to important widening-participation programmes in the last two decades, widespread advocacy of technological 'solutionism', reflected in gradually stronger policy demands for efficiencies to be improved through 'innovation', has supported a relentless marketisation of the country's educational systems. As transnational corporations position themselves to take control of key areas of these systems, threatening to restructure the whole sector, data-driven educational technologies provide the latest example in a series of 'new' ideas offered in an ever-expanding market. Based on the notion of 'conceptual metaphors', which encapsulate specific ways of perceiving, thinking and relating with the world, this article examines key metaphors underpinning discourses surrounding data-driven educational technologies in Brazil. In particular, the article analyses ways in which these specific metaphors may be promoting perspectives that ignore difference and obscure broader questions concerning education, thus contributing to the reproduction of previously existing problems and supporting new forms of colonisation.

Nearly two decades have passed since the Open Educational Resources (OER) movement was launched. Its success in Brazil can be illustrated with the establishment of a UNESCO Chair in Open Education in 2014, in one of the country's most prestigious universities. Crucially, OER were included in the 2014-2024 "National Education Plan," a key piece of national educational legislation, as a category of educational technologies framed as tools. Assuming metaphors such as this play a key role in the ways we think, speak and act, this article presents a critical perspective on OER in Brazil. Examining the implications of the main metaphors used to construe OER in local media and academic sources, the text argues that these metaphors reflect hegemonic discourses on educational technology, concealing the non-neutrality of technological artefacts, obscuring issues concerning curriculum and pedagogy, and overlooking actual local needs. The article discusses issues concerning local OER advocacy, positioned in respect to specificities of a context where education, albeit a constitutionally established right, may be poised to undergo radical changes in the near future.