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Summary: Intra‐articular corticosteroids are an effective treatment for equine osteoarthritis, however, there is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of other treatments such as biologics. Whilst current evidence does support biologics and their use in patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis, there remains to be a lack of evidence regarding their long‐term outcomes and the efficacy of their use as a treatment, especially when compared to corticosteroids. This paper reviewed the evidence comparing intra‐articular corticosteroids and biologics in the treatment of equine osteoarthritis and found that whilst they are both effective treatments, more evidence directly comparing them is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compensatory limb loading has been studied in lame dogs; however, little is known about how these compensations relate to motion of the head and pelvis, assessment of which is an important component of lameness examinations. The aim of this study was to describe the patterns of vertical head and pelvic motion symmetry at the trot in dogs with induced supporting limb lameness in the forelimbs or hind limbs. Ten sound dogs were trotted on a treadmill before and after temporary induction of moderate lameness (grade 2/5) in each limb. Reflective markers were located on the head, pelvis and right forelimb, and kinematic data were captured with a motion capture system. Upper body symmetry parameters were calculated, including differences in the highest (HDmax) and in the lowest (HDmin) positions of the head, and in the highest (PDmax) and in the lowest (PDmin) positions of the mid-pelvis, with a value of zero indicating symmetry. The head was lowered more during the sound limb stance phase and lowered less during the lame limb stance phase in supporting forelimb lameness (HDmin: 4.6mm in dogs when sound, -18.3mm when left limb lameness was induced and 20.5mm when right limb lameness was induced). The mid-pelvis was lowered more during the sound limb stance phase and lowered and lifted less during the lame limb stance phase in supporting hind limb lameness (PDmin: 1mm in dogs when sound, -10.1mm in left limb lameness and 8.4mm in right limb lameness). The hip of the lame side, measured at the level of the greater trochanter, had an increased downwards displacement during the lame limb swing phase (-21mm in left hind limb lameness, P=0.005; 23.4mm in right hind limb lameness, P=0.007). Asymmetry in the lowering of the head or mid-pelvis is a more sensitive indicator of supporting forelimb and hind limb lameness, respectively, than asymmetry in the raising of the head. Increased displacement of the hip ('hip drop' of the lame side during its swing phase) is a good indicator of hind limb lameness in dogs., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Lameness detection can be challenging in dogs, as reflected in the reported low inter-rater agreement when visually assessing lameness. The aim of this study was to use an inertial sensor-based system to detect and quantify induced distal and proximal limb disturbances mimicking supporting and swinging limb lameness in dogs trotting on a treadmill by measuring vertical head and pelvic movement symmetry. Ten clinically sound dogs were equipped with inertial measurement units that were attached to the head, pelvis and right distal forelimb. Vertical head and pelvic movement symmetry were measured while dogs trotted on a treadmill, before and after the induction of moderate support or swinging fore- and hindlimb lameness. Four symmetry variables were calculated: the differences in displacement between the two lowest and between the two highest values of the head and pelvis per stride, respectively. These variables were defined as minimum head difference (HDmin), maximum head difference (HDmax), minimum pelvic difference (PDmin) and maximum pelvic difference (PDmax). Induction of supporting forelimb and hindlimb lameness produced significant changes in HDmin and PDmin, respectively. Swinging forelimb and hindlimb lameness produced significant changes in HDmax and PDmax, respectively. Additional compensatory ipsilateral forelimb and contralateral hindlimb movements were detected. Based on our findings, inertial sensor-based systems can be used to detect and quantify induced moderate lameness and differentiate between supporting and swinging limb lameness in dogs trotting on a treadmill. Further studies are needed to evaluate this method in dogs presented for clinical lameness evaluation and in overground locomotion., (Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)