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Copyright of Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Anthropology / Anthropologie Sociale is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultrasonic-assisted freezing has received much attention for its outstanding capability to improve freezing performance. However, most researchers focus only on single-frequency ultrasound, lacking research on dual-frequency or multi-frequency ultrasound. Based on the relevant theory of the promotion of solution crystallization by ultrasound wave, this paper experimentally studied the subcooling degree and time of water freezing under the action of ultrasound. The experimental study was carried out on the production of ice from water by using different ultrasonic waves under a specific power. The results show that the effect of ultrasound with specific frequency combinations can improve the speed of water freezing and reduce the subcooling degree. When the experimental conditions are 28+33 kHz and 60 W, the comprehensive performance is the best. Compared with the condition without ultrasound, the subcooling degree is reduced by 5.28 K, and the time required for the complete solidification of water into ice was reduced by a duration of 60 s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chief warning from George R.R. Martin is that the "night is dark and full of terror." This article is a critical reflection on a moment from Martin's masterpiece, A Song of Ice and Fire. Through a close reading of the series, I found that one of the most poignant moments is Daenerys Targaryen's visionary journey through the House of the Undying. It was in this moment that I found the influence of the indelible Dante Alighieri. My article parallels Daenerys's journey alongside Dante's journey through hell in his Inferno. I begin by drawing a comparison between the warning Daenerys is given by Pyat Pree and the warning found outside of the gates of hell in Inferno. I finish by considering the prophecy of the three treasons experienced by Daenerys, mirroring Dante's vision of Lucifer. While these experiences may seem dark, there are moments of light interspersed. Throughout this article, I also reflect on how Game of Thrones interprets Daenerys's visions as prophecy. Ultimately, I conclude that the true story of "ice and fire" is the story that leads one from bondage to freedom in the ultimate search for truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Cold thermal storage is used to store energy during off-peak load for later use. • Ice storage is the most effective method for storing energy. • The mechanics of ice formation on flooded tubes in power plant AC is introduced. • Cold thermal storage application presented as best choice for reducing peak loads. Abstract Energy storage systems provide the methods and technologies used to store energy of various forms. Cold thermal storage is used to store energy during off-peak load conditions for later use during peak load conditions. A flooded tube for cold thermal storage was built to study the formation of ice experimentally. The flooded tube was subjected to stagnant water, stirred water, and recirculated water. The flooded tube with recirculated water showed the best performance. About 7.9 g/m2 s of ice was formed with a starting overall heat transfer coefficient of 1096 W/m2 K. Discharge cycles were analyzed, and it was determined that 7.1 kg of ice was sufficient to hold a load for 110 min for a 927 W unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ice adhesion force to a cooling solid surface causes various problems, its reduction is important. Accordingly, after studying reduction methods from various viewpoints, the authors herein have focused attention on adsorption of the hydrophobic groups of surfactant molecules to a copper surface. And, the adhesion forces of ice made from the surfactant-mixtures at a fixed concentration to the copper surface at various temperatures were measured by the scanning probe microscopy. Simultaneously, adsorbed amounts of the surfactant molecules to the copper surface were measured by the quartz crystal microbalance system with varying surfactant mixture temperatures. Furthermore, the ice adhesion force depends on surface energy of ice, and the surface energy also depends on temperature. So, surface energies of ice were also measured with varying temperatures. And the influence of temperature-dependency of the surface energy on the surface temperature-dependency of the ice adhesion force was clarified considering the adsorbed amount of surfactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A tessellation-based methodology for interactively analyzing the spatio-temporal evolution of a dynamic phenomenon -- ice coverage and its characteristics -- using a spatial online analytical processing (OLAP) approach is proposed. The feasibility of the method was tested through a prototype developed in the context of the CanICE project using Canadian Ice Service data and the Egg Code, an international standard for characterizing sea and lake ice. By transforming the standard spatial OLAP vector-based point of view -- aggregating data from instances of evolving features -- into a tessellation-based point of view -- aggregating data from constant spaces with evolving properties -- the proposed solution makes it possible to meet the criteria of interactive multidimensional analysis for dynamic phenomena. The second innovative aspect of the methodology relates to the management of data quality with a spatial OLAP approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe a second order multi-dimensional scheme, belonging to the class of direct Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods, for the solution of non-linear hyperbolic systems of conservation law. The scheme is constructed upon a cell-centered explicit Lagrangian solver completed with an edge-based upwinded formulation of the numerical fluxes, computed from the MUSCL-Hancock method, to obtain a full ALE formulation. Numerical fluxes depend on nodal grid velocities which are either set or computed to avoid most of the mesh problems typically encountered in purely Lagrangian simulations. In order to assess the robustness of the scheme, most results proposed in this paper have been obtained by computing the grid velocities as a fraction of the Lagrangian nodal velocities, the ratio being set before running the test case. The last part of the paper describes preliminary results about the triple point test case run in the ALE framework by computing the grid velocities with the fully adaptive Large Eddy Limitation (L.E.L.) method proposed in [1] . Such a method automatically computes the grid velocities at each node defining the mesh from the local characteristics of the flow. We eventually discuss the advantages and the drawback of the coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addition of sterilization and deodorization capabilities to ice is effective for a cold storage of food. Therefore, authors clarified the characteristics of ozone micro-bubbles (MBs) concentration fixed in the ice and ozone gas concentration released due to melting. In this paper, ice with different dimensions are prepared by cutting and crushing the formed ice containing ozone MBs, after which influences of dimensions of cut and crushed ice on the above characteristics are examined. Furthermore, using ice slurry is more effective to cool fresh food; therefore, a pseudo ice slurry formed by mixing crushed ice containing MBs with pure water is investigated. Cut ice and original uncut ice mixed with pure water, respectively, are also investigated as a reference. And validities of above ice mixed with pure water, respectively, are shown by measuring ozone concentration in water. Finally, oxidation characteristics due to ozone gas released into fish oil are also clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real Time Traction Tool (RT3)-Curve was used in this study to evaluate the effect of ice and snow on tire-road lateral friction coefficient, herein referred to as the Halliday Friction Number (HFN). The field experiments for the study were performed in winter 2012-2013 on the University of Alberta's test road facility in Edmonton, Alberta. Each run was repeated at three target speeds under varied road conditions, bare dry, dry with ice patches, ice, and three levels of snow accumulation. No considerable correlation was found between vehicle speed and the friction measurements for bare dry, ice- and snow-covered conditions. Expectedly, the bare dry asphalt concrete surface had the highest HFN, the presence of ice reduced the dry surface friction by 55%. The accumulation of snow on the dry surface reduced the HFN further than ice, by 69, 75, and 81% for light, moderate, and heavy snow, respectively. A falling trend was observed for friction as more snow accumulated on the ground. Analysis of the effect of number of truck passes over ice at −3.5 and −5 °C showed that ice can become more slippery after each pass of traffic. A similar analysis for snow revealed that more passes over moderate snow will compact the fresh snow into a slippery surface. For light snow, even at low temperatures (<−10 °C), passes of traffic will melt the snow through frictional heat and result in higher friction values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been considerable research on reducing the force of ice adhesion to cooling solid surfaces. One of the present authors has also studied various methods of reducing or increasing the ice adhesion force. One promising method involves the use of a thin silane-coupler film coated on the solid surface. Using this method, the ice adhesion force can be controlled by altering the organic functional groups of the silane-couplers. However, the characteristics of such thin films usually depend on their formation conditions. Therefore, in this work, two kinds of silane-couplers were investigated. The thin film coating thickness and ice adhesion force to the coated test plate were measured for two kinds of test plate materials, test plate immersion times in the silane-coupler mixtures, and silane-coupler concentrations. Moreover, a durability of surface modification effect due to the thin film and a mechanical durability of the thin films were also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I shall trace the psychological and communicational circuit constituted by mirror scenes in contemporary literature, or more specifically scenes in which the subject confronts his or her own image in the mirror. I shall consider three types of mirror scenes: first, those scenes in which the subject sees and recognizes himself without any difficulty; second, those in which such recognition is arrived at with some difficulty; and finally, those in which the subject fails to recognize herself at all. There are many forces at play in these scenes, but all three types share one primary element: the manner in which literature reflects upon itself, continually posing the fundamental question “Who am I?” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It is important to know a real ice adhesion force on a cooling solid surface. When an ice adhesion force is measured by giving a shearing force at the interface between the solid surface and ice, there is a possibility that a measured ice adhesion force is an apparent value including a force that destroys ice due to unevenness of the surface. Thus, to measure the ice adhesion force without influence of the surface unevenness, one of the authors developed a method for measuring the ice adhesion force on the nano scale by using a scanning probe microscope. In this paper, ice adhesion forces to copper oxide and hard glass test plates were measured at −5 °C on the nano scale by this method, and the real ice adhesion forces could be measured. Moreover, the representative value of proper shearing stresses obtained by real ice adhesion forces divided each ice adhesion area was given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ice nucleation encountered in engineering systems is often induced by solid/water interfaces. When classical nucleation theory is used to analyze ice nucleation in such systems, the uniformity of interfaces that contribute to ice nucleation must be carefully considered, because classical nucleation theory cannot be directly applied to non-uniform interfaces. In this study, to discuss the uniformity of ice nucleating activity of solid/water interfaces, ice nucleation in water droplets prepared on glass surfaces was investigated for various droplet sizes from micrometer to sub-millimeter. When the interfacial area between water and the glass surface was smaller than 1 × 10−10 m2, the ice nucleation temperature showed scatter of about 2 °C, suggesting uniformity of the interface. However, when the interfacial area was larger than 1 × 10−8 m2, the ice nucleation temperature showed large scatter, suggesting the ice nucleating activity was no longer uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fine ice particles that make up an ice slurry have an advantage in heat transfer and melt rapidly because of their large specific surface area. In a dynamic-type ice storage system, an ice particle bed is melted by warm water flowing through it to obtain cooled water. The melting process generates a wide flow channel, causing a temperature rise in the ejected water and residual unmelted ice. The melting shape of an ice particle bed depends on the initial shape and the inhomogeneity of porosity in it. This study examined the effect of the initial shape of the ice particle bed on the melting behavior to thereby control the melting shape. The melting shape was controlled by establishing a gap on the surface of the ice particle bed. The pressure distribution in the ice bed varied with the size of the gap, and it strongly affected the melting shape. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ice adhesion to a cooling solid surface sometimes causes a major accident. While, recently, strong ice adhesion force is positively used to fix a workpiece on a table of machine tool during processing. Therefore, it is necessary to control ice adhesion force to the cooling solid surface. However, the control is indeed a nasty problem to handle. In this paper, as a control method of ice adhesion force to the cooling solid surface, a thin film made from a silane-coupler coated on the solid surface is investigated. The silane-coupler has an organic functional and alkoxyl groups, and the alkoxyl group is changed into a silanol group by hydrolysis. And it is expected that the silanol group can be linked with the slid surface through a hydrogen bonding, while ice adhesion force can be controlled by a characteristic of the organic functional group. And a possibility of control of ice adhesion force due to the thin film is investigated. And endurance and mechanical durability of surface modification by the thin film are also compared with those by conventional methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, the use of ice containing trapped gaseous ozone, which provides the dual benefits of sterilization and deodorization, has gathered increased attention as a food cold storage method. As a method of efficiently trapping gaseous ozone in ice, the authors previously proposed the use of micro-bubbles with several tens of micro-meters in size. Since the process used to trap ozone micro-bubbles results in both ozone gas bubbles and dissolved ozone in the ice itself, both forms of ozone can be recovered and used effectively when the ice is melted. In this study, as the first step, gaseous oxygen is substituted for ozone, after which the suppression of oxygen micro-bubble coalescence, and decrease in the lifting speed of the bubbles caused by adding a small amount of surfactant, are investigated. Additionally, the influence of added surfactant on distribution of bubble size in ice, ice formation rate, mass of formed ice, and bubble content in ice are clarified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Institute for Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW) of the University of Stuttgart has developed a novel solar powered 10 kW absorption chiller. This chiller was implemented in the cooling system of the institute''s building. To achieve a higher efficiency of the cooling system and to extend the hours of operation, a small ice store was designed, constructed and experimentally investigated. The experimental investigations include charging and discharging processes at different inlet temperatures and for different heat exchanger areas. For theoretical investigations a simulation program was developed and validated. Based on the results of these investigations a final heat exchanger design was established. In a further step the ice store was integrated into the building''s cooling system. Long term measurements of the cooling system have shown good in-service behaviour of the ice store which fits the specific requirements of the cooling system in combination with the absorption chiller quite well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction of artificial refrigeration became one of the most remarked technological events in the nineteenth century. The development of different systems for making ice was the result of separated efforts of combined applications of several chemical and physical principles in order to satisfy an increasing domestic and industrial demand. This account of the first ice making machines reveals details of the high sense of creativity showed by their designers and the yields individually reached. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ice accretion on power lines is a random natural phenomenon and may seriously harm to the safety of power network. However, the mechanism of the freezing process of supercooled water droplet impacting on wires is still not fully understood. In this study, an experimental investigation on the freezing mechanism of the supercooled water droplet impinging on cold metal surfaces was performed. The morphological characters and the dynamics of a single supercooled droplet collide on the cylindrical metal surfaces had been revealed with high-speed photographing. The experimental data for the surfaces of stainless steel, copper and aluminum, on which the supercooled droplets impinging with speeds of 2.3ms−1 and 4.3ms−1 had been plotted. The phenomena of instantaneous and non-instantaneous freezing of the supercooled impinging droplet were identified and the conditional boundaries for these two kinds of freezing were found statistically. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The calculation method for the effective latent heat of fusion of ice in aqueous solution was proposed, in order to clarify the amount of heat generated by the melting of ice in ice slurry. In this study, the effect of the temperature of the aqueous solution on the effective latent heat was investigated. As a result, it was clarified that the effective latent heat of fusion of ice in ethanol solution is significantly affected by the temperature of the solution, thought not so significantly for propylene glycol and ethylene glycol solutions. Additionally, the specific heat of ethanol solution near the freezing temperature was measured, since there are insufficient data for our investigations. Moreover, the investigation to estimate the effective latent heat near the freezing temperature was carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Indirect systems with aqueous solution have long been used to minimize the charge and leakage of (primary) refrigerants. In ice slurry applications such aqueous solutions are used below the freezing point, benefitting from the enthalpy change resulting from ice melting. Accurate thermophysical property data and a general knowledge of other secondary fluid properties are useful for selection of fluid and for technical calculations of the system. This paper introduces a new IIR publication, Properties of secondary working fluids for indirect systems. Tables and charts with fluid properties, property relations of ice and of ice slurry, enthalpy-phase diagrams and related charts are here given for sodium chloride and water, as an example. This new IIR publication that also considers corrosion aspects and environmental impact of such fluids is intended to be used by industry and researchers working with single phase as well as ice slurry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]