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Byline: A. Zeeneldin, A. Mohamed, H. Abdel, F. Taha, I. Goda, W. AboDeef Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the commonest among women in Egypt as well as in many other [...]

Abstract: Auxetic materials and microstructures are attracting the attention of a growing community of researchers due to their unusual properties and high mechanical performances, in both the static and dynamic regimes. The topological derivative is used in this contribution to determine microstructures having the most negative in‐plane mean Poisson's ratio. The auxetic nature of the computed microstructures is demonstrated by both numerical and real experiments performed over samples fabricated by additive printing. The effective mechanical properties of these auxetic structures have been computed in the framework of couple stress elasticity, allowing to identify both in‐plane and out‐of plane effective properties. The calculated classical moduli are found independent of the size of the window of analysis and are consequently effective coefficients. In contrast to this, the calculated in‐plane bending moduli show a clear dependency on the auxetic cell size, whereas the out‐of‐plane bending moduli appear to be size‐independent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straipsnyje pristatomos ir aptariamos J. Rawlso veikalo „Teisingumo teorija“ pamatinės sąvokos“: teisingumo, teisingumo subjekto, kooperacijos idėjos, gerai tvarkomos visuomenes, „nežinojimo šydo“, teisingumo principų ir kt. J. Rawlso teisingumo principai vertinami dviem aspektais – nuoseklumo ir klaidos vengimo. Pirmuoju požiūriu polemizuojama su kai kuriais J. Rawlso kritikais, teigiančiais I. Kanto ir T. Hobbeso įtaką jam. Vertinant teisingumo principus klaidos vengimo aspektu, teorija tiriama jos pačios sau išsikelto uždavinio požiūriu, t. y. apžvelgiant, ar J. Rawlsui pavyko sukurti grynai procedūrinę teisingumo teoriją. Aiškinamasi, ar J. Rawlsas teisingumo sąvokai nesuteikė naujų reikšmių, kurios pakeistų jo teorijos vertinimo klaidos vengimo požiūriu išvadas. Teigiama, kad J. Rawlsas yra nuoseklus, nes iš kantiškųjų premisų jis išveda kantiškuosius rezultatus – valios autonomijos charakteristikas turinčius teisingumo principus. Jis naudoja kontraktinę terminologiją išreikšti savo kantiškajai teorijai – giluminis ir paviršinis teorijos lygmenys nėra painiojami.

Straipsnyje aptariamos lošimų teorijos svarbiausios sąvokos – nulinės sumos lošimas, dviejų lošėjų nenulinės sumos lošimas, paprastoji ir kartojama kalinio dilema, Pareto optimumas, von Neumanno minimakso teorema, evoliuciškai stabili strategija. Lošimų teorija apibrėžiama kaip konflikto, konkurencijos bei bendradarbiavimo situacijų (lošimų) loginė analizė. Dviejų lošėjų nenulinės sumos situacijoje pagrindinė iškylanti problema yra atsiradimas pusiausvyrų, kurios nepavaldžios Pareto optimumui. Gryniausia tokios dilemos forma yra kalinio dilema, konflikto tarp individualaus ir kolektyvinio racionalumo kvintesencija ir žmogiškąją elgseną persmelkiantis bendravimo įvaizdis. Von Neumanno minimakso teorema teigia, kad lošėjai turėtų pasirinkti savo optimalias grynas arba mišrias strategijas ir šitaip gauti lošimo vertę (skaičių v). Lošimų teorija randa atsakymus bent jau paprastiems lošimams ir supaprastina jais aprašomus pasaulio įvykius, pašalina dubliavimą, abipusiai nenaudingas strategijas, laikydamasi nuostatos, kad sprendimas iš principo gali būti surastas.

The article presents and overviews the main concepts of "A Theory of Justice" by J. Rawls such as justice, subject of justice, ideas of cooperation and well ordered society, veil of ignorance, rationality of the original situation, principles of justice, the rule of maximum minimorum. The author presents an analysis of the basic notions of "A Theory of Justice" by evaluating the two aspects of comprehensiveness and avoidance of error. The evaluation of comprehensiveness proceeds along the lines of discussion with some critics of J. Rawls such as Benjamin R. Barber who claims that J. Rawls does not manage to choose between the influence of I. Kant and Th. Hobbes. The author argues that the theory of justice pre-sen-ted by Rawls satisfies the criteria of coprehen-si-ve-ness by being essentially a Kantian and not a Hobbesian conception. The argument for this is proved by finding essential simmilarities between the Kantian principle of authonomy and the original situation of choice behind the veil of ignorance simulated by Rawls. She argues that the relation between the Kantian and the contractarian point of views signalled by the theory is the problem of different levels of it. "A Theory of Justice" is the one that expresses particullar principles via the contract rather than finds them as an outcome of it. The second principle of the avoidance of error emerges as an answer to the question wheather J. Rawls’ aim to create a theory of pure procedural justice has been achieved. The answer to this question is ambivalent in the sense that the concept "pure procedural justice" has itself weaker and stronger interpretations. J. Rawls making distinction between procedural and substantial justice says that the difference between them is similar to the one between procedural justice and the justice of results. J. Rawls avoided error in the sense that he deduced the principles of justice defending the human rights of individuals from his Kantian premisses. But the author has doubts wheather Rawls managed to avoid an error in the case if pure procedural justice is unterstood in the stronger (strict Kantian) sense as something a priori deduced from the principles of reason by deliberation.

Background: Phakic intraocular lenses (pIOLs) have proven to be excellent substitutes for excimer laser keratorefractive surgery in certain situations. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of two pIOLs, the implantable collamer lens (ICL V4c) versus the implantable phakic contact lens (IPCL V2), for myopic correction., Methods: In this prospective randomized clinical trial, we allocated eligible eyes with myopia > - 6 diopters into IPCL or ICL implantation groups, each including 100 eyes of 100 individuals. Preoperative and postoperative assessments at 3, 6, and 12 months included measurements of the spherical equivalent (SE), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), maximum keratometry (K1), minimum keratometry (K2), mean keratometry (Kmean), anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber angle (ACA), and endothelial cell density (ECD)., Results: The groups had comparable demographic characteristics and baseline visual and anatomical values (all P  > 0.05). The UCDVA, BCDVA, and SE of the two groups were comparable at baseline and at all postoperative follow-up examinations (all P  > 0.05). Both groups experienced significant improvements in UCDVA, BCDVA, and SE at three months postoperatively (all P  = 0.001), and measurements remained stable for up to 12 months. Keratometry readings were comparable between the groups over the follow-up period and remained unchanged at all visits (all P  > 0.05). The ACA in the ICL group was significantly decreased at three months postoperatively ( P  = 0.001) and then widened significantly at 6 and 12 months (both P  = 0.001). In the IPCL group, the postoperative ACA was significantly decreased at three months ( P  = 0.001) and was comparable to that in the ICL group ( P  > 0.01). However, at the 6- and 12-month postoperative visits, the ACA was significantly narrower in the IPCL group than in the ICL group (both P  = 0.001). The ACD in both groups was decreased at three months postoperatively (both P  = 0.001) and remained stable until the end of the study. The ECD remained comparable between the groups at all postoperative visits (all P  > 0.05). We did not observe a significant ECD reduction in either group at any postoperative follow-up visit (all P  > 0.05). We encountered no serious complications in either group., Conclusions: ICL and IPCL had comparable safety and efficacy outcomes in terms of anterior chamber morphometrics, visual and refractive results, and corneal parameters. Further multicenter randomized clinical trials with longer follow-up periods, larger sample sizes, and measurement of additional anterior chamber and corneal morphometrics, vault, and other vision parameters are needed to verify these findings., Competing Interests: None., (© Author(s).)

Background: Associations between retinal venous occlusion (RVO), elevated intraocular pressure, and glaucoma have been reported. Further investigations into structural alterations in the fellow eyes of individuals with unilateral RVO have revealed that the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer is thinner than in healthy eyes, suggesting that there may be systemic risk factors common to both RVO and glaucoma. We aimed to evaluate changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (pRNFLT) among individuals with unilateral branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)., Methods: This prospective observational study recruited 30 individuals (60 eyes) with newly diagnosed unilateral BRVO and macular edema, and a control group of 30 healthy individuals (30 eyes) with no abnormalities on fundus examination or concurrent systemic comorbidities. After baseline measurements, the participants were reassessed at 6, 12, and 24 months by measuring global and sectoral pRNFLT using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography., Results: The mean age and sex distributions were comparable between the patient and control groups (both P  > 0.05). When compared to fellow eyes, global and sectoral pRNFLT in eyes with BRVO were significantly higher at baseline (all P  < 0.05). Over time, pRNFLT decreased dramatically, and by the conclusion of the two-year follow-up, there was a significant reduction from baseline in the affected eyes (all P  < 0.05). Likewise, affected eyes experienced a significant improvement in best-corrected distance visual acuity and central macular thickness over the two-year follow-up (both P  ≤ 0.001). Comparing the global and all-sector pRNFLT of fellow eyes in the patient group with those of normal eyes in the control group, there were no significant differences at any visit, except in the temporal sector, which revealed a significant reduction in pRNFLT at 24 months in the fellow eyes of patients with unilateral BRVO ( P  = 0.02)., Conclusions: Patients with unilateral BRVO experienced a significant reduction in pRNFLT in the affected eyes and, to a lesser extent, in the fellow eyes, compared with that of the control arm, suggesting that they are prone to retinal nerve fiber layer damage. The reduction in pRNFLT in the normal fellow eyes of patients with BRVO may be attributed to age or concurrent systemic comorbidities. Further studies with long follow-up periods are required to shed light on the etiology of functional and structural changes in both the retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex in the normal and affected eyes of patients with unilateral BRVO., Competing Interests: None., (© Author(s).)

Introduction: Ocular pain is a common complication following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). The level of patient satisfaction with current pain control strategies is not high. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of a novel regimen of preservative-free oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% unit-dose eye drops for post-PRK pain control., Methods: In a contralateral eye study, 144 eyes of 72 patients who underwent bilateral transepithelial PRK (TransPRK) were stratified into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received preservative-free oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% unit-dose eye drops five times daily postoperatively until complete epithelial healing, while the control group received sodium hyaluronate 0.2% instead. The main outcome measures were pain scores assessed by the verbal rating scale and visual analogue scale (VRS, VAS), the corneal epithelial defect (CED) area, epithelial healing duration evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), and endothelial cell density (ECD) measured before and 1 month after surgery., Results: Pain scores assessed by VRS and VAS were significantly lower in the experimental group 8 h after surgery, and 1, 2, and 3 days postoperatively (P < 0.001). The mean CED area showed no significant differences between the two groups at different follow-ups (P value > 0.05). The corneal epithelial healing had a mean duration of 3.32 ± 0.47 days in both studied groups and was parallel in both eyes of each patient. In each group, 49 eyes (68%) and 72 eyes (100%) had a fully epithelialized surface on the third and fourth postoperative days, respectively. No significant changes were observed in the mean ECD 1 month following surgery in both groups (P value > 0.05)., Conclusion: Preservative-free oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 0.4% unit-dose eye drops are effective and safe in controlling early postoperative pain following TransPRK. The availability of the single-dose unit preparation can overcome the problem of topical anesthetic abuse., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05733741., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Corneal refractive surgery for myopia results in an oblate shift with increased postoperative aberrations inversely affecting the quality of vision. Aspheric ablation profiles have been introduced to minimize such a problem. The aim of this study was to compare changes in corneal asphericity, central and mid-peripheral pachymetry between the Q-value customized and the wavefront-optimized (WFO) ablation profiles., Methods: A prospective, comparative non-randomized fellow eye study was conducted. Eighty eyes of 40 eligible patients underwent femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis for myopia and myopic astigmatism. In each patient, the more myopic eye was included in the custom-Q ablation experimental group and the other less myopic eye was included in the WFO control group. For the custom-Q group, the target asphericity was set to the preoperative Q-value. Corneal asphericity, central and mid-peripheral pachymetric changes and the root mean square of corneal higher-order aberrations (RMSh) were assessed 6 months following surgery. Visual and refractive outcomes were also evaluated in both platforms 6 months postoperatively., Results: The mean preoperative refractive spherical equivalent was significantly more myopic in the custom-Q group than in the WFO group (P = 0.001). The mean Q-value changed from - 0.2 ± 0.1 to 0.6 ± 0.7 and from - 0.2 ± 0.1 to 0.4 ± 0.5 in the custom-Q and WFO groups, respectively. The oblate shift in corneal asphericity was not significantly different between both treatment groups (P = 0.094). The mean ablation depth at the pupillary center was significantly greater in the custom-Q group (P = 0.011), while there was no significant difference at the mid-peripheral pachymetry (P = 0.256). The RMSh significantly increased in both treatment profiles (P < 0.001) with no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.06). The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and the manifest refraction spherical equivalents (MRSE) significantly improved in both treatment groups (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: The custom-Q treatment profile with target asphericity set at the preoperative Q-value achieved comparable outcomes vs. the WFO profile in terms of postoperative corneal asphericity and mid-peripheral pachymetry despite the greater amount of ablation, the smaller optical zone, and the resulting increase in postoperative corneal flattening in the custom-Q group. Trial registration (Clinicaltrials.gov): NCT04738903, 4 February 2021- Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04738903., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Mucormycosis is a life-threatening opportunistic angioinvasive fungal infection. We aimed to describe the frequency, presentations, predictors, and in-hospital outcome of mucormycosis patients in the scope of CoronaVirusDisease-19 (COVID-19) during the third viral pandemic wave. This cross-sectional retrospective study included all patients who fulfilled the criteria of mucormycosis with concurrent confirmed covid19 infection admitted to Assuit University Hospital between March 2021 and July 2021. Overall, 433 patients with definite covid-19 infection, of which 33 (7.63%) participants were infected with mucormycosis. Mucormycosis was predominantly seen in males (21 vs. 12; p = 0.01). Diabetes mellitus (35% vs. 63.6%; p < 0.001), hypertension (2% vs.45.5%; p 0.04), and Smoking (26.5% vs. 54.5%; p < 0.001) were all significantly higher in mucormycosis patients. Inflammatory markers, especially E.S.R., were significantly higher in those with mucormycosis (p < 0.001). The dose of steroid intake was significantly higher among patients with mucormycosis (160 mg vs. 40 mg; p < 0.001). Except for only three patients alive by residual infection, 30 patients died. The majority (62%) of patients without mucormycosis were alive. Male sex; Steroid misuse; D.M.; Sustained inflammation; Severe infection were significant risk factors for mucormycosis by univariate analysis; however, D.M.; smoking and raised E.S.R. were predictors for attaining mucormycosis by multivariate analysis., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The covid-19 outbreak has caused a shortage of masks and other healthcare products for the general public around the globe. In addition, it has also affected the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) used by healthcare services because of a sudden increase in their demand. This significant disruption in the global supply chain of these products resulted in, leaving many staff and patients without protection. The additive manufacturing (AM) industry is going through extraordinary times and can provide emergency responses to help deal with the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of the present work is therefore to perform an up-to-date review to determine the capacity of AM to provide exclusive benefits for the medical healthcare supplies sector to fight this current situation. In this review, it is found that AM technology has proved that it can be used as a volume manufacturing technology for the ongoing crisis. However, the standardization and certification are appeared to represent the main challenges for adopting the AM in healthcare against COVID-19. Furthermore, additively manufactured materials for medical applications must be developed for medical environments. Most printed medical products for COVID-19 require biocompatibility evaluation and shall prove their ability to sterilize. Finally, this review concluded that AM technology can fulfill the requirements of face masks and ventilator parts for healthcare systems for proper controlling and treating of COVID-19 patients when the safety and efficacy of these devices are ensured.

Currently, the emergence of a novel human coronavirus disease, named COVID-19, has become a great global public health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Yet, there is no specific vaccine or treatment for this COVID-19 where anti-disease measures rely on preventing or slowing the transmission of infection from one person to another. In particularly, there is a growing effort to prevent or reduce transmission to frontline healthcare professionals. However, it is becoming an increasingly international concern respecting the shortage in the supply chain of critical single-use personal protective equipment (PPE). To that scope, we aim in the present work to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest 3D printing efforts against COVID-19, including professional additive manufacturing (AM) providers, makers and designers in the 3D printing community. Through this review paper, the response to several questions and inquiries regarding the following issues are addressed: technical factors connected with AM processes; recommendations for testing and characterizing medical devices that additively manufactured; AM materials that can be used for medical devices; biological concerns of final 3D printed medical parts, comprising biocompatibility, cleaning and sterility; and limitations of AM technology.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a homogeneous, orthotropic couple-stress continuum model as a substitute of the 3D periodic heterogeneous cellular solid model of vertebral trabecular bone. Vertebral trabecular bone is modeled as a porous material with an idealized periodic structure made of 3D open cubic cells, which is effectively orthotropic. The chosen architecture is based on studies of samples taken from the central part of vertebral bodies. The effective properties are obtained based on the response of the representative volume element under prescribed boundary conditions. Mixed boundary conditions comprising both traction and displacement boundary conditions are applied on the structure boundaries. In this contribution, the effective mechanical constants of the effective couple-stress continuum are deduced by an equivalent strain energy method. The characteristic lengths for bending and torsion are identified from the resulting homogenized orthotropic moduli. We conduct this study computationally using a finite element approach. Vertebral trabecular bone is modeled either as a cellular solid or as a two-phase material consisting of bone tissue (stiff phase) forming a trabecular network, and a surrounding soft tissue referring to the bone marrow present in the pores. Both the bone tissue forming the network and the pores are assumed to be homogeneous linear elastic, and isotropic media. The scale effects on the predicted couple stress moduli of these networks are investigated by varying the size of the bone specimens over which the boundary conditions are applied. The analysis using mixed boundary conditions gives results that are independent of unit cell size when computing the first couple stress tensor, while it is dependent on the cell size as to the second couple stress tensor moduli. This study provides overall guidance on how the size of the trabecular specimen influence couple stresses elastic moduli of cellular materials, with focus on bones. The developed approach is quite general and applicable to any heterogeneous cellular and composite materials., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Acetoin in vinegar is an attractant to fruit flies when combined with acetic acid. To make vinegar more effective in attracting fruit flies with increased acetoin production, Komagataeibacter europaeus KGMA0119 was modified by specific gene disruption of the acetohydroxyacid isomeroreductase gene (ilvC). A previously constructed mutant lacking the putative ligand-sensing region in the leucine-responsive regulatory protein (KeLrp, encoded by Kelrp) was also used. The ilvC and Kelrp disruptants (KGMA5511 and KGMA7203, respectively) produced greater amounts of acetoin (KGMA5511, 0.11%; KGMA7203, 0.13%) than the wild-type strain KGMA0119 (0.069%). KGMA7203 produced a trace amount of isobutyric acid (0.007%), but the other strains did not. These strains produced approximately equal amounts of acetic acid (0.7%). The efficiency of fruit fly attraction was investigated with cultured Drosophila melanogaster. D. melanogaster flies (approximately 1,500) were released inside a cage (2.5 m by 2.5 m by 1.5 m) and were trapped with a device containing vinegar and a sticky sheet. The flies trapped on the sticky sheet were counted. The cell-free supernatant from KGMA7203 culture captured significantly more flies (19.36 to 36.96% of released flies) than did KGMA0119 (3.25 to 11.40%) and KGMA5511 (6.87 to 21.50%) cultures. Contrastingly, a 0.7% acetic acid solution containing acetoin (0.13%) and isobutyric acid (0.007%), which mimicked the KGMA7203 supernatant, captured significantly fewer flies (0.88 to 4.57%). Furthermore, the KGMA0119 supernatant with additional acetoin (0.13%) and isobutyric acid (0.007%) captured slightly more flies than the original KGMA0119 supernatant but fewer than the KGMA7203 supernatant, suggesting that the synergistic effects of acetic acid, acetoin, isobutyric acid, and unidentified metabolites achieved the efficient fly trapping of the KGMA7203 supernatant., (Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)