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Abstract Background Glucose can be involved in metabolic activities as a structural substance or signaling molecule and plays an important regulatory role in fruit development. Glucose metabolism is closely related to the phenylpropanoid pathway, but the specific role of glucose in regulating lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit is still unclear. The transcriptome of pear calli generated from fruit and treated with glucose was analyzed to investigate the role of glucose in lignin biosynthesis. Results The treatment of exogenous glucose significantly enhanced the accumulation of lignin in pear calli. A total of 6566 differentially expressed genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Glycolysis was found to be the pathway with significant changes. Many differentially expressed genes were enriched in secondary metabolic pathways, especially the phenylpropanoid pathway. Expression of structural genes (PbPAL, PbHCT, PbCOMT, PbPRX) in lignin biosynthesis was up-regulated after glucose treatment. In addition, glucose might regulate lignin biosynthesis through interactions with ABA, GA, and SA signaling. Several candidate MYB transcription factors involved in glucose-induced lignin biosynthesis have also been revealed. The qRT-PCR analyses showed that the expression pattern of PbPFP at early developmental stage in ‘Dangshansuli’ fruits was consistent with the trend of lignin content. Transient expression of PbPFP resulted in a significant increase of lignin content in ‘Dangshansuli’ fruits at 35 days after full bloom (DAB) and tobacco leaves, indicating that PbPFP (Pbr015118.1) might be associated with the enhancement of lignin biosynthesis in response to glucose treatment. Conclusions PbPFP plays a positive role in regulating lignin biosynthesis in response to glucose treatment. This study may reveal the regulatory pathway related to lignin accumulation in pear calli induced by glucose.

Background: Glucose can be involved in metabolic activities as a structural substance or signaling molecule and plays an important regulatory role in fruit development. Glucose metabolism is closely related to the phenylpropanoid pathway, but the specific role of glucose in regulating lignin biosynthesis in pear fruit is still unclear. The transcriptome of pear calli generated from fruit and treated with glucose was analyzed to investigate the role of glucose in lignin biosynthesis. Results: The treatment of exogenous glucose significantly enhanced the accumulation of lignin in pear calli. A total of 6566 differentially expressed genes were obtained by transcriptome sequencing. Glycolysis was found to be the pathway with significant changes. Many differentially expressed genes were enriched in secondary metabolic pathways, especially the phenylpropanoid pathway. Expression of structural genes (PbPAL, PbHCT, PbCOMT, PbPRX) in lignin biosynthesis was up-regulated after glucose treatment. In addition, glucose might regulate lignin biosynthesis through interactions with ABA, GA, and SA signaling. Several candidate MYB transcription factors involved in glucose-induced lignin biosynthesis have also been revealed. The qRT-PCR analyses showed that the expression pattern of PbPFP at early developmental stage in 'Dangshansuli' fruits was consistent with the trend of lignin content. Transient expression of PbPFP resulted in a significant increase of lignin content in 'Dangshansuli' fruits at 35 days after full bloom (DAB) and tobacco leaves, indicating that PbPFP (Pbr015118.1) might be associated with the enhancement of lignin biosynthesis in response to glucose treatment. Conclusions: PbPFP plays a positive role in regulating lignin biosynthesis in response to glucose treatment. This study may reveal the regulatory pathway related to lignin accumulation in pear calli induced by glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese hexacyanoferrate (Mn-PBA) is a promising cathode material forsodium-ion secondary battery (SIB) with high average voltage (=3.4 V) against Na. Here,we find that the thermal decomposition of glucose modifies the surface state of Mn-PBA,without affecting the bulk crystal structure. The glucose treatment significantly improves therate properties of Mn-PBA in SIB. The critical discharge rate increases from 1 C (as-grown)to 15 C (glucose-treated). Our observation suggests that thermal treatment is quite effectivefor insulating coordination polymers.

An autopolyploid that contains more than two sets of the same chromosomes causes apparent alterations in morphology, development, physiology and gene expression compared to diploid. However, the mechanisms for these changes remain largely unknown. In the present study, cytological observations of mature embryos and growing cotyledons demonstrated that enlarged organ size of an autotetraploid Arabidopsis was caused by cell size and not by cell number. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of 34 core cell cycle genes revealed a subtle but stable increase in the expression of ICK1, ICK2 and ICK5 in autotetraploid seedlings. Autotetraploid Arabidopsis plants were found to be more sensitive to glucose treatment than diploid with decreased number of rosette leaves and suppressed root elongation. Cytological observations demonstrated that both cell proliferation and cell expansion of autotetraploid were dramatically suppressed under glucose treatment. Expression levels of ICK1, ICK5 together with Cyclin D and Cyclin B was increased under glucose treatment in both diploid and autotetraploid plants. These results suggest that ICK1 and ICK5 may be involved in developmental delay and that the suppressed growth under glucose treatment probably resulted from disturbed mitotic and endoreduplication cycle in autotetraploid Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to determine the effects of glucose treatment of canola meal (CM) and canola seed (CS) on rumen degradability characteristics of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) in four ruminally cannulated mature (2 years old) Merino rams. Canola meal and canola seed were treated first with water then heat, treated first with water then heat plus 2% glucose and treated first with water then heat plus 3% glucose. Crude protein degradability value of CM was reduced (p<0.001) by 3% glucose treatment at all rumen incubation times. Effective DM and OM degradabilities of CM were decreased (p<0.001) by 2 and 3% glucose treatments. Effective crude protein degradability of CM treated with 3% glucose was lower (p<0.001) than untreated CM, CM treated with water+heat and 2% glucose. While effective DM (p<0.05) and OM (p<0.001) degradabilities were reduced only in CS treated with 3% glucose, this effect was not determined for effective CP degradability of CS in any treatment. In conclusion, there was an effect in reducing of effective CP degradability of CM treated with 3% glucose although glucose treatment was ineffective on reducing of effective CP degradability value of CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Glucose treatment induced Arabidopsis FMO GS-OX2/4 expression independent of known MYB/MYC. • FMO GS-OX2/4 induction is partially regulated by ABA through regulators ABI1 and ABI2. • FMO GS-OX2 upregulation resulted in a decrease in methylthioalkyl glucosinolates. • FMO GS-OX2 upregulation resulted in an increase in methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates. Side-chain modification contributes to the structural diversity of aliphatic glucosinolates (GSLs), a class of sulfur-containing secondary metabolites found in Brassicales. The first step in side-chain modification of aliphatic GSLs is the S -oxygenation of the methylthioalkyl (MT) moiety to the methylsulfinylalkyl (MS) moiety. This reaction is catalyzed by flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO GS-OX), which is encoded by seven genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, the regulation of FMO GS-OX gene expression is key to controlling side-chain structural diversity. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of FMO GS-OX2 and FMO GS-OX4 was induced by glucose treatment, independent of MYB28/29 and MYC2/3/4, the transcription factors that positively regulate aliphatic GSL biosynthesis. Glucose treatment of the abscisic acid (ABA)-related mutants indicated that glucose-triggered upregulation of FMO GS-OX2 and FMO GS-OX4 was partially regulated by ABA through the key negative regulators ABI1 and ABI2, and the positive regulator SnRK2, but not via the transcription factor ABI5. In wild-type plants, glucose treatment drastically reduced the accumulation of 4-methylthiobutyl (4MT) GSL, whereas a decrease in 4MT GSL was not observed in the fmo gs-ox2 , abi1-1 , abi2-1 , aba2-1 , or aba3-1 mutants. This result indicated that the decreased accumulation of 4MT GSL by glucose treatment was attributed to upregulation of FMO GS-OX2 via the ABA signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth of soil microorganisms is often described as carbon limited, and adding labile carbon to soil often results in a transient and large increase in respiration. In contrast, soil microbial biomass changes little, suggesting that growth and respiration are decoupled in response to a carbon pulse. Alternatively, measuring bulk responses of the entire community (total respiration and biomass) could mask ecologically important variation among taxa in response to the added carbon. Here, we assessed taxon‐specific variation in cellular growth (measured as DNA synthesis) and metabolic activity (measured as rRNA synthesis) following glucose addition to soil using quantitative stable isotope probing with H218O. We found that glucose addition altered rates of DNA and rRNA synthesis, but the effects were strongly taxon specific: glucose stimulated growth and rRNA transcription for some taxa, and suppressed these for others. These contrasting taxon‐specific responses could explain the small and transient changes in total soil microbial biomass. Responses to glucose were not well predicted by a priori assignments of taxa into copiotrophic or oligotrophic categories. Across all taxa, rates of DNA and rRNA synthesis changed in parallel, indicating that growth and activity were coupled, and the degree of coupling was unaffected by glucose addition. This pattern argues against the idea that labile carbon addition causes a large reduction in metabolic growth efficiency; rather, the large pulse of respiration observed with labile substrate addition is more likely to be the result of rapid turnover of microbial biomass, possibly due to trophic interactions. Our results support a strong connection between rRNA synthesis and bacterial growth, and indicate that taxon‐specific responses among soil bacteria can buffer responses at the scale of the whole community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperglycemia is a common issue affecting inpatient care. Although this is in part because of the higher rate of hospitalization among patients with preexisting diabetes, multiple factors complicate inpatient glucose management, including acute stress from illness or surgery, erratic dietary intake, and contribution of medications. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that poorly controlled blood glucose levels are associated with negative clinical outcomes, such as increased mortality, higher rate of surgical complications, and longer length of hospital stay. Given these concerns, there has been extensive study of the optimal strategy for management of glucose levels, with the bulk of existing literature focusing on insulin therapy in the intensive care unit setting. This review shifts the focus to the general adult medical and surgical wards, using clinical guidelines and sentinel studies to describe the scientific basis behind the current basal-bolus insulin-based approach to blood sugar management among noncritically ill inpatients. Patient-centered clinical trials looking at alternative dosing regimens and insulin analog and noninsulin agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist therapies, introduce safe and effective options in the management of inpatient hyperglycemia. Data from these studies reveal that these approaches are of comparable safety and efficacy to the traditional basal-bolus insulin regimen, and may offer additional benefit in terms of less monitoring requirements and lower rates of hypoglycemia. Although existing data are encouraging, outcome studies will be needed to better establish the clinical impact of these more recently proposed approaches in an effort to broaden and improve current clinical practices in inpatient diabetes care.