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Background & Objectives: Tumor grade determines prognosis in urothelial carcinoma. The classification of low and high grade is based on nuclear morphological features that include nuclear size, hyperchromasia and pleomorphism. These features are subjectively assessed by the pathologists and are not numerically measured, which leads to high rates of interobserver variability. The purpose of this study is to assess the value of a computer-based image analysis tool for identifying predictors of tumor grade in bladder cancer., Methods: Four hundred images of urothelial tumors were graded by five pathologists and two expert genitourinary pathologists using a scale of 1 (lowest grade) to 5 (highest grade). A computer algorithm was used to automatically segment the nuclei and to provide morphometric parameters for each nucleus, which were used to establish the grading algorithm. Grading algorithm was compared to pathologists' agreement., Results: Comparison of the grading scores of the five pathologists with the expert genitourinary pathologists score showed agreement rates between 88.5% and 97.5%.The agreement rate between the two expert genitourinary pathologists was 99.5%. The quantified algorithm based conventional parameters that determine the grade (nuclear size, pleomorphism and hyperchromasia) showed > 85% agreement with the expert genitourinary pathologists. Surprisingly, the parameter that was most associated with tumor grade was the 10th percentile of the nuclear area, and high grade was associated with lower 10th percentile nuclei, caused by the presence of more inflammatory cells in the high-grade tumors., Conclusion: Quantitative nuclear features could be applied to determine urothelial carcinoma grade and explore new biologically explainable parameters with better correlation to grade than those currently used., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: High-risk prostate cancer is associated with adverse pathology and unfavorable outcomes after radical prostatectomy. 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT is more accurate than conventional imaging for preoperative staging. We aimed to evaluate whether lymph node involvement on 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT prior to radical prostatectomy in patients with high-risk prostate cancer is associated with worse short-term oncologic outcomes., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 149 patients with high-risk localized or locoregional prostate cancer who underwent 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT prior to radical prostatectomy between 2015 and 2020. None of the patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment. The study endpoints were PSA persistence and biochemical recurrence. Logistic regression models were used to identify preoperative predictors of PSA persistence. Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to estimate biochemical recurrence-free survival., Results: Of 149 identified patients, 19 (13%) were found to have lymph node involvement on preoperative 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT for identifying pathologic lymph node involvement were 68%, 95%, and 92%, respectively. PSA persistence rate was lower among patients with PET-negative lymph nodes than those with PET-positive nodes (15 vs. 84%, p < 0.001). Positive nodes on imaging (OR = 41.03, p < 0.001) and clinical T2c-T3 stage (OR = 6.96, p = 0.002) were associated with PSA persistence on multivariable analysis. Among patients with PET-negative nodes the 1- and 2-year biochemical recurrence-free survival rates were 87% and 76%, respectively., Conclusions: Preoperative staging with 68 Ga-PSMA PET/CT may identify a subgroup of high-risk prostate cancer patients with favorable short-term outcomes after radical prostatectomy without adjuvant treatment. Future studies will evaluate whether these results are sustained during long-term follow-up., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Objective: Image guided biopsies are an integral part of prostate cancer evaluation. The effect of delaying biopsies of suspicious prostate mpMRI lesions is uncertain and clinically relevant during the COVID-19 crisis. We evaluated the association between biopsy delay time and pathologic findings on subsequent prostate biopsy., Materials and Methods: After obtaining IRB approval we reviewed the medical records of 214 patients who underwent image-guided transperineal fusion biopsy of the prostate biopsy between 2017 and 2019. Study outcomes included clinically significant (ISUP grade group ≥2) and any prostate cancer on biopsy. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between biopsy delay time and outcomes while adjusting for known predictors of cancer on biopsy., Results: The study cohort included 195 men with a median age of 68. Median delay between mpMRI and biopsy was 5 months, and 90% of patients had a ≤8 months delay. A significant association was found between PI-RADS 5 lesions and no previous biopsies and shorter delay time. Delay time was not associated with clinically significant or any cancer on biopsy. A higher risk of significant cancer was associated with older age (P = 0.008), higher PSA (0.003), smaller prostate volume (<0.001), no previous biopsy (0.012) and PI-RADS 5 lesions (0.015)., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that under current practice, where men with PI-RADS 5 lesions and no previous biopsies undergo earlier evaluation, a delay of up to 8 months between imaging and biopsy does not affect biopsy findings. In the current COVID-19 crisis, selectively delaying image-guided prostate biopsies is unlikely to result in a higher rate of significant cancer., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest All authors declare that they have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

18 F-PSMA-1007 is a novel prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based radiopharmaceutical for imaging prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of 18 F-PSMA-1007 with 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in the same patients presenting with newly diagnosed intermediate- or high-risk PCa. Methods: Sixteen patients with intermediate- or high-risk PCa underwent 18 F-PSMA-1007 and 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT within 15 d. PET findings were compared between the 2 radiotracers and with reference-standard pathologic specimens obtained from radical prostatectomy. The Cohen κ-coefficient was used to assess the concordance between 18 F-PSMA-1007 and 68 Ga-PSMA-11 for detection of intraprostatic lesions. The McNemar test was used to assess agreement between intraprostatic PET/CT findings and histopathologic findings. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were reported for each radiotracer. SUV max was measured for all lesions, and tumor-to-background activity was calculated. Areas under receiver-operating-characteristic curves were calculated for discriminating diseased from nondiseased prostate segments, and optimal SUV cutoffs were calculated using the Youden index for each radiotracer. Results: PSMA-avid lesions in the prostate were identified in all 16 patients with an almost perfect concordance between the 2 tracers (κ ranged from 0.871 to 1). Aside from the dominant intraprostatic lesion, similarly detected by both radiotracers, a second less intense positive focus was detected in 4 patients only with 18 F-PSMA-1007. Three of these secondary foci were confirmed as Gleason grade 3 lesions, whereas the fourth was shown on pathologic examination to represent chronic prostatitis. Conclusion: This pilot study showed that both 18 F-PSMA-1007 and 68 Ga-PSMA-11 identify all dominant prostatic lesions in patients with intermediate- or high-risk PCa at staging. 18 F-PSMA-1007, however, may detect additional low-grade lesions of limited clinical relevance., (© 2020 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.)

Objectives: To evaluate molecular profiles in the small bowel (SB) mucosa proximal to the pouch in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients after pouch surgery., Design: Patients were prospectively recruited and stratified according to disease behaviour: normal pouch (NP), chronic pouchitis (CP), and Crohn's-like disease of the pouch (CLDP). Biopsies obtained from the pouch and the normal-appearing proximal SB (40 cm proximal to the anal verge) were compared to ileal biopsies from normal controls (NC). A histopathological score based on the degree of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear infiltrates was used to assess inflammation in the pouch and the proximal SB. Gene expression analysis was performed using microarrays, and validated by real-time PCR. Gene ontology and clustering were evaluated by bioinformatics., Results: Thirty-six subjects were recruited (age 18-71 years, 16 males). Histopathology scores demonstrated minimal differences in the normal-appearing proximal SB of all groups. Nonetheless, significant (fold change ≥2, corrected p [FDR] ≤ 0.05) molecular alterations in the proximal SB were detected in all groups (NP n=9; CP n=80; and CLDP n=230) compared with NC. The magnitude of DUOX2 alteration in the proximal SB was highest. An increase of 6.0, 9.8 and 21.7 folds in DUOX2 expression in NP, CP, CLDP, respectively was observed. This was followed by alterations in MMP1, SLC6A14 and PGC. Gene alterations in the proximal SB overlapped with alterations within the pouch (76% and 97% overlap in CP and CLDP, respectively). Gene ontology analysis in the proximal SB and pouch were comparable., Conclusions: Significant gene expression alterations exist in an apparently unaffected proximal SB. Alterations in the pouch and the proximal SB were comparable, suggesting that inflammation may not be limited to the pouch, but that it extends to the proximal SB., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)

Background: Low 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) concentrations cause a significant increase in DNA synthesis in mitogen-activated human lymphocytes., Materials and Methods: We explored 2.5 microM 5-FU-induced DNA synthesis by testing 5-FU activity in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT)-containing medium, and its effect on thymidylate synthase (TS) activity and CD25 expression in interleukin (IL)-2-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the combined effects with prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta3., Results: The co-stimulatory effect of 2.5 microM 5-FU on DNA synthesis was abrogated in HAT-cultured medium. 5-FU substantially reduced TS activity by 50% in IL-2-activated PBMCs. 5-FU combined with TGF-beta3 and PGE(2) did not alter their inhibitory effects on IL-2-activated natural killer cell cytotoxicity, but substantially affected increased DNA synthesis of cells cultured in IL-2 and co-cultured with 10 ng/ml TGF-beta3 and 10 microM PGE(2)., Conclusion: Low 5-FU concentrations increase DNA synthesis in lymphocytes and exert a co-stimulatory activity on TGF-beta3 and PGE(2) modulation of IL-2-activated lymphocytes.

Background: A variety of molecules produced by both tumor cells and normal cells reduce the activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. We tested the possible cross-regulation of mel-624 melanoma cells and adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in affecting LAK cell activity., Methods: PBMC adherent cells were cultured together with mel-624 melanoma cells. Supernatant was transferred to a 4-day LAK cells generation culture consisted of PBMC nonadherent cells and interleukin-2. LAK cytotoxic activity was tested in a 4-hour assay against Daudi tumor cells prelabeled with sodium (51)chromate., Results: The supernatant produced within the first 48 hours of mixed mel-624 melanoma cell and adherent PBMC culture substantially (by 69 percent) reduced the generation of LAK cells, whereas the supernatant from either tumor culture or adherent PBMC culture had no effect. The inhibitory effect was manifested on the generation of LAK cells when autologous nonadherent cells were cultured with 1,000 units/ml IL-2, but there was no effect on mature LAK cell cytotoxic activity. Inhibition of LAK cell generation was partially dependent on protein synthesis and was not mediated by transforming growth factor ss (TGF-ss)., Conclusion: Our results point toward the production of soluble, yet unidentified proteins, in mixed tumor-adherent PBMC cultures, which substantially reduced the induction of LAK cells in culture.

We report a case of a retiform Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor of intermediate differentiation presenting as a uterine intracavity polypoid mass in a 63-year-old woman. In contrast to sertoliform endometrioid carcinoma and to hitherto reported uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCTs), which are primarily characterized by tubular glands and solid tubules, this tumor, which most likely represents a UTROSCT, showed a large spectrum of histologic features typical of a genuine retiform Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. The diagnosis was confirmed by a battery of immunohistochemical stains, which also served as a tool for differential diagnosis with other neoplasms. The tumor cells were positive for broad spectrum keratin (CK) CK18, vimentin, calretinin, and progesterone receptor. Only a few isolated cells stained for inhibin. The tumor cells were negative for CK7, CK5/6, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), thrombomodulin, 013 (CD99), melan A, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), alpha-1-antitrypsin, estrogen receptor, S100, neurone specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin, synaptophysin, desmin, caldesmon, and CD10. Divergent differentiation of uterine cells seems to be the most likely pathogenetic mechanism. To the best of our knowledge, no UTROSCT showing such a variety of histologic features indicative of a true sex cord tumor has been reported before.

Objectives: Familial juvenile polyposis (FJP) is a dominant genetic disorder characterized by colorectal, gastric, and small bowel juvenile polyps, and high risk for gastrointestinal cancer. Patients are treated by repeated endoscopic polypectomies and elective surgery. We determined the characteristics of FJP polyps expressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)., Methods: A total of 115 colorectal and 6 gastric polyps were available from 17 FJP patients. Comparison tissues were 18 sporadic juvenile colorectal polyps, 6 gastric hyperplastic polyps, 9 normal colons, and 3 colorectal cancers (CRCs). Histology sections were classified and stained for COX-2. The polyps' epithelium and stroma and comparison tissues were quantified for COX-2 by: area of staining (0-3) x intensity (0-3). Epithelial and stromal scores (0-9) and total scores (0-18) were evaluated in relationship to patient's age, polyp site, size, dysplasia, and stromal cellularity., Results: Colonic FJP polyps mean total COX-2 score was 10.3 +/- 6.0, and that of sporadic juvenile polyps 3.6 +/- 2.2 (p < 0.01), and in contrast to the latter, FJP COX-2 scores increased significantly (p < 0.01) with polyp size. Linear regression analysis showed significant associations of COX-2 in FJP polyps with dysplasia (p < 0.01), stromal cellularity (p < 0.01), size (> or =1.5 cm) (p= 0.02), and site (right colon) (p= 0.01), and not with age. COX-2 total scores of gastric FJP polyps and hyperplastic polyps were similar., Conclusions: Expression of COX-2 in FJP polyps and its association with size and dysplasia suggest that, in these patients, chemoprevention with selective COX-2 inhibitors might be a useful adjunct therapy to colonoscopic polypectomy.