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Background Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans is a notable foodborne pathogen that poses a significant risk to food safety. Contaminated food requires distinct classification and treatment procedures for non-pathogenic B. gladioli and its pathogenic subspecies cocovenenans. Hence, establishing a rapid and sensitive detection method to distinguish them is necessary. Objective In this study, we aimed to establish a method combining the CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a (Clustered regularly short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated proteins 12a and 13a) dual system with recombinase-aided amplification for rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of non-pathogenic B. gladioli and pathogenic subspecies cocovenenans in food. Methods First, an RAA (Recombinase-aided amplification)-CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a method was developed, and its feasibility was assessed. Next, specificity was analyzed using 23 strains of B. gladioli and 5 non-target strains. Following this, sensitivity was evaluated by preparing gradient dilutions of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans bacterial solutions. Finally, real food test samples, including fresh noodles and tremella artificially contaminated with B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans , were utilized for method validation and sensitivity comparison. Results The established RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a method exhibited high specificity and achieved 100% accuracy in detecting species B. gladioli and its subspecies cocovenenans. This rapid method could be finished within 45 min with a detection limit of 100 CFU/mL (Colony-forming units per millilter) for bacterial concentration. Additionally, it achieved detection limits of 102 CFU/g for fresh noodles and 103 CFU/g for tremella. Conclusion The rapid RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a method demonstrated high specificity and sensitivity in detecting and distinguishing species B. gladioli and subspecies cocovenenans in both food test samples and post-cultivation colonies. Highlights The RAA-CRISPR-Cas12a/Cas13a method presented in this study offers a novel molecular approach for the rapid, accurate, and sensitive detection of B. gladioli and its subspecies cocovenenans in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water content of cut flowers is a significant factor in their post-harvest quality. In this study, we examine the efficacy of silver nanoparticles (NS) on the longevity of cut gladiolus, with a focus on water state and distribution. We used Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) technology to identify three water fractions with different transverse relaxation times (T2) values: bound water T21 (<10 ms), intermediate immobilized water T22 (10e100 ms), and the slowest component free water T23 (>10 ms). During the opening process, T23 increased at stages 2 and 3 and then decreased, T22 decreased slowly, and T21 remained unchanged. Free water values were consistently higher than bound water and immobilized water and reached their maximum from stage 2 until stage 4, when the petals were extended and began to wilt. The vascular bundles responsible for transporting water had higher water content, as detected by proton density-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Bound water and free water with NS pretreatments in bracts were initially lower but then two days later the signal amplitude of each water state exceeded those of the control, indicating that the treatment enhanced the water-holding capacity over time. Furthermore, NS pretreatments reduced the free water mobility of the cut flowers and inhibited stem decay. Additionally, we found that NS can enter the stem and are primarily transported upward along the xylem with water using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) technology. Overall, our findings indicate that NS pretreatment reduces free water in gladiolus cut flowers, enhancing their water retention and prolonging their vase life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Gladiolus, a widely cultivated cut flower known for its aesthetically pleasing multicoloured spikes, has earned significant commercial popularity. A comprehensive understanding of the rhizosphere bacterial community associated with gladiolus is imperative for revealing its potential benefits. Molecular characterization is considered an effective method to gain insights into the structural and functional aspects of microbial populations. The soil characteristics and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere are typically influenced by quorum sensing (QS) and quorum quenching (QQ) mechanisms. This study aims to explore the niceties and diversity of rhizospheric bacterial populations linked with gladiolus corms, with a specific focus on understanding the dynamics of QS and QQ mechanisms in their complex interactions. The isolation of bacterial strains was achieved through the serial dilution method on nutrient agar (NA) media. The identification of the isolates was accomplished by amplifying 16 S rRNA gene sequences via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) via the use of universal primers. Sequence analysis was conducted via BLAST on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The characteristics of the isolated bacteria were elucidated via biosensors. This study identified three QS strains and five QQ strains. A consortium of quenchers was formulated utilizing five strains that demonstrated efficacy in mitigating the impact of disease on gladiolus and fostering growth. Among the three treatments—Scale, Descale, and Descale and Cut Half (DSC)—the DSC treatment emerged as the most effective. This treatment exhibited a broader range of variation in biological parameters over time, aligning with prevailing trends in the local market.

The longevity of cut flowers is associated with various physio-biochemical traits. To extend vase life (VL) of cut flowers, a wide range of chemical-based preservatives solutions have been used, which raise the concerns of human health and environmental pollution. This study explored the potential of using ascorbic acid (AsA) to naturally extend the VL of cut sword lily (Gladiolus grandifloras) 'White Prosperity' flowers. Fresh spikes were placed in vase solutions containing 1, 2, 3 and 4% AsA solutions, denoted as AsA1, AsA2, AsA3 and AsA4, respectively, as well as distilled water (DsW) as control. The AsA solutions prolonged the VL from 5.75 to 12.5 days. The treatment AsA4 significantly improved the relative fresh weight, floret diameter, the number of open florets, and chlorophyll contents. Ascorbic acid decreased oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide) and boosted proline and total soluble proteins levels in cut sword lily, indicating a link with reduced water stress. AsA application improved phenols and sugars in the florets. Bacterial count was low in AsA-based vase solutions. Overall, AsA4 had the best performance with respect to VL and other associated traits. Given the encouraging outcomes of the ongoing research, AsA may be recommended as a viable postharvest treatment to extend the VL of sword lily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus, a widely cultivated cut flower known for its aesthetically pleasing multicoloured spikes, has earned significant commercial popularity. A comprehensive understanding of the rhizosphere bacterial community associated with gladiolus is imperative for revealing its potential benefits. Molecular characterization is considered an effective method to gain insights into the structural and functional aspects of microbial populations. The soil characteristics and bacterial communities in the rhizosphere are typically influenced by quorum sensing (QS) and quorum quenching (QQ) mechanisms. This study aims to explore the niceties and diversity of rhizospheric bacterial populations linked with gladiolus corms, with a specific focus on understanding the dynamics of QS and QQ mechanisms in their complex interactions. The isolation of bacterial strains was achieved through the serial dilution method on nutrient agar (NA) media. The identification of the isolates was accomplished by amplifying 16 S rRNA gene sequences via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) via the use of universal primers. Sequence analysis was conducted via BLAST on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The characteristics of the isolated bacteria were elucidated via biosensors. This study identified three QS strains and five QQ strains. A consortium of quenchers was formulated utilizing five strains that demonstrated efficacy in mitigating the impact of disease on gladiolus and fostering growth. Among the three treatments—Scale, Descale, and Descale and Cut Half (DSC)—the DSC treatment emerged as the most effective. This treatment exhibited a broader range of variation in biological parameters over time, aligning with prevailing trends in the local market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India during 2022-2023. The experiment was laid out using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 11 treatments and 4 replications. The different concentrations of FeSO4 treatments used in gladiolus plants were control (distilled water), FeSO4 0.1%, FeSO4 0.2%, FeSO4 0.3%, FeSO4 0.4%, FeSO4 0.5%, FeSO4 0.6%, FeSO4 0.7%, FeSO4 0.8%, FeSO4 0.9% and FeSO4 1.0%. Foliar application of iron was done at 3rd and 6th leaf stage. Growth characters observed the best results with application of FeSO4 0.3%. Number of plants/hill (2.19), number of leaves/hill (9.69), leaf length (55.88) and leaf width (2.52 cm) resulted maximum with the treatment of FeSO4 0.3%. Whereas, the longest plant height (59.21 cm) and widest scape width (2.59 cm) was recorded with FeSO4 0.2% and FeSO4 0.6%, respectively. Similarly, yield parameters such as number of corms/hill (2.23), weight of corms/hill (38.49 g) was recorded maximum with the treatment FeSO4 0.3%. While, the maximum number of cormels/hill, weight of cormels/hill and weight of cormels was noted with the treatment of FeSO4 0.2% (14.32 g, 5.87 g and 0.41 g, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An empirical study conducted during the year 2022-23 at KNK College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (MP), India investigated the impact of gamma irradiation on floral quality and post-harvest parameters of four gladiolus varieties (V1: Arka Aayush, V2: Arka Pratham, V3: Arka Kesar and V4: Arka Tilak) using five gamma doses (G1: 0.0 kr, G2: 1.25 kr, G3: 2.25 kr, G4: 3.25 kr and G5: 4.25 kr) in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD). Results indicated that Arka Kesar excelled in various parameters, including diameter and length of florets, spike girth, spike length and flowering duration. While, Arka Aayush exhibited superior performance in terms of vase life. Gamma irradiation at 0.00 kr (control) positively influenced several parameters, such as floret diameter, floret length, spike girth, spike length and vase life. The dose of 1.25 kr was beneficial for flowering duration. The interaction between gamma irradiation and varieties significantly affected vase life. Specifically, Arka Pratham irradiated with 0.00 kr exhibited the longest vase life (12.82 days). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the effect of physical (gamma irradiation) and chemical (EMS) mutagens on morphological traits and vegetative abnormalities in commercial gladiolus varieties American Beauty and Nova Lux. It examines various doses of gamma rays (1kR–5kR) and EMS (Ethyl Methanesulfonate) concentrations over two growing seasons.

This study presents the development of two new gladiolus mutants derived from the original cultivar Punjab Dawn (PD) through mutation breeding using gamma radiation. The experiment was conducted at the Model Floriculture Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), using a randomized block design. Gladiolus grandiflorus var. Punjab Dawn was chosen as the experimental material. Gladiolus corms of the Punjab Dawn (PD) variety were exposed to controlled doses of gamma rays i.e. 4.0 kR (T1) and 5.0 kR (T2) and Control (non-radiated T3) to induce random mutations in the genetic material. Following irradiation, the mutagenized populations were evaluated for novel phenotypic traits including flower color, size, shape and overall plant vigor. Two distinct mutant lines showing desirable characteristics were selected and further propagated to establish stable new varieties. The newly developed gladiolus mutants exhibit unique ornamental features and represent successful outcomes of mutation breeding using gamma radiation. This abstract highlight the application of mutation breeding to expand the genetic diversity of gladiolus cultivars and introduce innovative mutants with enhanced ornamental qualities derived from the popular Punjab Dawn cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate the suitability of gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) germplasm for cultivation in the temperate region of Uttarakhand in terms of vegetative, flowering and corm yielding characters from March to October, 2019. The field experiment was laid out using Randomized complete block design which replicated thrice at each plot size (150 cm × 100 cm) and a spacing of 30 cm × 20 cm. There were significant results obtained among the genotype in terms of vegetative, flowering and yield characteristics on gladiolus. The genotype Punjab Dawn performed the best in terms of minimum days required for sprouting of corms (16.41 days), days to first floret to show colour (91.16 days), days taken to first floret opening (95.33 days) and days to full bloom (106.50 days). Furthermore, it was also found that genotype Palmpur Pink performed best in terms of maximum plant height (113.70 cm), spike length (97.49 cm), rachis length (53.75 cm), number of floret per spike (18.04), spike weight (77.36 g), diameter of corm (5.73 cm) and weight of corm (53.72 g). In contrast, genotype Arka Amar on gladiolus had the longest vase life (14.20 days) for post-harvest quality. The experiment conclude that among 15 genotypes the Punjab Dawn and Palmpur Pink genotype are most suited for cut flower and corm production under temperate conditions of Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal (Uttarakhand), India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Flowers for All" project carried out by the PhenoGlad Team throughout Brazil, aims to spread floriculture as an alternative source of income and diversification for small rural properties. One of the crops introduced was gladiolus, standing out as an excellent option for small producers. In this context, the work focused on offering monitoring and advice on planting and managing gladioli, at the Attílio Benedetti municipal rural school, located in the rural area of the municipality of Vacaria, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The students were protagonists in planting 100 gladioli bulbs in a 2.0m x 6.0m bed. The experiment covered four distinct cultivars, varying in color and development cycles. Throughout the project, weekly visits were carried out, from planting to harvesting the gladiolus stems, allowing students to learn cultivation techniques. As part of the results achieved, on June 6th, a "Field Day" was held. Through this initiative, the extension project enabled notable interaction between the university and the school community. This integration highlights the inseparability between teaching, research, and extension, promoting the cultivation of new alternatives for small rural producers in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of cut flowers has substantial economic potential, and therefore, extending their lifespan has been the main focus of several floriculture researchers. Despite the increased marketable value of gladioli, their spikes rapidly lose their visual value and postharvest quality, accompanied by a short vase life. Unfortunately, most floral preservatives used to extend the flower lifespan have hazardous impacts; thus, providing eco-friendly alternatives has spurred immense interest among scientists. Sage and rosemary essential oils (EOs) seem to be effective eco-friendly flower preservatives due to their content of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. This study was therefore conducted to investigate whether using sage or rosemary EOs as novel preservative solutions can enhance the quality and prolong the vase life of cut gladiolus spikes. Gladiolus spikes were subjected to several concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L−1) of sage or rosemary EOs in a vase solution. All levels of both EOs significantly prolonged the vase life of gladiolus spikes, increased their water uptake and enhanced floret opening compared to the control. The vase life was increased by 88.16 and 84.76% by applying 150 or 100 mg L−1 of sage or rosemary EOs, respectively, compared to the untreated spikes. Sage and rosemary EO treatments markedly decreased bacterial populations, preserved the chlorophyll content, decreased H2O2 production and retarded the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and therefore preserved the membrane stability relative to the control. Furthermore, the total phenols and the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly increased due to sage or rosemary EO applications. In conclusion, sage or rosemary EOs may be applied as innovative, eco-friendly alternative preservatives to the communal chemicals used as preservatives in the cut flower industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenological models serve as a potent tool in management practices and determining flowering time in ornamental crops. Schwab's staging system for development of gladiola that relies on easily identifiable visual characteristics was used in the study to describe the detailed developmental stages and requirement of agrometeorological indices for each stage. The study was conducted with five gladiolus varieties planted at four different times to characterize the varieties for planting time. Plants under September and October plantings completed their phenological development in less time and accumulated fewer agrometeorological indices because of favourable temperature and short day conditions. The phenological model revealed that Punjab Lemon Delight and Punjab Glance could be planted in September as their blooming was delayed by 32 and 17 days, respectively and corm harvesting by 48 and 43 days respectively, when planted in December. The delay in blooming was 18 and 15 days respectively for Punjab Glad 3 and CPG and corresponding values for corm harvesting were 30 and 26 days when planting was done in December indicating that these varieties could be suitable for late planting. White Prosperity could be planted in October or November because when comparing planting in these 2 months, the number of days to bloom and the number of days to corm harvesting were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stalk rot disease is becoming an important disease in sweet corn crops because it causes significant yield losses of the crop. In July 2022, typical symptoms of stem rot were observed in fields of Mae Hia Agricultural Research, Demonstration and Training Center in Chiang Mai province of Thailand. The symptoms exhibited by affected crop included circular water‐soaked lesions, rot and necrotic tissue at the base of the stalk. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with reisolation of the inoculated strain from the inoculated tissues, and confirmation was obtained by phenotypic characters and 16S rRNA sequences. The isolated colony on nutrient agar was cream‐coloured, circular, with a convex elevation, entire margin and smooth surface; the optical character was translucent and exuded a yellowish pigment that diffused in the nutrient agar, gram‐negative, lacked arginine dihydrolase, occurrence of the oxidase and catalase reaction. The strains were able to utilize d‐galactose and glucose but were unable to utilize d‐maltose, d‐cellobiose, d‐fructose, d‐mannose, mannitol, lactose and sucrose. The strains showed positive results for gelatine liquefaction test, citrate utilization and casein hydrolysis, but starch hydrolysis and indole production were negative result. These characteristics are the same as those described previously for Burkholderia gladioli. Disease severity in sweet corn was 43.8%, with infections showing spots with dark margins and soft rot on mature leaves and flag leaves. Disease severity in waxy corn and maize were 21.9% and 15.6%, respectively, showing a few light or dark brown spots at the infection sites. Therefore, this represents the first report of leaf stripe and stalk rot disease in sweet corn in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of various mulch types on weed management, soil moisture conservation, and crop performance in Gladiolus hybridus cv. Punjab Glance at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The experiment tested different coloured polythene mulches--black (25µ), silver on black (25µ), transparent (25µ), and white (50µ)--as well as paddy straw mulch at the rate of 10, 15, and 20 tonnes/ha, and pendimethalin (0.5 kg/ha). Results demonstrated that transparent and white polythene mulches promoted earlier sprouting, bud initiation, and flowering. Black polythene mulch yielded the tallest plants (90.30 cm) and longest spikes (75.31 cm), while white polythene (50µ) mulch produced the most florets per spike (12.39) and extended the flowering duration (15.60 days). Hand-weeding achieved the highest weed control efÏciency (100%), closely followed by black polythene mulch (99.87%). Paddy straw mulch (1 t/ha) was the most effective for soil moisture conservation, with polythene mulches also performing well. Transparent (25µ) and white (50µ) polythene mulches recorded the highest average soil temperatures during the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the impact of spacing and corm size on the growth and production of Gladiolus plants in the Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh. The study found that wider spacing and larger corm size led to better growth parameters, including sprouting time, number of sprouts, plant height, number of leaves, leaf length and width, number of corms, and corm weight. These findings offer valuable insights for farmers and researchers interested in optimizing gladiolus cultivation. The results align with previous studies that have also shown the benefits of wider spacing and larger corm size for gladiolus production. [Extracted from the article]

Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans (B. cocovenenans) and its lethal toxin, bongkrekic acid (BA), have been causing frequent incidents of food poisoning in China, resulting in increased attention. The toxin is produced by B. cocovenenans under appropriate temperature and humidity, and mainly targets the inner mitochondrial membrane to cause toxic effects. At present, there are methods available for detecting BA, but the detoxification mechanism is not perfect. This review summarizes the naming process, biological characteristics, toxin production conditions, and sources of B. cocovenenans, as well as the physical and chemical properties, poisoning mechanism, clinical presentation, detection methods, and detoxification of BA. Additionally, the review provides recommendations for preventing bongkrekic acid poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plant species of family Iridaceae like Crocus, Gladiolus, Iris and Freesia are grown worldwide for their commercially valued flowers and flowering product. All these plants along with other cultivated members are known to get diseases from multiple pathogens. This leads to greater damage in yield causing huge economic losses to farmers and growers. To understand the disease cycle, their cause and prophylactic measures on broader scale, fungal and bacterial pathogens causing corm rot diseases, blight diseases, leaf spot, wilt diseases and viral diseases are discussed. The survey of the reported literature and their analysis revealed that corm and rhizome rot is most devastating disease in all commercially valued species from this family, worldwide. Fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum found to be pathogen of major concern. Viral and bacterial disease is equally recurring problem. Yet, suitable and recommended agronomic practices along with use of fungicides and bactericides have potential in preventing spread of pathogens and diseases to nearby fields. The endeavour of the article is to provide summarised information with potential to be utilised by stakeholders for better disease management and prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus is a well-known bulbous plant producing impressive cut spikes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) are vital signaling molecules required for the proper functioning of plant metabolism. Preharvest applications of these molecules to crops have gained attention in recent years due to their positive role in tackling abiotic stresses, although, their role in geophytes is comparatively less studied. We assessed the effects of preharvest H2S and NO treatments on development, flowering, harvest and postharvest performance of gladiolus inflorescences. NO and H2S + NO treatments increased preharvest performance of plants associated with corm production, inflorescences length and harvest time. Individual and combined treatments improved postharvest vase life (VL) up to 3.4 days. Total soluble proteins (TSP) were increased in response to H2S, NO and H2S + NO treatments by 39%, 43%, and 55%, respectively compared to the controls. Soluble sugars (SS) were increased after NO and H2S + NO treatments by up to 25% and 42%, respectively. Postharvest catalase (CAT) activity was higher by 65%, 68%, and 76% after H2S, NO and H2S + NO treatments, respectively. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased by all preharvest treatments by up to 88%, although, only the combined H2S + NO treatment reduced H2O2 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The results confirm that preharvest treatments with H2S, NO and H2S + NO may positively affect growth, floral traits and postharvest performance of cut gladiolus inflorescences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corms of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. "White Prosperity" was irradiated via red laser at wavelength 635 nm. Various morphological, flowering, elemental and chemical characterizations were studied. Irradiation with different power (5, 20, and 50 mW) and various irradiation time (0.0, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 min) was studied. Several characters), totaletermined include vegetative growth parameter (spouting days, plant height (cm), leaves number, leaves fresh and dry weights (g/plant), diameter of plant middle part (mm) and leaf area (cm2), floral parameters (flowering days, vase life (day), fresh and dry weights of inflorescence (g/plant), number of flowers per inflorescence, inflorescence length(cm), flowers diameter(cm), number of corms per plant, corms fresh weight(g/plant), circumference/ corms), pigments [total chlorophylls in leaves (SPAD), anthocyanin content (mg/100 g F.W.) in petals], NPK (%) in new corms and chemical composition in corms; total carbohydrates (%),total phenol (μg CE/g (%),total flavonoid (μg CE/g) (%), antioxidant (DPPH IC50 (μg /ml (%), and proline content (μ moles/g). The results showed that the medium level (20 mW) of He–Ne laser at 5 min caused favorable changes in the leaf anatomical structures and other studied characters followed by the low level (5 mW) of He–Ne laser at 5min. 112 bands emerged from 22 SSR primers, ranging between 130 and 540 bp, with 32 bands having polymorphism ranging from 17–100%. Out of the 22 SSR primers, 3 primers exhibited a high polymorphism percentage, i.e., SSR6, SSR16 and SSR22 which exhibited 7 positive markers. These findings revealed the efficiency of SSR primers for differentiating gladiolus plants and revealed that some alleles were affected by laser in their corms and the expression resulted in color or abnormalities in leaves and/or flowers. Mutation in some alleles could result in abnormalities like mutation in the allele with 410 bp revealed by SSR16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defense mechanisms of plants evolve as they develop. Previous research has identified chemical defenses against Western flower thrips (WFT) in Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.). Consequently, our study aimed to explore the consistency of these defense variations against WFT across the various developmental stages of Gladiolus grown under different conditions. Thrips bioassays were conducted on whole plants at three developmental stages, using the Charming Beauty and Robinetta varieties as examples of susceptible and resistant varieties, respectively. Metabolomic profiles of the leaves, buds and flowers before thrips infestation were analyzed. The thrips damage in Charming Beauty was more than 500-fold higher than the damage in Robinetta at all plant development stages. Relative concentrations of triterpenoid saponins and amino acids that were associated with resistance were higher in Robinetta at all plant stages. In Charming Beauty, the leaves exhibited greater damage compared to buds and flowers. The relative concentrations of alanine, valine and threonine were higher in buds and flowers than in leaves. The Metabolomic profiles of the leaves did not change significantly during plant development. In addition, we cultivated plants under different environmental conditions, ensuring consistency in the performance of the two varieties across different growing conditions. In conclusion, the chemical thrips resistance markers, based on the analysis of vegetative plants grown in climate rooms, were consistent over the plant's lifetime and for plants grown under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh has immense potential for cut flower production and export to the world market. Although the export earnings from cut flower cultivation are gradually increasing in our country, production and profitability are hindered by some constraints. The present study was undertaken in Jashore (Jhikargachha) and Dhaka (Savar) districts to examine the financial profitability, constraints, and opportunities of cut-flower cultivation in Bangladesh. A total of 120 cut flower cultivating farmers were selected for interview in 2019, taking 60 sample farmers from each location. Multi-stage random sampling method was followed to collect primary data. For profitability analysis, two cut flowers, namely gladiolus and rose, were selected for the study. The result indicates that per hectare total cost, net return, and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were Tk. 687439, Tk. 261509 and 1.38, respectively, for gladiolus cultivation. On the other hand, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and BCR of rose cultivation were Tk. 2325762, 146%, and 1.46, respectively, indicating that rose production is highly profitable to the farmers of the study areas. Despite such potentialities, cut flower cultivation was constrained by the requirement of high initial investment, lack of modern varieties, lack of credit facility, lack of storage facility, attack by pests & diseases, and uncertain market price. However, there is a huge scope to increase cut flower production by removing constraints in Bangladesh that can boost up livelihoods, incomes, and living conditions of rural people.

Thrips are very cryptic in nature and difficult to trace and initiate control measure under field condition till damage symptom appears. Thrips generally move long distances by floating with the wind and get trapped on the sticky board while moving between rows of plants as traps are better indicators of thrips activity. Coloured sticky traps are used for mass trapping and monitoring. This study assessed the effectiveness of coloured sticky traps for mass trapping of Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood) in gladiolus. The attraction of three colours blue, yellow, and white at four different heights (25, 50, 75 and 100 cm) was assessed. The number of thrips caught in the various coloured traps varied greatly, with the blue sticky trap attracting the most, followed by yellow and white. These findings suggest that blue-colored traps can be utilised for mass trapping and monitoring of thrips in gladiolus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional gladiolus propagation methods are now supplemented with in vitro propagation to meet the demands of modern floriculture in terms of quick production of disease-free, quality planting material. Due to virus infections, vegetative propagation in gladiolus in the field is slow, and is a serious concern in the propagation of gladiolus. In vitro propagation provides an enormous increase in propagation rate and the ability to produce disease-free plant material. Numerous elements, including cultivars, explant type, size of explants, position of explants on medium, plant growth regulators and certain additives, incubation conditions, and sub-culturing time, all have a significant impact on in vitro clonal propagation of gladiolus plants as well as the development of in vitro cormel efficiency. There are certain obstacles and challenges that arise in the in vitro development of plants and the cormels of gladiolus. However, numerous studies and review reports on gladiolus for in vitro propagation have been reported, but very little is known about the factors influencing gladiolus' in vitro effectiveness. In the present review, we focused on and analyzed research data accumulated over 50 years on diverse strategies for in vitro propagation such as direct, indirect organogenesis, and somatic embryogenesis, as well as various factors such as physical, nutritional, and hormonal influences on in vitro propagation, in vitro cormel formation efficiency, difficulties that arise, and new insights into in vitro development in gladiolus from the available literature worldwide. Future possibilities for further improvement in the in vitro propagation of ornamental gladiolus are also discussed. The current review provides insight into a comprehensive protocol for gladiolus in vitro propagation and emphasizes the importance of continuously advancing tissue culture techniques and factors influencing the in vitro efficiency towards improving in vitro plantlets and cormels in gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burkholderia gladioli pv. cocovenenans is a serious safety issue in black fungus due to the deadly toxin, bongkrekic acid. This has triggered the demand for an efficient toxigenic phenotype recognition method. The objective of this study is to develop an efficient method for the recognition of toxin-producing B. gladioli strains. The potential of multilocus sequence typing and a back propagation neural network for the recognition of toxigenic B. cocovenenans was explored for the first time. The virulent strains were isolated from a black fungus cultivation environment in Qinba Mountain area, Shaanxi, China. A comprehensive evaluation of toxigenic capability of 26 isolates were conducted using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography for determination of bongkrekic acid and toxoflavin production in different culturing conditions and foods. The isolates produced bongkrekic acid in the range of 0.05–6.24 mg/L in black fungus and a highly toxin-producing strain generated 201.86 mg/L bongkrekic acid and 45.26 mg/L toxoflavin in co-cultivation with Rhizopus oryzae on PDA medium. Multilocus sequence typing phylogeny (MLST) analysis showed that housekeeping gene sequences have a certain relationship with a strain toxigenic phenotype. We developed a well-trained, back-propagation neutral network for prediction of toxigenic phenotype in B. gladioli based on MLST sequences with an accuracy of 100% in the training set and an accuracy of 86.7% in external test set strains. The BP neutral network offers a highly efficient approach to predict toxigenic phenotype of strains and contributes to hazard detection and safety surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus oreophilus Eker & Sağıroğlu sp. nova (Amaryllidaceae) is described as a new species from the Hatay Province, Turkey. It resembles G. kotschyanus, G. alanyensis and G. adanus, but it clearly differs from these three species by capsule size, flower colour, number and width of leaves, seed shape and ornamentation, and shapes of periclinal cell walls and testa epidermal cells. Herein, we provide the morphological features, distribution, habitat characteristics, conservation assessment, and micromorphological characteristics of seeds of G. oreophilus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus alucraensis Sağıroğlu & Eker sp. nova (Iridaceae) is described and illustrated from Alucra District of Giresun Province in northern Anatolia, Turkey. It is morphologically close to G. aladagensis and G. kotschayanus, but differs from them by numerous macromorphological flower characters and micromorphological seed characters. The diagnostic morphological features, distribution, habitat, and conservation assessment of the new species are presented. The micromorphological characteristics of the seeds of G. alucraensis, G. aladagensis and G. kotschyanus mericarps were examined using LM and SEM analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, an increase in the commercialization of gladiolus has been observed, making it necessary to know information that contributes to the optimization of its production. Such information can be obtained from the scientometric analysis. Thus, the objective of this work was to perform a scientometric analysis of the global scientific literature to quantify the studies on gladiolus and to specify in the Brazilian scientific literature the results of works on the cultivation environment. The scientometric analysis was performed in the Scopus database for the entire historical data series until the year 2021. A total of 1402 scientific papers published on gladiolus culture were obtained with an average publication rate equal to 0.62 papers year-1. These papers were mostly published as scientific articles in English language in journals focusing on horticulture and India is the country with the highest number of publications. About the cultivation environment, the studies conducted in Brazil indicate that the production of gladiolus should be carried out in periods that do not occur frosts and also for average air temperature below 35 °C and soil humidity above 75% of field capacity. Despite the important results of these works, the global scientific literature still lacks more information that adequately assists in the increase of gladiolus production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective; To investigate the effects of preservative (dehydroacetic acid and 8-polylysine hydrochloride) and incubation temperature on the growth and toxin production of Burkholderia gladiolus on wet rice flour medium. Methods: A Burkholderia acorus (P. coenovenae) strain isolated from a food poisoning event was used as the research object. The strains were inoculated into wet rice flour medium supplemented with dehydroacetic acid (1.0 g/kg), ε-polylysine hydrochloride (0.25 g/kg) and no preservative, and cultured at 10, 26 and 36 °C to study the growth and virulence of the strains in wet rice flour. The modified Gompertz model was used to construct the primary growth model. Results: At 10 t, the strain grew slowly and did not produce bongkrekic acid. At 26 °C, the strain produced toxin more than 500 µg/ kg in the control group and all experimental groups when cultured to 96 h. The strain produced bongkrekic acid the earliest in the samples with dehydroacetic acid, and its maximum concentration (1 484 µg/kg) was slightly lower than that in the control group (2 561 µg/kg) and 8-polylysine hydrochloride group (2 762 µg/kg). The most rapid growth was observed at 36 °C, but the production of toxin was lower than 350 µg/kg. Conclusion: Storage of wet rice flour at 10 °C can effectively reduce the risk of producing rice krekic acid. Both dehydroacetic acid and ε-polylysine hydrochloride failed to prevent the growth and toxin production of Burkholderia gladiolus. It is necessary to further explore effective preservants to develop multi-means control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gladiolus is a popular commercial flower crop among top ten cut flowers of international trade. In order to improve the rate of multiplication, eleven gladiolus varieties with three nutrient regimes (N1-96:18:108, N2-128:24:144 and N3-160:30:180 ppm of NPK) were evaluated under aeroponics system. The results revealed that different varieties and nutrient regimes had significant influence on plant growth, corm and cormel production. Among the genotypes, Arka Naveen recorded maximum plant height (109.44 cm), on par with Arka Amar (104.77 cm). The genotype Arka Amar (1.89) recorded highest number of corms per plant, on par with Arka Ranjini (1.78), Arka Aayush (1.44), Arka Naveen (1.44) and Arka Shobha (1.67). However, number of cormels were recorded highest in Arka Aayush (1.67), on par with Arka Amar (1.67) and Arka Ranjini (1.44). Among the nutrient regimes, N2 (128:24:144 ppm NPK) registered maximum plant height (85.44 cm), on par with N3 (160:30:180 ppm NPK) (77.42 cm). The number of corms (1.39) and cormels (3.56) per plant were recorded highest in N2 (128:24:144 ppm of NPK). The genotype Arka Manorama did not produce cormels under aeroponics system. Gladiolus varieties Arka Amar, Arka Aayush and Arka Naveen were found as best suited under aeroponic system for better corm multiplication under the nutrient regime of N2 (128:24:144 ppm of NPK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management and Foliar Application of Micronutrients on Vegetative and Quality Attributes of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus Hort.) cv. White Prosperity at the Horticulture Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (U.P.) during 2022- 23. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications including total of twelve treatments. In addition to control, two organic manures, VC and FYM, two micronutrients, ZnSO4 (0.5%) + FeSO4 (0.5%) and their combinations with recommended dose of chemical fertilizers are employed. Among these treatments, plants treated with treatment T8 [75% RDF + FYM (6 t/ha) + VC (2 t/ha) + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 ] performed better in terms of various vegetative and quality attributes, such as minimum days of sprouting, days to spike emergence and days required to opening of first floret and maximum plant height and number of sprouts per corm while, treatment T7 [75% RDF + VC (4 t/ha) + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 ] gave superior results viz., maximum number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight of floret, number of spikes per plant, per plot and per hectare, corms diameter, weight of corm, weight of cormels per plant, number of corms per plant, number of cormels per plant, corms size and maximum yield of corms per plant and per hectare. However, number of florets per spike, spike diameter, spike longevity, spike length, rachis length and duration of flowering were superior in treatment T6 [75% RDF + VC (4 t/ha) + 0.5% FeSO4 ]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of cut flowers has substantial economic potential, and therefore, extending their lifespan has been the main focus of several floriculture researchers. Despite the increased marketable value of gladioli, their spikes rapidly lose their visual value and postharvest quality, accompanied by a short vase life. Unfortunately, most floral preservatives used to extend the flower lifespan have hazardous impacts; thus, providing eco-friendly alternatives has spurred immense interest among scientists. Sage and rosemary essential oils (EOs) seem to be effective eco-friendly flower preservatives due to their content of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. This study was therefore conducted to investigate whether using sage or rosemary EOs as novel preservative solutions can enhance the quality and prolong the vase life of cut gladiolus spikes. Gladiolus spikes were subjected to several concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L−1) of sage or rosemary EOs in a vase solution. All levels of both EOs significantly prolonged the vase life of gladiolus spikes, increased their water uptake and enhanced floret opening compared to the control. The vase life was increased by 88.16 and 84.76% by applying 150 or 100 mg L−1 of sage or rosemary EOs, respectively, compared to the untreated spikes. Sage and rosemary EO treatments markedly decreased bacterial populations, preserved the chlorophyll content, decreased H2O2 production and retarded the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and therefore preserved the membrane stability relative to the control. Furthermore, the total phenols and the antioxidant enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly increased due to sage or rosemary EO applications. In conclusion, sage or rosemary EOs may be applied as innovative, eco-friendly alternative preservatives to the communal chemicals used as preservatives in the cut flower industry.

Summary: A prophage tail‐like protein (Bg_9562) of Burkholderia gladioli strain NGJ1 possesses broad‐spectrum antifungal activity, and it is required for the bacterial ability to forage over fungi. Here, we analyzed whether heterologous overexpression of Bg_9562 or exogenous treatment with purified protein can impart disease tolerance in tomato. The physiological relevance of Bg_9562 during endophytic growth of NGJ1 was also investigated.Bg_9562 overexpressing lines demonstrate fungal and bacterial disease tolerance. They exhibit enhanced expression of defense genes and activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases. Treatment with Bg_9562 protein induces defense responses and imparts immunity in wild‐type tomato.The defense‐inducing ability lies within 18–51 aa region of Bg_9562 and is due to sequence homology with the bacterial flagellin epitope. Interaction studies suggest that Bg_9562 is perceived by FLAGELLIN‐SENSING 2 homologs in tomato. The silencing of SlSERK3s (BAK1 homologs) prevents Bg_9562‐triggered immunity. Moreover, type III secretion system‐dependent translocation of Bg_9562 into host apoplast is important for elicitation of immune responses during colonization of NGJ1.Our study emphasizes that Bg_9562 is important for the endophytic growth of B. gladioli, while the plant perceives it as an indirect indicator of the presence of bacteria to mount immune responses. The findings have practical implications for controlling plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bongkrekic acid (BKA) poisoning, induced by the contamination of Burkholderia gladioli pathovar cocovenenans, has a long-standing history of causing severe outbreaks of foodborne illness. In recent years, it has emerged as a lethal food safety concern, presenting significant challenges to public health. This review article highlights the recent incidents of BKA poisoning and current research discoveries on the pathogenicity of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans and underlying biochemical mechanisms for BKA synthesis. Moreover, the characterization of B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans and the identification of the bon gene cluster provide a crucial foundation for developing targeted interventions to prevent BKA accumulation in food matrices. The prevalence of the bon gene cluster, which is the determining factor distinguishing B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans from non-pathogenic B. gladioli strains, has been identified in 15% of documented B. gladioli genomes worldwide. This finding suggests that BKA poisoning has the potential to evolve into a more prevalent threat. Although limited, previous research has proved that B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans is capable of producing BKA in diverse environments, emphasizing the possible food safety hazards associated with BKA poisoning. Also, advancements in detection methods of both BKA and B. gladioli pv. cocovenenans hold great promise for mitigating the impact of this foodborne disease. Future studies focusing on reducing the threat raised by this vicious foe is of paramount importance to public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]