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Both sugars and lipids are important biomolecular building blocks with exceptional conformational flexibility and adaptability to their environment. Glycolipids bring together these two molecular components in the same assembly and combine the complexity of their conformational landscapes. In the present study, we have used selective double resonance vibrational spectroscopy, in combination with a computational approach, to explore the conformational preferences of two glycolipid models (3-0-acyl catechol and guaiacol α-D-glucopyranosides), either fully isolated in the gas phase or controlled interaction with a single water molecule. We could identify the preferred conformation and structures of the isolated and micro-hydrated species and evidence of the presence of a strong water pocket, which may influence the conformational flexibility of such systems, even in less controlled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires affect soils in multiple ways, leading to numerous challenges for colonizing microorganisms. Although it is thought that fire-adapted microorganisms lie at the forefront of postfire ecosystem recovery, the specific strategies that these organisms use to thrive in burned soils remain largely unknown. Through bioactivity screening of bacterial isolates from burned soils, we discovered that several Paraburkholderia spp. isolates produced a set of unusual rhamnolipid surfactants with a natural methyl ester modification. These rhamnolipid methyl esters (RLMEs) exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity against other postfire microbial isolates, including pyrophilous Pyronema fungi and Amycolatopsis bacteria, compared to the typical rhamnolipids made by organisms such as Pseudomonas spp. RLMEs also showed enhanced surfactant properties and facilitated bacterial motility on agar surfaces. In vitro assays further demonstrated that RLMEs improved aqueous solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are potential carbon sources found in char. Identification of the rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes in the postfire isolate, Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis str. F3, led to the discovery of rhlM, whose gene product is responsible for the unique methylation of rhamnolipid substrates. RhlM is the first characterized bacterial representative of a large class of integral membrane methyltransferases that are widespread in bacteria. These results indicate multiple roles for RLMEs in the postfire lifestyle of Paraburkholderia isolates, including enhanced dispersal, solubilization of potential nutrients, and inhibition of competitors. Our findings shed new light on the chemical adaptations that bacteria employ to navigate, grow, and outcompete other soil community members in postfire environments.

Biosurfactants, naturally produced by plants and microorganisms, closely mimic synthetic surfactants in physiochemical properties, making them valuable alternatives in various applications. They serve as antimicrobial agents and play a crucial role in immune regulations. These compounds find wide use in industries like food processing, biodegradation, pharmaceuticals, and naturally present in the skin, brain, lungs, and gut, maintaining membrane permeability for organ health. This review outlines the basic characteristics and classes of biosurfactants (glycolipids, lipopeptides, phospholipids, and glycoproteins) and explores their biomedical importance, emphasizing their anti-adhesive, antimicrobial, and immune-modulating properties. This review aimed to provide outline the fundamental characteristics of biosurfactants and deliver a brief overview of their different classes, including glycolipids, lipopeptides, phospholipids, and glycoproteins. Furthermore, this review also explore their biomedical significance, highlighting their anti-adhesive, antimicrobial, and immune-modulating properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycolipid biosurfactant, sophorolipids (SLs) and rhamnolipids (RLs) can be widely used in agriculture, food and chemical industries. The different physicochemical properties of SLs and RLs, such as hydrophilic lipophilic value (HLB) and critical micelle concentration (CMC), determine they have different application focus. Researchers are still hoping to obtain new glycolipid surfactants with unique surface activities. In this study, we successfully transformed two rhamnosyltransferase genes rhlA and rhlB from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the sophorolipid-producing Starmerella bombicola CGMGG 1576 to obtain a recombinant strain was SbrhlAB. Two novel components with molecular weight of 554 (C26H50O12) and 536 (C26H48O11) were identified with the ASB C18 column from the fermentation broth of SbrhlAB, the former was a non-acetylated acidic C14:0 glycolipid containing one glucose and one rhamnose, and the latter was an acidic C14:1 glycolipid containing two rhamnoses. With the Venusil MP C18 column, one new glycolipid component was identified as an acidic C18:3 glycolipid with one rhamnose (C24H40O7), which has not been reported before. Our present study demonstrated that novel glycolipids can be synthesized in vivo by reasonable genetic engineering. The results will be helpful to engineer sophorolipid-producing yeast to produce some specific SLs or their derivatives in more rational and controllable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant fucosylation is the hallmark of malignant cell transformation, leading to many cellular events, such as uncontrolled cell proliferation, angiogenesis, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. This increased fucosylation is caused due to the over-expression of fucosyltransferases (FUTs) that catalyzes the transfer of the fucose (Fuc) residue from GDP-fucose (donor substrate) to various oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids (acceptor substrates). Hence, fucosyltransferases (FUTs) are considered as validated target for the drug discovery against on cancers. In the current study, a drug repurposing approach was deployed to identify new hits against fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2), using computational and biophysical techniques. A library of 500 US-FDA approved drugs were screened in-silico against fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) donor and acceptor sites. Five drugs were predicted as hits, based on their significant docking scores (-5.8 to -8.2), and binding energies (-43 to -51.19 Kcal/mol). Furthermore, STD-NMR highlighted the epitope of these drugs in the binding site of fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2). Simulation studies provided insights about the binding site of these drugs, and 4 of them, acarbose, ascorbic acid, ibuprofen, and enalaprilat dihydrate, were found as significant binders at the donor binding site of fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2). Hence, the current study reports the repurposed drugs as potential hits against fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2). These may be further studied through in-vitro and in-vivo inhibitory and mechanistic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic ferns of the genus Azolla (Azolla) form highly productive symbioses with filamentous cyanobacteria fixing N2 in their leaf cavities, Nostoc azollae. Stressed symbioses characteristically turn red due to 3‐deoxyanthocyanidin (DA) accumulation, rare in angiosperms and of unknown function. To understand DA accumulation upon cold acclimation and recovery, we integrated laser‐desorption‐ionization mass‐spectrometry‐imaging (LDI‐MSI), a new Azolla filiculoides genome‐assembly and annotation, and dual RNA‐sequencing into phenotypic analyses of the symbioses. Azolla sp. Anzali recovered even when cold‐induced DA‐accumulation was inhibited by abscisic acid. Cyanobacterial filaments generally disappeared upon cold acclimation and Nostoc azollae transcript profiles were unlike those of resting stages formed in cold‐resistant sporocarps, yet filaments re‐appeared in leaf cavities of newly formed green fronds upon cold‐recovery. The high transcript accumulation upon cold acclimation of AfDFR1 encoding a flavanone 4‐reductase active in vitro suggested that the enzyme of the first step in the DA‐pathway may regulate accumulation of DAs in different tissues. However, LDI‐MSI highlighted the necessity to describe metabolite accumulation beyond class assignments as individual DA and caffeoylquinic acid metabolites accumulated differentially. For example, luteolinidin accumulated in epithelial cells, including those lining the leaf cavity, supporting a role for the former in the symbiotic interaction during cold acclimation. Summary statement: During cold acclimation in Azolla symbioses, individual compounds from the same phenolic class accumulated in different host tissues: luteolinidin associated with biotic interactions at the symbiosis interface while apigenidin with photooxidative stress mitigation in the mesophyll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid oil produced from the acidulation of soapstock was investigated as a feedstock for producing a glycolipid biosurfactant, manosylerithritol lipid (MEL), by microbial fermentation. Fermentation with the optimized acid oil substrate concentration of 200 g L−1 resulted in 3.89 g L−1 of MEL. To enhance productivity, the titer MEL was produced by a multistage fermentation process with the periodic addition of 20–50 g L−1 substrate after the stationary phase of the culture. The repeated substrate feeding marginally enhanced the MEL titer up to 5.56 g L−1. The MEL from the culture broth was recovered by solvent extraction at different pH levels. Among the solvents tested, ethyl acetate: acetonitrile (9:1) demonstrated a higher partition coefficient value of 3.1 in acidic conditions with 75.6% MEL recovery. The MEL produced by using acid oil as feedstock has significant surface-active properties, measuring 2.8 × 10−6 M in critical micelle concentration with 29.3 mN m−1 surface tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjuvants are essential components of vaccines as they enable protection against multiple pathogens by enhancing the duration, magnitude and or quality of immune responses. SLA Archaeosomes, a type of liposome composed of sulfated lactosyl archaeol (SLA) glycolipids, are highly stable vaccine adjuvants that have been shown to induce strong immune responses in preclinical models of infectious disease and cancer. To better understand the mechanism of activity behind SLA archaeosomes strong immunogenic properties, we studied the effect of structural change on vaccine adjuvanticity. Herein, we report the synthesis of three new sulfated lactosyl glycosides (SLGs) by replacing the archaeol moiety with various side-chains. These derivatives were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and thin layer chromatography for identity and purity assessment. The SLGs were co-assembled in the presence of DMPC and cholesterol to produce lipid vesicles. The abilities of the SLG-based liposomes to act as vaccine adjuvants were compared to SLA archaeosomes in an in vivo murine vaccine model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose and lipid metabolism disorders are the core pathological mechanism of a variety of metabolic diseases, and the incidence of related diseases is increasing year by year, which seriously threatens human life and health. Traditional Chinese medicine with medicinal and edible properties refers to Chinese medicinal resources that have both medicinal and edible characteristics. Due to its safety and its health-promoting and medicinal functions, traditional Chinese medicine has received increasing attention in the development of functional health foods. Phenolic acids are important secondary metabolites that are ubiquitous in medicinal and edible homologous plants, and the regulation of glycolipid metabolism is an important activity and plays a key role in many diseases. In this paper, we focus on the alleviation of glycolipid disorders using MEHH phenolic acids, which regulate glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, improve insulin resistance, inhibit inflammatory responses, alleviate oxidative stress, and regulate intestinal flora; additionally, we summarize the mechanism in order to provide a reference for MEHH phenolic acids in the treatment of glycolipid metabolism diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary Traditional protecting groups are often removed under harsh conditions with potentially hazardous reagents, thereby impeding the convenient synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycosides. Herein, we present to utilize the photolabile ortho‐nitro‐benzyl carbonate (oNBC) as a permanent hydroxyl protecting group for stereocontrolled synthesis of glycosides. The Ph3PO‐modulated glycosylation with strongly disarmed per‐O‐oNBC‐protected glycosyl ynenoates preferred to afford glycosides with excellent α‐selectivities via the β‐phosphonium transition state. Based on the oNBC‐mediated galactosylation, synthesis of the glycolipid digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) containing six double bonds and two esters was achieved in a straightforward manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunaliella salina is a green microalga extensively explored for β-carotene production, while knowledge of its lipid composition is still limited and poorly investigated. Among lipids, polar lipids have been highlighted as bioactive phytochemicals with health-promoting properties. This research aimed to provide an in-depth lipidome profiling of D. salina using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The lipid content was 6.8%, including phospholipids, glycolipids, betaine lipids, sphingolipids, triglycerides, diglycerides, and pigments. Among the total esterified fatty acids, 13.6% were 18:3 omega-3 and 14.7% were 18:1 omega-9. The lipid extract of D. salina showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 activity at 100 µg/mL, dose-dependent antioxidant scavenging activity, and antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-glucosidase activity at 25 and 125 µg/mL. In conclusion, the lipid extract of D. salina has the potential to be used as a functional food ingredient or in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Lipidomics identified 23 lipid classes low in glycolipids in tick salivary glands. • Phosphatidylcholine (PC; 26.66%) was the lipid class with the highest representation. • Tick salivary glycolipids were mostly represented by diacylglycerol (DG; 0.48%). • Individuals bitten by ticks produced more phosphatidylcholine-IgG antibodies. • DG levels were higher in tick salivary glands than in tick saliva. Ticks, as hematophagous ectoparasites, can manipulate host immune and metabolic processes, causing tick-borne allergies such as α-Gal syndrome (AGS). Glycolipids with bound galactose-alpha-1–3-galactose (α-Gal) are potential allergenic molecules associated with AGS. Nevertheless, proteins and lipids lacking α-Gal modifications may contribute to tick salivary allergies and be linked to AGS. In this study, we characterized the effect of deglycosylated tick salivary proteins without lipids on treated zebrafish fed with dog food formulated with mammalian (beef, lamb, pork) meat by quantitative proteomics analysis of intestinal samples. The characterization and functional annotations of tick salivary lipids with low representation of glycolipids was conducted using a lipidomics approach. Results showed a significant effect of treatment with saliva and saliva deglycosylated protein fraction on zebrafish abnormal or no feeding (p < 0.005). Treatment with this fraction affected multiple metabolic pathways, defense responses to pathogens and protein metabolism, which correlated with abnormal or no feeding. Lipidomics analysis identified 23 lipid classes with low representation of glycolipids (0.70% of identified lipids). The lipid class with highest representation was phosphatidylcholine (PC; 26.66%) and for glycolipids it corresponded to diacylglycerol (DG; 0.48%). Qualitative analysis of PC antibodies revealed that individuals bitten by ticks were more likely to produce PC-IgG antibodies (p < 0.001). DG levels were significantly higher in tick salivary glands (p < 0.05) compared with tick saliva and salivary fractions. The α-Gal content was higher in tick saliva than in deglycosylated saliva and lipid fractions. These results support a possible role for tick salivary proteins and lipids without α-Gal modifications in AGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noroviruses are a prevalent cause of human viral gastroenteritis, yet the precise mechanisms underlying their infection cycle, particularly their interactions with and entry into cells, remain poorly understood. Human norovirus (HuNoV) primarily targets human small intestinal epithelial cells, within which 3- O -sulfogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) ranks among the most abundant glycosphingolipids (GSLs). While sulfatide involvement in the binding and infection mechanism of several viruses has been documented, its interaction with noroviruses remains underexplored. This study investigated whether noroviruses interact with sulfatide. We found that the recombinant viral capsid protein VP1 of HuNoV (genogroups I and II) and murine norovirus (genogroup V) exhibited robust binding to sulfatide compared with other tested GSLs using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, thin-layer chromatography binding assay and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction binding assay. VP1 also bound 3- O -sulfated lactosylceramide, which shares the 3- O -sulfated galactose moiety with sulfatide. However, both VP1 and its P domain, identified as the sulfatide-binding domain, exhibited limited binding to structural analogues of sulfatide and other sulfated compounds. These findings suggest a specific recognition of the 3- O -sulfated galactose moiety. Notably, we found that sulfatide is a novel binding target for norovirus particles. Overall, our findings reveal a previously unknown norovirus–sulfatide interaction, proposing sulfatide as a potential candidate for norovirus infection receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialic acids (Sias), a group of over 50 structurally distinct acidic saccharides on the surface of all vertebrate cells, are neuraminic acid derivatives. They serve as glycan chain terminators in extracellular glycolipids and glycoproteins. In particular, Sias have significant implications in cell-to-cell as well as host-to-pathogen interactions and participate in various biological processes, including neurodevelopment, neurodegeneration, fertilization, and tumor migration. However, Sia is also present in some of our daily diets, particularly in conjugated form (sialoglycans), such as those in edible bird's nest, red meats, breast milk, bovine milk, and eggs. Among them, breast milk, especially colostrum, contains a high concentration of sialylated oligosaccharides. Numerous reviews have concentrated on the physiological function of Sia as a cellular component of the body and its relationship with the occurrence of diseases. However, the consumption of Sias through dietary sources exerts significant influence on human health, possibly by modulating the gut microbiota's composition and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the distribution, structure, and biological function of particular Sia-rich diets, including human milk, bovine milk, red meat, and egg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Over the past decades, advances in lipid nanotechnology have shown that self-assembled lipid structures providing ease of preparation, chemical stability, and biocompatibility represent a landmark on the development of multidisciplinary technologies. Lipid nanotubes (LNTs) are a unique class of lipid self-assembled structures, bearing unique properties such as high-aspect ratio, tunable diameter size, and precise molecular recognition. They can be obtained either by the action of external factors to already formed vesicles or spontaneously, the latter depending strongly on subtle molecular features. Here, we report on the spontaneous formation of supported lipid nanotubes of a particular type of glycolipid, ohmline, whose hydrophobic core displays remarkable asymmetry. The combination of bulk and surface-sensitive techniques indicates that below its main transition, ohmline displays an interdigitated gel phase, likely driven by the unique asymmetry in its hydrophobic core. Enhanced order packing by interdigitation favors the formation of ohmline nanotubes in agreement with chiral-based models of nanotube formation. The findings presented in this work call for additional studies to link lipid molecular structure-assembly relationships, whose understanding is relevant for the controlled design of lipid nanotubes networks in particular and controlled design of soft-matter nanomaterials in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate immune defense mechanisms against infection and cancer encompass the modulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)‐mediated inflammation, including upregulation of various transcription factors and the activation of pro‐inflammatory pathways important for immune surveillance. Dysfunction of PRRs‐mediated signaling has been implicated in cancer and autoimmune diseases, while the overactivation of PRRs‐driven responses during infection can lead to devastating consequences such as acute lung injury or sepsis. We used crystal structure‐based design to develop immunomodulatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mimetics targeting one of the ubiquitous PRRs, Toll‐like Receptor 4 (TLR4). Taking advantage of an exo‐anomeric conformation and specific molecular shape of synthetic nonreducing β,β‐diglucosamine, which was investigated by NMR, we developed two sets of lipid A mimicking glycolipids capable of either potently activating innate immune responses or inhibiting pro‐inflammatory signaling. Stereoselective 1,1′‐glycosylation towards fully orthogonally protected nonreducing GlcNβ(1↔1′)βGlcN followed by stepwise assembly of differently functionalised phosphorylated glycolipids provided biologically active molecules that were evaluated for their ability to trigger or to inhibit cellular innate immune responses. Two LPS mimetics, identified as potent TLR4‐specific inducers of the intracellular signaling pathways, serve as vaccine adjuvant‐ and immunotherapy candidates, while anionic glycolipids with TLR4‐inhibitory potential hold therapeutic promise for the management of acute or chronic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid distinguishing and detection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with high sensitivity is essential for human health worldwide. Herein, an excellent fluorescence biosensing platform for bacterial identification and detection is constructed on the basis of boronic acid functionalized carbon dots (B-CDs). The B-CDs fluorescence probes were tightly attached to the bacterial surface through the interaction of the boronic acid group with glycolipids on the outside of bacterial cells. Our experimental results showed that the B-CDs displayed a stronger binding ability toward Gram-positive bacteria, enabling the specific detection of Gram-positive bacteria. More importantly, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria differ in terms of their saccharide units on the cell wall, resulting in distinct fluorescence signals, which could be employed for distinguishing Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Taking S. aureus as a representative of Gram-positive bacteria, the results showed that the linear range of detection was 2.6 × 101–5.2 × 106 CFU mL−1 and the detection limit was 7 CFU mL−1. Our research provides great potential for further development of a novel platform for bacterial determination and identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent studies have highlighted type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a significant risk factor for the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This investigation aimed to assess electroacupuncture's (EA) impact on liver morphology and function in T2DM rats, furnishing experimental substantiation for its potential to stall MAFLD progression in T2DM. Methods: T2DM rats were induced by a high-fat diet and a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and then randomly assigned to five groups: the T2DM group, the electroacupuncture group, the metformin group, combination group of electroacupuncture and metformin, combination group of electroacupuncture and Compound C. The control group received a standard diet alongside intraperitoneal citric acid - sodium citrate solution injections. After a 6-week intervention, the effects of each group on fasting blood glucose, lipids, liver function, morphology, lipid droplet infiltration, and fibrosis were evaluated. Techniques including Western blotting, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence were employed to gauge the expression of key molecules in AMPK-associated glycolipid metabolism, insulin signaling, autophagy, and fibrosis pathways. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy facilitated the observation of liver autophagy, lipid droplets, and fibrosis. Results: Our studies indicated that hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and IR promoted lipid accumulation, pathological and functional damage, and resulting in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Meanwhile, EA enhanced the activation of AMPK, which in turn improved glycolipid metabolism and autophagy through promoting the expression of PPARα/CPT1A and AMPK/mTOR pathway, inhibiting the expression of SREBP1c, PGC-1α/PCK2 and TGFβ1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway, ultimately exerting its effect on ameliorating hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in T2DM rats. The above effects of EA were consistent with metformin. The combination of EA and metformin had significant advantages in increasing hepatic AMPK expression, improving liver morphology, lipid droplet infiltration, fibrosis, and reducing serum ALT levels. In addition, the ameliorating effects of EA on the progression of MAFLD in T2DM rats were partly disrupted by Compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK. Conclusions: EA upregulated hepatic AMPK expression, curtailing gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis while boosting fatty acid oxidation and autophagy levels. Consequently, it mitigated blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance in T2DM rats, thus impeding liver steatosis and fibrosis progression and retarding MAFLD advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sophorolipids are glycolipid biosurfactants with potential antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer applications, rendering them promising for research. Therefore, this study hypothesizes that sophorolipids may have a notable impact on disrupting membrane integrity and triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, ultimately resulting in the eradication of pathogenic microbes. Results: The current study resulted in the isolation of two Metschnikowia novel yeast strains. Sophorolipids production from these strains reached maximum yields of 23.24 g/l and 21.75 g/l, respectively, at the bioreactors level. Biosurfactants sophorolipids were characterized using FTIR and LC–MS techniques and found to be a mixture of acidic and lactonic forms with molecular weights of m/z 678 and 700. Our research elucidated sophorolipids' mechanism in disrupting bacterial and fungal membranes through ROS generation, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and FACS analysis. The results showed that these compounds disrupted the membrane integrity and induced ROS production, leading to cell death in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Fusarium solani. In addition, the anticancer properties of sophorolipids were investigated on the A549 lung cancer cell line and found that sophorolipid-11D (SL-11D) and sophorolipid-11X (SL-11X) disrupted the actin cytoskeleton, as evidenced by immunofluorescence microscopy. The A549 cells were stained with Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide, which showed that they underwent necrosis. This was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis using Annexin/PI staining. The SL-11D and SL-11X molecules exhibited low levels of haemolytic activity and in-vitro cytotoxicity in HEK293, Caco-2, and L929 cell lines. Conclusion: In this work, novel yeast species CIG-11DT and CIG-11XT, isolated from the bee's gut, produce significant yields of sophorolipids without needing secondary oil sources, indicating a more economical production method. Our research shows that sophorolipids disrupt bacterial and fungal membranes via ROS production. They suggest they may act as chemo-preventive agents by inducing apoptosis in lung cancer cells, offering the potential for enhancing anticancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelin figures (MFs)—cylindrical lyotropic liquid crystalline structures consisting of concentric arrays of bilayers and aqueous media—arise from the hydration of the bulk lamellar phase of many common amphiphiles. Prior efforts have concentrated on the formation, structure, and dynamics of myelin produced by phosphatidylcholine (PC)‐based amphiphiles. Here, we study the myelinization of glycolipid microbial amphiphiles, commonly addressed as biosurfactants, produced through the process of fermentation. The hydration characteristics (and phase diagrams) of these biological amphiphiles are atypical (and thus their capacity to form myelin) because unlike typical amphiphiles, their molecular structure is characterized by two hydrophilic groups (sugar, carboxylic acid) on both ends with a hydrophobic moiety in the middle. We tested three different glycolipid molecules: C18:1 sophorolipids and single‐glucose C18:1 and C18:0 glucolipids, all in their nonacetylated acidic form. Neither sophorolipids (too soluble) nor C18:0 glucolipids (too insoluble) displayed myelin growth at room temperature (RT, 25°C). The glucolipid C18:1 (G‐C18:1), on the other hand, showed dense myelin growth at RT below pH 7.0. Examining their growth rates, we find that they display a linear Lαt (L, myelin length; t, time) growth rate, suggesting ballistic growth, distinctly different from the Lαt12 dependence, characterizing diffusive growth such as what occurs in more conventional phospholipids. These results offer some insight into lipidic mesophases arising from a previously unexplored class of amphiphiles with potential applications in the field of drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Seaweeds are macroalgae containing bioactive compounds that have positively impacted the biomedical field due to polysaccharides, sterols and glycolipids, showing a diverse range of pharmacological and biological properties. Eating a diet high in marine items will lessen the risk of developing diabetes, cancer and obesity. Purpose: The exploration of medically useful seaweeds is required to identify drugs and drug targets and reduce the risk of developing diseases. Methodology: The PubMed search was done with the MESH terms such as seaweed and Marine algae pharmacological activity results were obtained as 748 results. We filtered out the articles and entered key terms related to our area of interest to find the results. The seaweed species in India are listed with Tamil Nadu contributing the most and Orissa the least. The type of algae is also mentioned. Results: Marine algae have been employed in industry and medicine as a novel food with possible nutritional benefits. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that marine algae are a rich source of naturally occurring bioactive substances with activities such as anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypercholesterolemia and hypolipidemia. Conclusion: The current review focuses on the bioactivities and potential pharmaceutical activity of marine algae discovered in India. The present review article showed that there are many seaweeds of medical importance, and it is necessary to explore them to minimize disease progression and prolong the individual's survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms of action of pyrimidine nucleoside derivatives on model lipid membranes of various compositions were studied. A systematic analysis of the tested agents' effects on the membrane physicochemical properties was performed. Differential scanning microcalorimetry data indicated that the ability of nucleoside derivatives to disorder membrane lipids depended on the types of nucleoside bases and membrane-forming lipids. The 5′-norcarbocyclic uracil derivatives were found to be ineffective, while N4-alkylcytidines demonstrated the most pronounced effects, significantly decreasing the dipalmitoylphosphocholine melting temperature and cooperativity of phase transition. The elongation of hydrophobic acyl radicals potentiated the disordering action of N4-alkylcytidines, while an increase in hydrophilicity due to replacing deoxyribose with ribose inhibited this effect. The ability of compounds to form transmembrane pores was also tested. It was found that 5-alkyluridines produced single, ion-permeable pores in phosphatidylglycerol membranes, and that methoxy-mycolic acid and trehalose monooleate potentiated the pore-forming activity of alkyloxymethyldeoxyuridines. The results obtained open up perspectives for the development of innovative highly selective anti-tuberculosis agents, which may be characterized by a low risk of developing drug resistance due to the direct action on the membranes of the pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycolipids are a class of widely studied biosurfactants with excellent applicability in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. This class of biosurfactants includes mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs), which have gained particular interest due to their moisturizing and healing activity for dry and damaged human skin, arising from conditions such as eczema. Traditionally, MELs have been produced by growing certain basidiomycetous yeasts on vegetable oils. However, oils are a comparatively expensive substrate, which negatively affects the economic performance of MEL production. In addition to this, vegetable oils significantly complicate the downstream processing required to produce a product with the required purity for most applications. To address these challenges, this study investigated MEL-A production exclusively from hydrophilic carbon sources by Ustilago maydis DSM 4500. By implementing a fed-batch production strategy, maximum MEL-A concentration of 0.87 g/L was achieved from glucose exclusively. Also, adding micronutrients (such as MnSO4) to MEL-A production showed a 24.1% increase in the product titer, implying other metabolites are formed, favoring MEL production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The yeast Starmerella bombicola is renowned for its highly efficient sophorolipid production, reaching titers and productivities of (over) 200 g/L and 2 g/(L h), respectively. This inherent efficiency has led to the commercialization of sophorolipids. While the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated a few years ago, in this study, it is revisited and true key intermediates are revealed. Results Recently, Starmerella bombicola strains developed and evaluated in the past were reevaluated unveiling unexpected findings. The AT enzyme encoded in the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster is the only described enzyme known to acetylate sophorolipids, while the SBLE enzyme encoded by the SBLE gene is described to catalyze the conversion of (acetylated) acidic sophorolipids into lactonic sophorolipids. A double knockout of both genes was described to result in the generation of bolaform sophorolipids. However, new experiments performed with respective S. bombicola strains Δsble, Δat Δsble, and ∆at revealed inconsistencies with the current understanding of the SL pathway. It was observed that the ∆sble strain produces mainly bolaform sophorolipids with higher acetylation degrees instead of acidic sophorolipids. Furthermore, the ∆at strain produces predominantly bolaform sophorolipids and lactonic sophorolipids with lower acetylation degrees, while the ∆at ∆sble strain predominantly produces bolaform sophorolipids with lower acetylation degrees. These results indicate that the AT enzyme is not the only enzyme responsible for acetylation of sophorolipids, while the SBLE enzyme performs an intramolecular transesterification reaction on bolaform glycolipids instead of an esterification reaction on acidic sophorolipids. These findings, together with recent in vitro data, led us to revise the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. Conclusions Bolaform sophorolipids instead of acidic sophorolipids are the key intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway towards lactonic sophorolipids. Bolaform sophorolipids are found in very small amounts in extracellular S. bombicola wild type broths as they are very efficiently converted into lactonic sophorolipids, while acidic sophorolipids build up as they cannot be converted. Furthermore, acetylation of sophorolipids is not exclusively performed by the AT enzyme encoded in the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster and acetylation of bolaform sophorolipids promotes their transesterification. These findings led to the revision of the industrially relevant sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway.

Background: The yeast Starmerella bombicola is renowned for its highly efficient sophorolipid production, reaching titers and productivities of (over) 200 g/L and 2 g/(L h), respectively. This inherent efficiency has led to the commercialization of sophorolipids. While the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated a few years ago, in this study, it is revisited and true key intermediates are revealed. Results: Recently, Starmerella bombicola strains developed and evaluated in the past were reevaluated unveiling unexpected findings. The AT enzyme encoded in the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster is the only described enzyme known to acetylate sophorolipids, while the SBLE enzyme encoded by the SBLE gene is described to catalyze the conversion of (acetylated) acidic sophorolipids into lactonic sophorolipids. A double knockout of both genes was described to result in the generation of bolaform sophorolipids. However, new experiments performed with respective S. bombicola strains Δsble, Δat Δsble, and ∆at revealed inconsistencies with the current understanding of the SL pathway. It was observed that the ∆sble strain produces mainly bolaform sophorolipids with higher acetylation degrees instead of acidic sophorolipids. Furthermore, the ∆at strain produces predominantly bolaform sophorolipids and lactonic sophorolipids with lower acetylation degrees, while the ∆at ∆sble strain predominantly produces bolaform sophorolipids with lower acetylation degrees. These results indicate that the AT enzyme is not the only enzyme responsible for acetylation of sophorolipids, while the SBLE enzyme performs an intramolecular transesterification reaction on bolaform glycolipids instead of an esterification reaction on acidic sophorolipids. These findings, together with recent in vitro data, led us to revise the sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. Conclusions: Bolaform sophorolipids instead of acidic sophorolipids are the key intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway towards lactonic sophorolipids. Bolaform sophorolipids are found in very small amounts in extracellular S. bombicola wild type broths as they are very efficiently converted into lactonic sophorolipids, while acidic sophorolipids build up as they cannot be converted. Furthermore, acetylation of sophorolipids is not exclusively performed by the AT enzyme encoded in the sophorolipid biosynthetic gene cluster and acetylation of bolaform sophorolipids promotes their transesterification. These findings led to the revision of the industrially relevant sophorolipid biosynthetic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plants of the genus Betula L. with morphological characteristics of downy birch B. pubescens, silver birch B. pendula, and Karelian birch B. pendula var. carelica in bud fragments, according to the phases of their blossoming, growth and moisture indicators were studied as were the content and composition of fatty acids (FA) of individual fractions of total lipids (TL). Fractions of neutral lipids (NL), glycolipids (GL), and phospholipids (PL) were isolated from TL using chloroform, acetone, and methanol, respectively. Growing rudimentary leaves were distinguished by increased weight and moisture content compared to scales and stipules. In the embryonic leaves, in comparison with other fragments of buds in the phases of blooming, a high absolute content of TL in phase I and a drop in the level of TL in other phases, a significant absolute accumulation of NL and PL by phase III and use in phase IV with the accumulation of GL in this phase, a high level of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) of TL and their individual fractions during the study period, an increase in the level of linolenic acid (C18:3) in the composition of PL and GL to phase IV, and an increase in the relative content of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the composition of GL by phase III and a decrease in its level in phase IV were noted. The fatty acid composition of the TL fractions of fragments of opening birch buds were represented predominantly by UFAs (up to 88% of the total FAs). The main share of UFAs was C18:3 and linoleic (C18:2) (up to 55 and 47% of the total FAs, respectively), and C16:0 predominated (up to 42%) in saturated FAs. In three birches, during the development of buds according to the phases of blossoming in their individual fragments, both in the TL and in all fractions of the TL, the relative content of C18:2 decreased with an increase in the composition of GL and PL: C18:3. In these birches, which differ in morphological characteristics, distinctive features of the lipid composition are revealed mainly in the scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fractional composition of fatty acids (FAs) of lipids was studied, and the main directions of their participation in structural and functional adaptations in dominant and rare species of higher vascular plants of the Arctic tundra of Western Spitsbergen were identified. Differences in the size and variability of FA composition by fraction were revealed: from 25 to 76% for glycolipids, 10–28% for phospholipids, and 7–57% for neutral lipids. A relationship has been established between the fatty acid composition of different lipid fractions and the “species activity” indicator in plants of different geographical origins and ecology. The main directions of adaptation associated with the lipid component in Arctic plants include the participation of saturated and unsaturated FAs in different proportions depending on the ecological and geographical characteristics of the species. A diversity of very long chain FAs was noted in the fractional fatty acid composition of lipids in all Arctic plants. In both adaptive strategies, “avoidance” and “adaptation,” the lipid component is actively involved, which ensures the appropriate functional activity of the species and its representation in the Arctic tundra of Western Spitsbergen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-Fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose), a monosaccharide abundant in glycolipids and glycoproteins produced by mammalian cells, has been extensively studied for its role in intracellular biosynthesis and recycling of GDP-L-fucose for fucosylation. However, in certain mammalian species, L-fucose is efficiently broken down to pyruvate and lactate in a poorly understood metabolic pathway. In the 1970s, L-fucose dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible for the initial step of this pathway, was partially purified from pig and rabbit livers and characterized biochemically. However, its molecular identity remained elusive until recently. This study reports the purification, identification, and biochemical characterization of the mammalian L-fucose dehydrogenase. The enzyme was purified from rabbit liver approximately 340-fold. Mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein preparation identified mammalian hydroxysteroid 17-β dehydrogenase 14 (HSD17B14) as the sole candidate enzyme. Rabbit and human HSD17B14 were expressed in HEK293T and Escherichia coli, respectively, purified, and demonstrated to catalyze the oxidation of L-fucose to L-fucono-1,5-lactone, as confirmed by mass spectrometry and NMR analysis. Substrate specificity studies revealed that L-fucose is the preferred substrate for both enzymes. The human enzyme exhibited a catalytic efficiency for L-fucose that was 359-fold higher than its efficiency for estradiol. Additionally, recombinant rat HSD17B14 exhibited negligible activity towards L-fucose, consistent with the absence of L-fucose metabolism in this species. The identification of the gene-encoding mammalian L-fucose dehydrogenase provides novel insights into the substrate specificity of enzymes belonging to the 17-b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase family. This discovery also paves the way for unraveling the physiological functions of the L-fucose degradation pathway, which remains enigmatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, warranting the development of safer, more effective therapies. Liposomes and niosomes can be considered excellent drug delivery systems due to their ability to load all compounds and reduce the toxicity of the loaded drug without reducing its effectiveness. Synechocystis sp. is a unicellular, freshwater blue-green algae strain that has many bioactive compounds that qualify for use in industrial, pharmaceutical, and other fields. This study used nano-liposomes and nano-niosomes to deliver Synechocystis sp. extract against human colon, ovarian, and breast cancer cell lines. The results demonstrated potential activities against human colon, ovarian, and breast cancer cell lines. A total of 22 compounds were identified through the metabolic profiling of an extract, as it is a tool aimed at identifying biologically active compounds in the sample. Subsequently, the molecular docking of these compounds was studied, which is the most effective way to study the compound's effectiveness on a specific disease by determining the binding affinity. The results showed that compounds 21, 6, 7, 8, 12, and 19 have a high degree of correlation. Finally, these results represent a promising step toward developing effective cancer treatments. Future research should translate this approach into successful anticancer drugs through participation in clinical trials. Liposomes and niosomes can be considered excellent drug delivery systems due to their ability to load all compounds, whether hydrophobic or hydrophilic. In addition, they can reduce the toxicity of the loaded drug without reducing its effectiveness. Synechocystis sp. is a unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria strain that contains many bioactive compounds that qualify its use in industrial, pharmaceutical, and many other fields. This study investigated the potential of nano-liposomes (L) and nano-niosomes (N) for delivering Synechocystis sp. extract against cancer cell lines. Four different types of nanoparticles were prepared using a dry powder formulation and ethanol extract of Synechocystis sp. in both nanovesicles (N1 and N2, respectively) and liposomes (L1 and L2, respectively). Analysis of the formed vesicles using zeta analysis, SEM morphological analysis, and visual examination confirmed their stability and efficiency. L1 and L2 in this investigation had effective diameters of 419 and 847 nm, respectively, with PDI values of 0.24 and 0.27. Furthermore, the zeta potentials were found to range from −31.6 mV to −43.7 mV. Regarding N1 and N2, their effective diameters were 541 nm and 1051 nm, respectively, with PDI values of 0.31 and 0.35, and zeta potentials reported from −31.6 mV to −22.2 mV, respectively. Metabolic profiling tentatively identified 22 metabolites (1–22) from the ethanolic extract. Its effect against representative human cancers was studied in vitro, specifically against colon (Caco2), ovarian (OVCAR4), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines. The results showed the potential activities of the prepared N1, N2, L1, and L2 against the three cell lines, where L1 had cytotoxicity IC50 values of 19.56, 33.52, and 9.24 µg/mL compared to 26.27, 56.23, and 19.61 µg/mL for L2 against Caco2, OVCAR4, and MCF7, respectively. On the other hand, N1 exhibited IC50 values of 9.09, 11.42, and 2.38 µg/mL, while N2 showed values of 15.57, 18.17, and 35.31 µg/mL against Caco2, OVCAR4, and MCF7, respectively. Meanwhile, the formulations showed little effect on normal cell lines (FHC, OCE1, and MCF10a). All of the compounds were evaluated in silico against the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR). The molecular docking results showed that compound 21 (1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-3-(6′-sulfo-alpha-D-quinovosyl)-sn-glycerol), followed by compounds 6 (Sulfoquinovosyl monoacylgycerol), 7 (3-Hydroxymyristic acid), 8 (Glycolipid PF2), 12 (Palmitoleic acid), and 19 (Glyceryl monostearate), showed the highest binding affinities. These compounds formed good hydrogen bond interactions with the key amino acid Lys721 as the co-crystallized ligand. These results suggest that nano-liposomes and nano-niosomes loaded with Synechocystis sp. extract hold promise for future cancer treatment development. Further research should focus on clinical trials, stability assessments, and pharmacological profiles to translate this approach into effective anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Equisetum diffusum modulates fatty acid metabolism to adapt at high altitudes. • PUFA content and unsaturation index of glycolipids enhance with increase in altitude. • Arachidonic acid contributes significantly to the change in PUFA content. • Antioxidant enzyme activity enhances at higher altitudes in response to combined stress. • Accumulation of osmolytes and secondary metabolites augments stress responsive effects. Equisetum diffusum D. Don, a perennial herb of Equisetaceae, is considered as native to the Himalayan mountain range. This plant has prolific distribution along different altitudes of Eastern Himalayan region. Generally, mountain flora, like E. diffusum, experience a combination of contrasting abiotic stresses and may represent a unique natural model for investigating physiological resilience to address climate change. So, the present study has been framed to compare the metabolic responses in E. diffusum growing at different elevation belts with an aim to understand the underlying basis for their high-altitude adjustment ability. The biochemical profiles of this plant, collected from three different altitudinal transects of Darjeeling hills, were compared. The fatty acid profiles of neutral lipids, membrane phospholipids and glycolipids demonstrated palmitic acid and oleic acid as the predominant fatty acids. The major outcome was the substantial increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and unsaturation index in glycolipids of the samples collected from higher altitudes. Major proportion of changes in PUFA content was contributed by arachidonic acid. Therefore, the plants homeostatically control the membrane fluidity by enhancing the unsaturation of glycolipid fatty acids. Moreover, significantly higher antioxidant enzyme activities in higher altitude samples reflect the involvement of these enzymes in coping with the oxidative stress condition and membrane damage. The stress responsive effects may be further augmented by enhanced content of secondary metabolites. Therefore, a combination of biochemical responses along with the changes in membrane plasticity can be predicted as the metabolic adjustment strategies for high-altitude adaptation of E. diffusum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram‐positive, aerobic, rod‐shaped mesophilic bacterium was isolated from birch wood, referred to as the AB strain. Allergological tests suggest that this strain may cause allergic alveolitis in sawmill workers. Employing a polyphasic taxonomic approach, the AB strain's 16S rRNA gene sequence showed high similarity to Microbacterium barkeri and M. oryzae, with 97.25% and 96.91%, respectively, a finding supported by rpoB and gyrB sequence analysis. Further genome sequence comparison with the closely related M. barkeri type strain indicated a digital DNA–DNA hybridization value of 25.5% and an average nucleotide identity of 82.52%. The AB strain's cell wall peptidoglycan contains ornithine, and its polar lipids comprise diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids. Its major fatty acids include anteiso C15:0, anteiso C17:0, and iso C16:0, while MK‐10 is its predominant respiratory quinone. Comprehensive analysis through 16S rRNA, whole‐genome sequencing, phenotyping, chemotaxonomy, and MALDI‐TOF MS profiling indicates that the AB strain represents a new species within the Microbacterium genus. It has been proposed to name this species Microbacterium betulae sp. nov., with ABT (PCM 3040T = CEST 30706T) designated as the type strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported herein is a new HPLC‐based automated synthesizer (HPLC−A) capable of a temperature‐controlled synthesis and purification of carbohydrates. The developed platform allows to perform various protecting group manipulations as well as the synthesis of O‐ and N‐glycosides. A fully automated synthesis and purification was showcased in application to different carbohydrate derivatives including glycosides, oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, glycolipids, and nucleosides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sialic acid is a unique sugar moiety that resides in the distal and most accessible position of the glycans on mammalian cell surface and extracellular glycoproteins and glycolipids. The potential for sialic acid to obscure underlying structures has long been postulated, but the means by which such structural changes directly affect biological processes continues to be elucidated. Here, we appraise the growing body of literature detailing the importance of sialic acid for the generation, differentiation, function and death of haematopoietic cells. We conclude that sialylation is a critical post‐translational modification utilized in haematopoiesis to meet the dynamic needs of the organism by enforcing rapid changes in availability of lineage‐specific cell types. Though long thought to be generated only cell‐autonomously within the intracellular ER‐Golgi secretory apparatus, emerging data also demonstrate previously unexpected diversity in the mechanisms of sialylation. Emphasis is afforded to the mechanism of extrinsic sialylation, whereby extracellular enzymes remodel cell surface and extracellular glycans, supported by charged sugar donor molecules from activated platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and mixotrophic bacterium, designated as strain LZ166T, was isolated from the bathypelagic seawater in the western Pacific Ocean. The cells were short rod-shaped, oxidase- and catalase-positive, and motile by means of lateral flagella. The growth of strain LZ166T was observed at 10–45 °C (optimum 34–37 °C), at pH 5–10 (optimum 6–8), and in the presence of 0–5% NaCl (optimum 1–3%). A phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain LZ166T shared the highest similarity (98.58%) with Aquibium oceanicum B7T and formed a distinct branch within the Aquibium genus. The genomic characterization, including average nucleotide identity (ANI, 90.73–76.79%), average amino identity (AAI, 88.50–79.03%), and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH, 36.1–22.2%) values between LZ166T and other species within the Aquibium genus, further substantiated its novelty. The genome of strain LZ166T was 6,119,659 bp in size with a 64.7 mol% DNA G+C content. The predominant fatty acid was summed feature 8 (C18:1ω7c and/or C18:1ω6c). The major polar lipids identified were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), glycolipid (GL), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), with ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the predominant respiratory quinone. The genomic annotation indicated the presence of genes for a diverse metabolic profile, including pathways for carbon fixation via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and inorganic sulfur oxidation. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, strain LZ166T represented a novel species of the genus Aquibium, for which the name Aquibium pacificus sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain LZ166T (=MCCC M28807T = KACC 23148T = KCTC 82889T). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect mechanism of electroacupuncture based on the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) /acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) signaling pathway to improve glycolipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice. 10 db/m mice with normal genotype were used as the normal control group without diabetes (Con), and 30 db/db mice were divided randomly into three groups: Pathological model mice (Mod), Acupuncture + ACC antagonist group (Acu + ACC), and Acupuncture + AMPK antagonist group (Acu + AMPK). Con and Mod did not receive any special treatment, only as a control observation. The latter two groups of mice received electroacupuncture treatment for 4 weeks. Mouse triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and cholesterin(CHO) levels were detected by colorimetric assay. Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to detect insulin(INS) levels. Liver histopathologic changes and hepatic glycogen synthesis were observed by HE and PAS staining. The mRNA and protein expression of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS1), Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), AMPK, and ACC were detected by Western blot and qRT-PCR.The results show that compared with Mod, TG, LDL, CHO, and INS levels of Acu + AMPK and Acu + ACC mice were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), and the HDL levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05), the steatotic degeneration of mice hepatocytes was reduced to different degrees, and the hepatocyte glycogen particles were increased, and the latter two groups had a decrease in AKT, ACC mRNA expression was reduced (P < 0.05), PI3K protein expression was increased, and AKT and ACC protein expression was reduced (P < 0.05), in addition, protein expression of AMPK was increased and IRS1 protein expression was reduced in Acu + ACC (P < 0.05). The study showed that electroacupuncture improves glucose-lipid metabolism disorders in db/db mice, and this mechanism is related to the AMPK/ACC signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of renewable materials from alternative sources is becoming increasingly important to reduce the detrimental environmental effects of their non-renewable counterparts and natural resources, while making them more economical and sustainable. Chemical surfactants, which are highly toxic and non-biodegradable, are used in a wide range of industrial and environmental applications harming humans, animals, plants, and other entities. Chemical surfactants can be substituted with biosurfactants (BS), which are produced by microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and yeast. They have excellent emulsifying, foaming, and dispersing properties, as well as excellent biodegradability, lower toxicity, and the ability to remain stable under severe conditions, making them useful for a variety of industrial and environmental applications. Despite these advantages, BS derived from conventional resources and precursors (such as edible oils and carbohydrates) are expensive, limiting large-scale production of BS. In addition, the use of unconventional substrates such as agro-industrial wastes lowers the BS productivity and drives up production costs. However, overcoming the barriers to commercial-scale production is critical to the widespread adoption of these products. Overcoming these challenges would not only promote the use of environmentally friendly surfactants but also contribute to sustainable waste management and reduce dependence on non-renewable resources. This study explores the efficient use of wastes and other low-cost substrates to produce glycolipids BS, identifies efficient substrates for commercial production, and recommends strategies to improve productivity and use BS in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent pathogen in pneumonia and harbors glycolipids, which may serve as molecular patterns in Mincle (macrophage-inducible C-type lectin)–dependent pathogen recognition. We examined the role of Mincle in lung defense against S aureus in wild-type (WT), Mincle knockout (KO), and Mincle transgenic (tg) mice. Two glycolipids, glucosyl-diacylglycerol (Glc-DAG) and diglucosyl-diacylglycerol (Glc2-DAG), were purified, of which only Glc-DAG triggered Mincle reporter cell activation and professional phagocyte responses. Proteomic profiling revealed that Glc2-DAG blocked Glc-DAG–induced cytokine responses, thereby acting as inhibitor of Glc-DAG/Mincle signaling. WT mice responded to S aureus with a similar lung pathology as Mincle KO mice, most likely due to Glc2-DAG–dependent inhibition of Glc-DAG/Mincle signaling. In contrast, ectopic Mincle expression caused severe lung pathology in S aureus –infected mice, characterized by bacterial outgrowth and fatal pneumonia. Collectively, Glc2-DAG inhibits Glc-DAG/Mincle–dependent responses in WT mice, whereas sustained Mincle expression overrides Glc2-DAG–mediated inhibitory effects, conferring increased host susceptibility to S aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Warburg effect, first observed by Otto Warburg in the 1920s, delineates a metabolic phenomenon in which cancer cells exhibit heightened glucose uptake and lactate production, even under normoxic conditions. This metabolic shift towards glycolysis, despite the presence of oxygen, fuels the energy demands of rapidly proliferating cancer cells. Dysregulated glucose metabolism, characterized by the overexpression of glucose transporters and the redirection of metabolic pathways towards glycolysis, lies at the crux of this metabolic reprogramming. Consequently, the accumulation of lactate as a byproduct contributes to the creation of an acidic tumor microenvironment, fostering tumor progression and metastasis. However, recent research, notably proposed by Maher Akl, introduces a novel perspective regarding the role of glycolipids in cancer metabolism. Akl's glucolipotoxicity hypothesis posits that aberrant glycolipid metabolism, specifically the intracellular buildup of glycolipids, significantly influences tumor initiation and progression. This hypothesis underscores the disruptive impact of accumulated glycolipids on cellular homeostasis, thereby activating oncogenic pathways and promoting carcinogenesis. This perspective aims to synthesize the intricate mechanisms underlying both the Warburg effect and glucolipotoxicity, elucidating their collective contributions to tumor growth and malignancy. By comprehensively understanding these metabolic aberrations, novel avenues for therapeutic intervention targeting the fundamental drivers of cancer initiation and progression emerge, holding promise for more efficacious treatment strategies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein based on literature available a hypothesis is provided about molecular basis for initial events in establishment interactions. This hypothesis asserts that: "recognition and interaction that occur between organisms is prearranged. There are membrane receptors with or without soluble components derived from the respective organisms that bridge specific interactions". Organisms' prearranged recognition theory (OPRT) can be specifically applied to host-microbe interactions where most microbes are coated (opsonised) by soluble components (opsonins) from the host, but there are also some microbes that can bypass host opsonization expressing receptors for the host cells or secreting host's opsonin-like molecules. The receptors involved in organism's interactions, their specificity and repertoire depend on saccharides from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides (glycans) which are abundant extracellular components. Based in OPRT is possible to explain species-specific interactions and several other phenomena, such as hyper-infectivity, tissue tropism, differential sensitivity to disease depending on type O-blood, and tumoral cell promiscuity. The lipid raft domain in cellular membrane is proposed as the main location where interactions will trigger cellular responses. Possible scientific and biotechnology applications and alternative routes to modify organism's interactions and consequences are discussed. It is a novel hypothesis regarding the degree to which an organism's interactions are prearranged and the role of saccharides epitopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the galectin family, a group of lectins is united by their evolutionarily conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. These polypeptides play a role in various cellular processes and are implicated in disease mechanisms such as cancer, fibrosis, infection, and inflammation. Following synthesis in the cytosol, manifold interactions of galectins have been described both extracellularly and intracellularly. Extracellular galectins frequently engage with glycoproteins or glycolipids in a carbohydrate-dependent manner. Intracellularly, galectins bind to non-glycosylated proteins situated in distinct cellular compartments, each with multiple cellular functions. This diversity complicates attempts to form a comprehensive understanding of the role of galectin molecules within the cell. This review enumerates intracellular galectin interaction partners and outlines their involvement in cellular processes. The intricate connections between galectin functions and pathomechanisms are illustrated through discussions of intracellular galectin assemblies in immune and cancer cells. This underscores the imperative need to fully comprehend the interplay of galectins with the cellular machinery and to devise therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the establishment of galectin-based disease mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an important structural component of the cell wall chitin, N‐glycans, glycolipids, and GPI‐anchors in eukaryotes. GlcNAc kinase phosphorylates GlcNAc into GlcNAc‐6‐phosphate, a precursor of uridine diphosphate N‐acetylglucosamine (UDP‐GlcNAc) that serves as a substrate for glycan synthesis. Although GlcNAc kinase is found widely in organisms ranging from microorganisms to mammals, it has never been found in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we demonstrate the presence of GlcNAc metabolism for UDP‐GlcNAc biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae through Ngk1, a GlcNAc kinase we discovered previously. The overexpression or deletion of Ngk1 in the presence of GlcNAc affected the amount of both UDP‐GlcNAc and chitin, suggesting that GlcNAc metabolism via Ngk1 promotes UDP‐GlcNAc synthesis. Our data suggest that the Ngk1‐mediated GlcNAc metabolism compensates for the hexosamine pathway, a known pathway for UDP‐GlcNAc synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant glycosylation is a key mechanism employed by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance, induce angiogenesis and metastasis, among other hallmarks of cancer. Sialic acids, distinctive terminal glycan structures located on glycoproteins or glycolipids, are prominently upregulated across various tumor types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Sialylated glycans modulate anti-tumor immune responses through their interactions with Siglecs, a family of glycan-binding receptors with specificity for sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates, often resulting in immunosuppression. In this paper, we investigated the immunomodulatory function of ST3Gal5, a sialyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of α2-3 sialic acids to glycosphingolipids, since lower expression of ST3Gal5 is associated with better survival of CRC patients. We employed CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out the ST3Gal5 gene in two murine CRC cell lines MC38 and CT26. Glycomics analysis confirmed the removal of sialic acids on glycolipids, with no discernible impact on glycoprotein sialylation. Although knocking out ST3Gal5 in both cell lines did not affect in vivo tumor growth, we observed enhanced levels of regulatory T cells in CT26 tumors lacking ST3Gal5. Moreover, we demonstrate that the absence of ST3Gal5 affected size and blood vessel density only in MC38 tumors. In summary, we ascertain that sialylation of glycosphingolipids has a limited influence on the anti-tumor immune response in CRC, despite detecting alterations in the tumor microenvironment, possibly due to a shift in ganglioside abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates is a well‐established technique and this review is the 12th update of the original article published in 1999 and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2022. As with previous review, this review also includes a few papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. The review follows the same format as previous reviews. It is divided into three sections: (1) general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, quantification and the use of computer software for structural identification. (2) Applications to various structural types such as oligo‐ and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals, and (3) other general areas such as medicine, industrial processes, natural products and glycan synthesis where MALDI is extensively used. Much of the material relating to applications is presented in tabular form. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis, particularly in its ability to produce single ions from each analyte and advancements in the technique and range of applications show little sign of diminishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study unveils the intricate functional association between cyclic di-3',5'-adenylic acid (c-di-AMP) signaling, cellular bioenergetics, and the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile in Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative obligate anaerobe considered as a keystone pathogen involved in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. Previous research has identified variations in P. gingivalis LPS profile as a major virulence factor, yet the underlying mechanism of its modulation has remained elusive. Methods: We employed a comprehensive methodological approach, combining two mutants exhibiting varying levels of c-di-AMP compared to the wild type, alongside an optimized analytical methodology that combines conventional mass spectrometry techniques with a novel approach known as FLATn. Results: We demonstrate that c-di-AMP acts as a metabolic nexus, connecting bioenergetic status to nuanced shifts in fatty acid and glycosyl profiles within P. gingivalis LPS. Notably, the predicted regulator gene cdaR, serving as a potent regulator of c-di-AMP synthesis, was found essential for producing Nacetylgalactosamine and an unidentified glycolipid class associated with the LPS profile. Conclusion: The multifaceted roles of c-di-AMP in bacterial physiology are underscored, emphasizing its significance in orchestrating adaptive responses to stimuli. Furthermore, our findings illuminate the significance of LPS variations and c-di-AMP signaling in determining the biological activities and immunostimulatory potential of P. gingivalis LPS, promoting a pathoadaptive strategy. The study expands the understanding of c-di-AMP pathways in Gramnegative species, laying a foundation for future investigations into the mechanisms governing variations in LPS structure at the molecular level and their implications for host-pathogen interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Carbohydrate is an important energy nutrient in the feed of aquatic animals. Generally, aquatic animals usually exhibit a varying efficiency in utilizing different carbohydrate sources. In order to understand the carbohydrate utilization efficiency, this study investigated the physiological responses of soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) that were fed four types of carbohydrates with different complexities and configurations. The results indicated that the best growth performance and feed efficiency were found in the starch diet, followed by the glucose, fructose, and cellulose groups in sequence. Dietary starch demonstrated a robust lipogenic function by inducing the expression of the genes involved in glucolipid metabolism, with the results of elevated plasma triglyceride levels and an increased lipid content in both the whole body and the liver. Glucose and fructose diets caused postprandial hyperglycemia in P. sinensis due to the un-inhibited gluconeogenesis. P. sinensis that were fed a fructose diet did not exhibit a higher lipid deposition compared to the glucose diet, as seen from mammals. Cellulose was not a suitable energy source for P. sinensis. A 60 day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the impacts of dietary carbohydrates with different complexities and configurations on the growth, plasma parameters, apparent digestibility, intestinal microbiota, glucose, and lipid metabolism of soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis). Four experimental diets were formulated by adding 170 g/kg glucose, fructose, α-starch, or cellulose, respectively. A total of 280 turtles (initial body weight 5.11 ± 0.21 g) were distributed into 28 tanks and were fed twice daily. The results showed that the best growth performance and apparent digestibility was observed in the α-starch group, followed by the glucose, fructose, and cellulose groups (p < 0.05). Monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) significantly enhanced the postprandial plasma glucose levels and hepatosomatic index compared to polysaccharides, due to the un-inhibited gluconeogenesis (p < 0.05). Starch significantly up-regulated the expression of the genes involved in glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, lipid anabolism and catabolism, and the transcriptional regulation factors of glycolipid metabolism (srebp and chrebp) (p < 0.05), resulting in higher plasma triglyceride levels and lipid contents in the liver and the whole body. The fructose group exhibited a lower lipid deposition compared with the glucose group, mainly by inhibiting the expression of srebp and chrebp. Cellulose enhanced the proportion of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. In conclusion, P. sinensis utilized α-starch better than glucose, fructose, and cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell surface component of Gram‐negative bacteria, activates innate immunity. Its active principle is the terminal glycolipid lipid A. Acetobacter pasteurianus is a Gram‐negative bacterium used in the fermentation of traditional Japanese black rice vinegar (kurozu). In this study, we focused on A. pasteurianus lipid A, which is a potential immunostimulatory component of kurozu. The active principle structure of A. pasteurianus lipid A has not yet been identified. Herein, we first systematically synthesized three types of A. pasteurianus lipid As containing a common and unique tetrasaccharide backbone. We developed an efficient method for constructing the 2‐trehalosamine skeleton utilizing borinic acid‐catalyzed glycosylation to afford 1,1'‐α,α‐glycoside in high yield and stereoselectivity. A common tetrasaccharide intermediate with an orthogonal protecting group pattern was constructed via [2+2] glycosylation. After introducing various fatty acids, all protecting groups were removed to achieve the first chemical synthesis of three distinct types of A. pasteurianus lipid As. After evaluating their immunological function using both human and murine cell lines, we identified the active principles of A. pasteurianus LPS. We also found the unique anomeric structure of A. pasteurianus lipid A contributes to its high chemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beauty and body care industry is searching for environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions for surfactants and conditioning agents in hair care products. Glycolipids and esterquats have proven to be promising substitutes. Glycolipids are natural and renewable surfactants with low environmental impact. Rhamnolipids and sophorolipids are advanced glycolipids used in body care products. Plant oil-based esterquats are used as a sustainable alternative in hair care products. They offer improved conditioning properties and allow manufacturers to reduce their ecological footprint. [Extracted from the article]

Energy deprivation triggers various physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants under abiotic stress. We investigated the oxidative damages in the high altitude grown conifer Korean fir (Abies koreana) exposed to waterlogging stress. Our experimental results showed that waterlogging stress led to leaf chlorosis, 35 days after treatment. A significant decrease in leaf fresh weight, chlorophyll and sugar content supported this phenotypic change. Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in leaf proline, lipid peroxidase and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical content of waterlogged plants. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, we conducted RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and de novo assembly. Using RNA-seq analysis approach and filtering (P  < 0.05 and false discovery rate <0.001), we obtained 134 unigenes upregulated and 574 unigenes downregulated. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis placed the obtained differentially expressed unigenes in α-linoleic pathway, fatty acid degradation, glycosis, glycolipid metabolism and oligosaccharide biosynthesis process. Mapping of unigenes with Arabidopsis using basic local alignment search tool for nucleotides showed several critical genes in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism downregulated. Following this, we found the repression of multiple nitrogen (N) assimilation and nucleotide biosynthesis genes including purine metabolism. In addition, waterlogging stress reduced the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids with a concomitant increase only in myristic acid. Together, our results indicate that the prolonged snowmelt may cause inability of A. koreana seedlings to lead the photosynthesis normally due to the lack of root intercellular oxygen and emphasizes a detrimental effect on the N metabolic pathway, compromising this endangered tree's ability to be fully functional under waterlogging stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, have emerged as an important class of compounds with a wide range of applications. However, the use of chemical-derived surfactants must be restricted due to their potential adverse impact on the ecosystem and the health of human and other living organisms. In the past few years, there has been a growing inclination towards natural-derived alternatives, particularly microbial surfactants, as substitutes for synthetic or chemical-based counterparts. Microbial biosurfactants are abundantly found in bacterial species, predominantly Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. The chemical structures of biosurfactants involve the complexation of lipids with carbohydrates (glycolipoproteins and glycolipids), peptides (lipopeptides), and phosphates (phospholipids). Lipopeptides, in particular, have been the subject of extensive research due to their versatile properties, including emulsifying, antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review provides an update on research progress in the classification of surfactants. Furthermore, it explores various bacterial biosurfactants and their functionalities, along with their advantages over synthetic surfactants. Finally, the potential applications of these biosurfactants in many industries and insights into future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]