149 results on '"Godec, Ranka"'
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2. Pollution levels and deposition processes of airborne organic pollutants over the central Adriatic area: Temporal variabilities and source identification
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Jakovljević, Ivana, Šimić, Iva, Mendaš, Gordana, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Žužul, Silva, Gluščić, Valentina, Godec, Ranka, Pehnec, Gordana, Bešlić, Ivan, Milinković, Andrea, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, Šala, Martin, Ogrizek, Monika, and Frka, Sanja
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- 2021
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3. Air pollution levels near crossroads with different traffic density and the estimation of health risk
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Godec, Ranka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Davila, Silvije, Šega, Krešimir, Bešlić, Ivan, Rinkovec, Jasmina, and Pehnec, Gordana
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- 2021
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4. Influence of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution and carcinogenic content of particulate matter observed in Croatia
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Jakovljević, Ivana, Štrukil, Zdravka Sever, Godec, Ranka, Davila, Silvije, and Pehnec, Gordana
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- 2021
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5. Experiences with the accreditation of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Franić Zdenko, Bituh Tomislav, Godec Ranka, Čačković Mirjana, Meštrović Tomislav, and Šiško Jerko
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iso norms ,measurement traceability ,quality management ,testing laboratories ,iso norme ,ispitni laboratoriji ,mjerna sljedivost ,upravljanje kvalitetom ,Toxicology. Poisons ,RA1190-1270 - Abstract
Accreditation in accordance with the international General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard) has become a widely accepted method of quality management and objective evidence of technical competence, knowledge, and skills of testing and calibration laboratories. In 2010, the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (IMROH) had its management system accredited against the HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard for the following scopes: determination of radioactivity, testing of ambient air quality, and testing in the scope of ionising radiation protection. This accreditation encompassed three laboratories: Radiation Protection Unit, Environmental Hygiene Unit, and the Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit. In accordance with the rules of the Croatian Accreditation Agency, the second re-accreditation is due in 2020. This paper describes and discusses the quality management system at IMROH over the ten years of its implementation. We share our experiences about non-conformities discovered during regular work, internal audits, and external audits performed by the Croatian Accreditation Agency. The accredited management system significantly improved the performance of the accredited units, and the Institute increased its visibility and marketing advantage, consequently improving its market position.
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- 2020
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6. Sources, Ionic Composition and Acidic Properties of Bulk and Wet Atmospheric Deposition in the Eastern Middle Adriatic Region
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Gluščić, Valentina, primary, Žužul, Silva, additional, Pehnec, Gordana, additional, Jakovljević, Ivana, additional, Smoljo, Iva, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Bešlić, Ivan, additional, Milinković, Andrea, additional, Alempijević, Saranda Bakija, additional, and Frka, Sanja, additional
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- 2023
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7. Insights to the short-term atmospheric deposition impacts on the biology and chemistry of the sea surface microlayer in the Adriatic Sea coastal region
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Milinković, Andrea, primary, Penezić, Abra, additional, Cvitešić Kušan, Ana, additional, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, additional, Gluščić, Valentina, additional, Žužul, Silva, additional, Jakovljević, Ivana, additional, Skejić, Sanda, additional, Šantić, Danijela, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Pehnec, Gordana, additional, Lehners, Carola, additional, Striebel, Maren, additional, Niggemann, Jutta, additional, Engel, Anja, additional, Godrijan, Jelena, additional, Gašparović, Blaženka, additional, Ribas Ribas, Mariana, additional, Wurl, Oliver, additional, and Frka, Sanja, additional
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- 2023
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8. Evaluation of air pollution effects on human population: a Zagreb case
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Gerić, Marko, Matković, Katarina, Pehnec, Gordana, Jurič, Andreja, Brčić Karačonji, Irena, Milić, Mirta, Kašuba, Vilena, Jakovljević, Ivana, Davila, Silvije, Rinkovec, Jasmina, Godec, Ranka, Žužul, Silva, Bešlić, Ivan, Domijan, Ana-Marija, Cvitković, Ante, Sanković, Mandica, Šumanovac, Antun, Wild, Pascal, Guseva Canu, Irina, Hopf, Nancy B, and Gajski, Goran
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Air pollution ,genotoxicity ,human population - Abstract
In terms of exposome, air pollution is a life-long and constant source of exposure affecting human organs, tissues, cells, and molecules. It is considered responsible for more than 3 million premature deaths annually. Currently ongoing HUMNap project investigates possible associations between air pollutants and biomarkers of exposure and early biological effects. The evaluation of results is divided in two parts. In part 1 we examined historical data (2011-15) of cytogenetic biomarkers in Zagreb population (N=130) and corresponding air quality data. Measured air pollution parameters were largely below regulatory limits, except for B[a]P. There were no significant positive associations indicating contribution of air pollutants to increased genome damage for designated period. In part 2, in 2021- 22 we recruited a new cohort (N=60) and included biomarkers of exposure (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene) and effect (blood comet assay, buccal and blood micronucleus assay). For air quality data, the results were in agreement with results from part 1. Similarly, tested parameters did not impact biomarkers of exposure nor the genotoxicity biomarkers. The focus of the project will now turn to other cities with different air pollution burden, and will expand the number of evaluated biomarkers in order to find possible links between air pollution and the biomarkers of effect, improve prediction models, and to serve in better risk assessment of general public. Supported by the Croatian Science Foundation (HUMNap project 1192 and the work of doctoral student K. Matković)
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- 2023
9. Taloženje kalija u okolišu
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Godec, Ranka, Gluščić, Valentina, Šimić, Iva, Senčar, Jasminka, Babić, Dinko, Rašeta, Davor, Pehnec, Gordana, and Petrinec, Branko
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kalij, oborine, suho taloženje, ukupna taložna tvar - Abstract
Kalij se u okoliš može taložiti iz više izvora - morske soli, prašine iz tla, biogenih emisija i izgaranja biomase. Glavni cilj rada je bio odrediti i usporediti razine kalija i njegovog prirodnog radionuklida 40K u različitim vrstama atmosferskog taloženja (ukupna taložna tvar, suho taloženje i oborine), te procijeniti njegov glavni izvor. Uzorci su sakupljani na dvije lokacije u gradu Zagrebu tijekom 2022. godine. U prvoj polovici 2022. godine uzorci su sakupljeni u zapadnom industrijskom dijelu grada opterećeno prometom, dok su se u drugoj polovici godine sakupljali u sjevernom stambenom dijelu grada. Uzorci suhe depozicije kao i oborina sakupljani su kao tromjesečni uzorci, dok su uzorci ukupne taložne tvari sakupljani na mjesečnoj bazi, ali su ovdje prikazani kao tromjesečni prosjeci radi lakše usporedivosti rezultata s prethodno navedenim metodama. Prirodni radionuklid kalija, 40K, kao i ukupan K određen je visokorezolucijskom gamaspektrometrijom s germanijskim detektorom visoke čistoće (HPGe) u suhoj depoziciji i u oborini, dok je vodotopivi kalij u ukupnoj taložnoj tvari određen ionskom kromatografijom s konduktometrijskim detektorom. U istim uzorcima ukupne taložne tvari određivao se i vodotopivi organski ugljik (WSOC) metodom termičkooptičke transmisije s plamenoionizacijskim detektrom, a u svrhu izračuna omjera K+ i WSOC, koji može biti pokazatelj određenih izvora onečišćenja. Vidljivo je da su koncentracije kalija u ukupnoj taložnoj tvari kao i u oborinama više na sjeveru grada, dok su kod suhog taloženja više u zapadnom djelu grada Zagreba. Iz omjera K+ iWSOC vidljivo je da kalij u ukupnom taloženju u gradu Zagrebu dolazi kao produkt sagorijevanja biomase.
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- 2023
10. Sources, Ionic Composition and Acidic Properties of Bulk and Wet Atmospheric Deposition in the Eastern Middle Adriatic Region
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Gluščić, Valentina, Žužul, Silva, Pehnec, Gordana, Jakovljević, Ivana, Smoljo, Iva, Godec, Ranka, Bešlić, Ivan, Milinković, Andrea, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, and Frka, Sanja
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major ions ,deposited matter ,dust intrusion ,open-fire events - Abstract
Atmospheric bulk and wet deposition samples were collected simultaneously at the background coastal site in the Eastern Middle Adriatic region in order to assess the impact of major ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, K+, NH4+, Mg2+, Ca2+) on deposition acidity and distinguish the main sources. Higher ion levels were observed during the cold period, especially for Cl−, Na+, Mg2+ and K+. Dust intrusion caused significant increases in levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, while open-fire events increased the levels of K+. Deposition acidity showed seasonal differences as well as the influence of dust intrusion. Low ionic balance ratios indicated acidic deposition properties and the presence of organic anions. The highest neutralization ability was found for Ca2+, Na+ and NH4+. Several natural (marine, crustal) and anthropogenic sources were determined, as well as the formation of secondary aerosols. Wet deposition was characterized by higher contribution of sea salt fraction compared to bulk deposition and lower contribution of crustal fraction.
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- 2023
11. Air Pollution Impact On Genomic Instability In People Living In Zagreb (Croatia)
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Gajski, Goran, Matković, Katarina, Gerić, Marko, Pehnec, Gordana, Jurič, Andreja, Brčić Karačonji, Irena, Milić, Mirta, Kašuba, Vilena, Jakovljević, Ivana, Davila, Silvije, Rinkovec, Jasmina, Godec, Ranka, Žužul, Silva, Bešlić, Ivan, Domijan, Ana Marija, Cvitković, Ante, Sanković, Mandica, Šumanovac, Antun, Wild, Pascal, Guseva Canu, Irina, and Hopf, Nancy B.
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BTEX ,genomska oštećenja ,alkaline comet assay ,air pollution - Abstract
Increased road traffic and industrial and energy production contribute to urban air pollution worldwide. Consequently, cities are hotspots for air pollution, representing a global health threat, resulting in millions of premature deaths annually. The HUMNap project aims to provide scientifically based data on how air pollution can affect genomic instability and our health by determining possible associations between air pollutants and biomarkers of exposure and early biological effects. In the first part of the project, we retrospectively evaluated genomic instability using the comet and micronucleus assays on blood cells in a sample (N=130) of the general population living in Zagreb (Croatia) and associated these results with air pollution levels in the period from 2011 to 2015. We did not observe a significant positive association between parameters tested and measured air pollution parameters except for benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P), which showed a significant negative association. Our results show that the measured air pollution parameters were largely below regulatory limits, except for B[a]P. In the prospective part of the study, we investigated possible effects of air pollution and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-, m- and p-xylene) exposure on genomic instability using the comet and micronucleus assays on blood in addition to buccal cells in a sample (N = 60) of the general population living in Zagreb (Croatia) during colder and warmer periods in 2021-2022. All measured outdoor air pollution parameters agreed with previously reported values and were below the regulatory limit, except for PM10 particles and B[a]P bound to PM10, which exceeded regulatory limit levels. Again, we did not observe the noteworthy impact of air pollution on tested parameters. Since air pollution is identified as a major health threat, further research investigating the effect of air pollution on genome integrity and human health is warranted. It will prioritize other cities where exposure to different air pollutants is expected. Supported by the Croatian Science Foundation (HUMNap)
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- 2023
12. Associating Air Pollution with Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Parameters in Lymphocytes of the General Population in Zagreb (Croatia)
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Gajski, Goran, primary, Gerić, Marko, additional, Pehnec, Gordana, additional, Matković, Katarina, additional, Rinkovec, Jasmina, additional, Jakovljević, Ivana, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Žužul, Silva, additional, Bešlić, Ivan, additional, Cvitković, Ante, additional, Wild, Pascal, additional, Guseva Canu, Irina, additional, and Hopf, Nancy B., additional
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- 2022
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13. Variabilities of biochemical properties of the sea surface microlayer: Insights to the atmospheric deposition impacts
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Milinković, Andrea, primary, Penezić, Abra, additional, Kušan, Ana Cvitešić, additional, Gluščić, Valentina, additional, Žužul, Silva, additional, Skejić, Sanda, additional, Šantić, Danijela, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Pehnec, Gordana, additional, Omanović, Dario, additional, Engel, Anja, additional, and Frka, Sanja, additional
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- 2022
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14. Machine Learning and Meteorological Normalization for Assessment of Particulate Matter Changes during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Zagreb, Croatia
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Lovrić, Mario, primary, Antunović, Mario, additional, Šunić, Iva, additional, Vuković, Matej, additional, Kecorius, Simonas, additional, Kröll, Mark, additional, Bešlić, Ivan, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Pehnec, Gordana, additional, Geiger, Bernhard C., additional, Grange, Stuart K., additional, and Šimić, Iva, additional
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- 2022
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15. Diurnal dynamics at the sea-atmosphere interface: The Central Adriatic campaign
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Cvitešić Kušan, Ana, primary, Milinković, Andrea, additional, Penezić, Abra, additional, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, additional, Godrijan, Jelena, additional, Gašparović, Blaženka, additional, Šantić, Danijela, additional, Ribas Ribas, Mariana, additional, Wurl, Oliver, additional, Striebel, Maren, additional, Niggemann, Jutta, additional, Cohrs, Carmen, additional, Lehners, Carola, additional, Robinson, Tiera-Brandy, additional, Gassen, Lisa, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Gluščić, Valentina, additional, and Frka, Sanja, additional
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- 2022
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16. New Insight into the Measurements of Particle-Bound Metals in the Urban and Remote Atmospheres of the Sarajevo Canton and Modeled Impacts of Particulate Air Pollution in Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Žero, Sabina, primary, Žužul, Silva, additional, Huremović, Jasna, additional, Pehnec, Gordana, additional, Bešlić, Ivan, additional, Rinkovec, Jasmina, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Kittner, Noah, additional, Pavlović, Karla, additional, Požar, Nino, additional, Castillo, Juan J., additional, Sanchez, Sergio, additional, Manousakas, Manousos I., additional, Furger, Markus, additional, Prevot, Andre S.H., additional, Močnik, Griša, additional, and Džepina, Katja, additional
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- 2022
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17. Levels of carbohydrates in PM$_1$ particulate matter emitted during wintertime
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Sopčić, Suzana, Jakovljević, Ivana, Godec, Ranka, and Pehnec, Gordana
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Earth sciences ,ddc:550 ,levoglucosan ,Anhydrosugars ,PM1 - Abstract
Most epidemiological studies regarding air quality and human health effects are performed on fine and coarse particles, as they are regulated by air quality directives. In recent years, ultrafine par-ticles have been recognized as crucial because of their ability to reach the most distal lung regions and greatly impact the cardiovascular system. To get a better understanding of the health effects, it is important to determine the ultrafine particle composition in as much detail as possible since every compound has different chemical and physical properties.This study focused on carbohydrates that represent water- soluble organic compounds. The pre-sence of carbohydrates in the particulate matter can be caused by various sources, of which the most common is biomass combustion. Anhydrosugars, specifically levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan, which are formed by thermal cellulose and hemicellulose breakdown, are considered specific and general tracers for biomass burning emissions. Other carbohydrate sources are plants, spores, and bacteria, whose activity forms sugar alcohols and primary sugars.The present study aims to investigate levels of carbohydrates in PM1 samples collected during win-tertime at an urban background station. Twelve carbohydrates were examined and the results were compared with concentrations obtained from PM10 particulate matter analysis. Results showed that anhydrosugars are the most abundant, followed by sugar alcohols and sugars, respectively. Levoglucosan was the most dominant compound in both fractions and it was found that more than 90% of levoglucosan in the PM10 fraction is bound to the PM1 fraction. Because of the mutual pollution source, the results were compared with concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hy-drocarbons in the PM1 and PM10 fractions. Spearman correlation showed a very strong correlation (r > 0.82) in PM1 fraction between levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan, ΣPAH, benzo[a]pyrene, arabitol, and erythritol which implies a common origin of these compounds. Factor analysis revea-led two main pollution sources in both of the fractions.
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- 2022
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18. Urban air pollution in the global hotspot of the Western Balkans region: lessons learned from the Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018 (SAFICA)
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Džepina, Katja, Moschos, Vaios, Tobler, Anna, Canonaco, Francesco, Bhattu, Deepika, Casotto, Roberto, Vlachou, Athanasia, Giannoukos, Stamatios, Cui, Tianqu, Manousakas, Manousos I., Lamkaddam, Houssni, Dällenbach, Kaspar R., Furger, Markus, Huremović, Jasna, Žero, Sabina, Omerčić, Enis, Salihagić, Sanela, Mašić, Adnan, Pehnec, Gordana, Godec, Ranka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Žužul, Silva, Rinkovec, Jasmina, Bešlić, Ivan, Kasper- Giebl, Anne, Redl, Peter, Frka, Sanja, Uzu, Gaëlle, Jaffrezo, Jean-Luc, Pavlović, Karla, Požar, Nino, Castillo, Juan J., Sanchez, Sergio, Kittner, Noah, Szidat, Sönke, Salazar, Gary, Borrmann, Stephan, Pösch, Ulrich, Baltensperger, Urs, Slowik, Jay G., El Haddad, Imad, Prevot, Andre S.H., and Močnik, Griša
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Sarajevo ,SAFICA ,Urban air pollution ,PM10 ,source apportionment - Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have well documented detrimental effects on human health, ecosystems and air quality and are the key uncertainty in assessing the anthropogenic influence on climate change. Particularly during the cold weather season, urban centers in countries of the Western Balkans region such as Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) are experiencing some of the globally poorest air quality due to the extensive use of solid fuels and old vehicle fleet. The city of Sarajevo is the capital of BiH and is situated in Southeastern Europe within a plain surrounded by mountains. In the winter months (domestic heating season), topography and meteorology cause the pollutants to be trapped within the city plain. Recent analysis with the US EPA BenMAP model applied to BiH found that an annual decrease of 50% in fine aerosol would save 4760+ lives and costs of $2.3B annually (Žero et al., 2022). Countries of the Western Balkans lack state‐of‐ the‐ art atmospheric sciences research despite high levels of ambient pollution and position within the EU borders, which makes it imperative to understand the emission sources, processing and the adverse health effects of their atmospheric aerosol pollution. This presentation will highlight the results of the SAFICA 2018 project, the first Sarajevo, BiH project aiming to yield crucial, not previously available information about aerosol emission sources and atmospheric transformations through combination of online field (black carbon and particle number and size distribution) and offline laboratory (physicochemical characterization of daily PM10 filter samples) measurements. Laboratory analyses of PM10 samples determined aerosols’ bulk chemical composition, selected elements (Huremović et al., 2020 ; Žero et al., 2022) and molecular species (Pehnec et al., 2020). Aerosol chemical composition determined by aerosol mass spectrometry was further analyzed by Positive Matrix Factorization to separate organic aerosol (OA) into subtypes characteristic for their sources and atmospheric processes. Aerosol oxidative potential (OP) was also determined to evaluate the ability of SAFICA aerosols to generate reactive oxygen species. Main SAFICA results show that ~3/4 of aerosol mass is carbonaceous (OA + black carbon) and ~2/3 of total carbon (TC) mass is from non‐fossil sources (Figure 1). Aerosol has high loadings of black carbon and toxic species, indicating strong and diverse combustion sources and likely a major public health danger. More work is needed to estimate the contributions of different aerosol sources and species to total aerosol OP. Finally, this presentation will show how SAFICA knowledge gaps will be overcome in a future project, planned to take place during 2022‐2023, entitled Sarajevo Aerosol Experiment: Composition, Sources and Health Effects of Atmospheric Aerosol (SAAERO). We thank Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH, Magee Scientific/Aerosol and TSI for support. We acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL and SEE Change Net. KDž and ASHP acknowledge the grant by the Swiss NSF (Scientific Exchanges IZSEZ0_189495), KDž, GM and ASHP European Commission funding of SAAERO project (EU H2020 MSCA-IF 2020 grant # 101028909), GM the Slovenian Science foundation program P1-0385, and SF by the Croatian Science Foundation (BiREADI IP- 2018-01-3105).
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- 2022
19. Policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici u PM10, PM2,5 i PM1 frakciji lebdećih čestica - monitoring studija
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Drventić, Ivana, Šimić, Iva, Kroflič, Ana, Skube, Urša, Bele, Marjan, Jakovljević, Ivana, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Godec, Ranka, Brajković, Petra, Matošin, Ante, and Mužek, Mario N.
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PAU ,lebdeće čestice ,promet ,sezonska ovisnost - Abstract
Policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU) predstavljaju skupinu organskih spojeva koji sadrže dva ili više vezana benzenska prstena. Glavni izvor nastajanja u atmosferi predstavlja nepotpuno izgaranje fosilnih goriva i biomase te se mogu svrstati u skupinu primarnih zagađivača. Zbog svojih fizikalnih i kemijskih svojstava vežu se na već formirane lebdeće čestice u atmosferi te na taj način kruže u okolišu i dolaze u direktan doticaj s čovjekom. Dosadašnja istraživanja ukazuju na kompleksnost PAU-a, njihovu reaktivnost i tendenciju formiranja sekundarnih organskih zagađivala [1, 2]. Upravo iz tih razloga svrstavaju se u spojeve opasne za okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje. Europskom direktivom propisana je ciljna vrijednost za samo jedan PAU u lebdećim česticama aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 10 μm (PM10) - benzo(a)pirena, na temelju kojeg se može provesti kategorizacija kvalitete okolnog zraka [3].Znanstvenim dostignućima želja je ukazati na štetnost i ostalih PAU, posebice adsorbiranih na lebdeće čestice aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 2, 5 μm (PM2, 5) i 1 μm (PM1) koje imaju veći utjecaj na respiratorni i kardiovaskularni sustav u ljudi. Tijekom dvogodišnjeg perioda (2020. i 2021. godina) u dva srednjoeuropska grada, Ljubljana i Zagreb, praćena je masena koncentracija 11 PAU-a u PM10, PM2, 5 i PM1 frakcijama lebdećih čestica kako bi se ispitala njihova sezonska ovisnost. Dnevni uzorci sakupljani su na mjernim postajama opterećenim zagađenjima iz prometa po dva tjedna u svakom godišnjem dobu. Osim kvantitativnog podataka na različitim česticama, promatran je sezonski trend (zima-jesen-ljeto). Budući da su obje lokacije glavna središta europskih država, prisutnost PAU od strane prometa je istaknuta. Također je uočena porast u koncentraciji PAU tijekom zimskog perioda koja se može prepisati izgaranjem biomase, koje je nažalost još uvijek prisutno na promatranim područjima. Ovakvim studijama želja je dobiti jasnu sliku o trendu PAU tijekom godine, te na temelju dobivenih podataka odrediti PAU prekursore za određene izvore zagađenja.
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- 2022
20. RAZINE UGLJIKA U LEBDEĆIM ČESTICAMA PM2,5 I PM1 U ZRAKU
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Godec, Ranka, Šega, Krešimir, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Bešlić, Ivan, and Babić, Jurislav
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EC ,OC ,sezonska raspodjela ,SOC - Abstract
Lebdeće čestice su jedno od glavnih onečišćenja zraka, a sadrže velik broj organskih i anorganskih spojeva. Iako organski spojevi čine oko 10 % do 70 % ukupne mase lebdećih čestica u atmosferi, koncentracije, sastav i mehanizmi formiranja organskih čestica nisu potpuno razjašnjeni, a jedan od razloga je i to što se organska tvar sastoji od stotina pojedinačnih spojeva različitih kemijskih i termodinamičkih svojstava. Niti jednom analitičkom tehnikom trenutno nije moguće analizirati cijeli raspon organskih spojeva u česticama. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je odrediti razine različitih oblika ugljika u respirabilnim lebdećim česticama PM2.5 i PM1 (aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 2, 5 i 1 μm). 24-satni uzorci sakupljani su svakodnevno u 2010. i 2020. godini na jednoj urbanoj pozadinskoj lokaciji u Zagrebu te je promatrano jesu li se promijenile razine pojedinih oblika ugljika nakon 10 godina.
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- 2022
21. Comparison of carbon mass concentrations in PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{1.0}$
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Godec, Ranka, Kuzmanovski, Linda, Šimić, Iva, Šilović Hujić, Martina, and Mihaljević, Martin
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Earth sciences ,PM2.5 ,PM1 ,EC, OC ,ddc:550 - Abstract
This investigation aimed to compare the ambient air concentrations of PM2.5 and PM1.0 particle fractions, as well as the particle-bound carbon mass concentrations and carbon content in each particle fraction. The study was conducted within the internal scientific project “Organic content of PM1 particle fraction” funded by the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (PI: R. Godec). During a three-year period (2018-2020), daily samples of airborne particles were col- lected on pre-fired quartz fiber filters at the northern, residential part of the city of Zagreb, where the main sources of particle matter (PM) and carbon species are mostly household appliances and moderate traffic. The nominal sampling flow rate was 38 dm³/min.PM mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically following the European norm EN 12341:2014. Samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) using the thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) with the EUSAAR_2 protocol following the European norm EN 16909:2017. During the measurement period, average PM mass concentrations were 12.9 μg/m³ and 17.0 μg/m³ for PM1.0 and PM2.5, respectively, while the mass concentrations of EC and OC were 0.76 μg/m³ and 4.55 μg/m³ in PM1.0 and 1.03 μg/m³ and 5.42 μg/m³ in the PM2.5 particle fraction. Annual mass concentrations of PM, OC, and TC (total carbon) in both particle fractions followed the sequence: 2018 > 2020 > 2019, while EC in PM1.0 and PM2.5 followed the sequence: 2020 > 2018 >2019. The average EC/OC mass ratio was higher in the PM1.0 than in the PM2.5 particle fraction. The annual average EC/OC mass ratio in both fractions was higher than 3, suggesting the presence of SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and were in the order: 2018 > 2019 >2020.
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- 2022
22. Variability of aerosol sources and atmospheric deposition processes to the area of Brijuni National Park, Croatia
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Cvitešić Kušan, Ana, Vignjević, Sara, Mikić, Ivona, Gregorič, Asta, Gluščić, Valentina, Godec, Ranka, Zgorelec, Željka, and Frka, Sanja
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aerosol sources ,atmospheric deposition ,Brijuni National Park - Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is altering ecological and human systems globally, including national parks that conserve unique but vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity. Yet the magnitude and spatial patterns of climate change across national parks are generally unknown. The National Park (NP) Brijuni in Croatia encompasses 14 islands and islets covering an area of 33.9 km2 in the northern Adriatic Sea, representing a unique microenvironment with a specific biodiversity, natural, cultural and historical features. Due to its location, NP Brijuni is in direct threat of potentially strong air pollution from regional and long-range sources from continental Europe. However, the atmospheric pollution impacts to the area of the NP Brijuni have been unknown. This work presents the first insight into the air pollution sources, its seasonal variabilities as well as atmospheric deposition impacts to the area of NP Brijuni. The sampling campaign at NP Brijuni was conducted from June to November 2020 and included on-line measurements of black carbon (BC) concentrations and collection of particulate matter (PM10), wet and total deposition samples. The results of BC concentrations and its source apportionment and dataset comprising dominant ions (NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+) and organic matter (organic carbon and water soluble organic carbon) in PM10 and deposition samples were statistically analysed and discussed considering different seasons, meteorological conditions and specific air-mass inputs in order to better understand the extent of the changing environment as a main prerequisites for air quality management, planning and implementation of appropriate environmental protection measures in the NP Brijuni. Acknowledgment: This work has been supported by National Park Brijuni under the „Insight into the variability and composition of atmospheric deposition in the area of Brijuni National Park“ project, and by and Croatian Science Foundation under the IP-2018-01-3105 BiREADI project.
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- 2022
23. Prisutnost policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika u PM1 frakciji lebdećih čestica
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Šimić, Iva, Godec, Ranka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Brajković, Petra, Matošin, Ante, and Mužek, Mario N.
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PAU ,onečišćenje zraka ,sezona grijanja - Abstract
Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU) od velikog su znanstvenog interesa jer su mutageni i karcinogeni, a također mogu uzrokovati akutne zdravstvene učinke. Od posebnog su zdravstvenog značaja PAU-i u zraku adsorbirani na lebdeće čestice aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 1 μm (PM1), zbog mogućnosti ulaska ovih spojeva u donje dišne puteve, alveole i krvotok. Osim toga, PM1 frakcija lebdećih čestica može ostati u atmosferi danima ili tjednima i stoga biti podložna dalekosežnom prekograničnom transportu u zraku. Prosisavanjem ≈55 m3 zraka kroz filtar od kvarcnih vlakana promjera 47 mm sakupljeni su 24-satni uzorci PM1 frakcije lebdećih čestica. Uzorkovanje je provedeno u periodu od 1. siječnja 2018. do 31. prosinca 2020. godine na urbanoj pozadinskoj mjernoj postaji u Zagrebu. Masene koncentracije PM1 frakcije lebdećih čestica određene su gravimetrijski. Uzorci su analizirani na tekućinskom kromatografu visoke djelotvornosti s fluorescentnim detektorom promjenjivih valnih duljina ekscitacije i emisije kako bi se odredila prisutnost 11 policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (PAU) u PM1 frakciji lebdećih čestica i to fluorantena (Flu), pirena (Pir), benzo(a)antracena (BaA), krizena (Kri), benzo(j)fluorantena (BjF), benzo(b)fluorantena (BbF), benzo(k)fluorantena (BkF), benzo(a)pirena (BaP), dibenzo(a, h)antracena (DahA), benzo(ghi)perilena (BghiP) i indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pirena (IP). U promatrom periodu mjerenja medijan masene koncentracije PM1 frakcije lebdećih čestica iznosio je 9, 7 μg/m3, a zbroj 11 analiziranih PAU- a u PM1 frakciji lebdećih čestica (Σ11PAU) 2, 45 ng/m3. Ukoliko dobivene rezultate mjerenja usporedimo između sezone grijanja (siječanj-ožujak i rujan-prosinac) i sezone bez grijanja (travanj-kolovoz), uočavamo statistički značajnu (p
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- 2022
24. EKOLOŠKA KARTA GRADA ZAGREBA - OSVRT NA UGLJIK
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Godec, Ranka, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Gluščić, Valentina, Hrga, Ivana, Marić, Marko, and Pehnec, Gordana
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BSI ,EC ,OC ,OC/EC omjer ,WSOC - Abstract
U sklopu provedbe programa Ekološka karta Grada Zagreba, uzorci lebdećih čestica sakupljani su istovremeno na tri lokacije u Zagrebu u razdoblju od 5.2.2021. do 28.2.2021. godine. Mjerne postaje za sakupljanje uzoraka lebdećih čestica uspostavljene su na slijedećim lokacijama: Vrbani - Dječji vrtić Kustošija, područni objekt Vrbani III, Vrapče - Dječji vrtić Vrapče, područni objekt Gornje Vrapče i Sesvete - Gimnazije Sesvete. Na sve tri lokacije, Vrbani, Vrapče i Sesvete, gravimetrijski su određene masene koncentracije lebdećih čestica aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 2, 5 µm (PM2, 5). U PM2, 5 frakciji lebdećih čestica određivan je sadržaj elementnog (EC) i organskog (OC) ugljika. Naknadno, određen je i sadržaj ukupnog (TC) i organskog ugljika topivog u vodi (WSOC), kao i indeks crnog dima (IBS). Najviše izmjerene masene koncentracije PM2.5 lebdećih čestica zabilježene su na lokaciji Vrbani. Također na toj lokaciji su zabilježene i najviše prosječne i dnevne masene koncentracije ostalih onečišćenja (EC, OC, TC, WSOC i BSI). Na mjernoj lokaciji Vrapče zabilježene su najniže prosječne masene koncentracije PM2.5, OC, TC i WSOC, dok su za EC i BSI najniže prosječne i dnevne vrijednosti zamijećene na mjernoj postaji Sesvete. Maseni udjeli ukupnog ugljika u PM2.5 lebdećim česticama kao i maseni udio WSOC u OC na svim mjernim lokacijama bio je oko 40%. Na svim mjernim lokacijama OC/EC omjer iznosi više od 7, što upućuje na prisutnost sekundarnog organskog aerosola u zraku.
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- 2022
25. Praćenje masenih koncentracija ugljika u PM2,5 u Nacionalnom parku Plitvička jezera
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Godec, Ranka, Šimić, Iva, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Mihaljević, Martin, Brajković, Petra, Matošin, Ante, and Mužek, Mario N.
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EC ,OC ,OC/EC omjer ,SOC ,TOT metoda - Abstract
Na mjernoj postaji smještenoj na području Nacionalnog parka Plitvička jezera sakupljani su 24-satni uzorci frakcije lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 na filtrima od kvarcnih vlakana tijekom petogodišnjeg perioda (2015.-2019.). Masene koncentracije frakcije lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 određivane su referentnom gravimetrijskom metodom, dok su masene koncentracije organskog (OC) i elementnog (EC) ugljika određene metodom termičko-optičke transmisije. Osim EC i OC, određeni su i ukupni ugljik (TC), te primarni (POC) i sekundarni (SOC) organski ugljik u lebdećim česticama. U promatranom periodu prosječna masena koncentracija PM2.5 frakcije lebdećih čestica iznosila je 8, 7 μg/m3, dok su za EC, POC, SOC, OC i TC one bile 0, 22 μg/m3, 0, 6 μg/m3, 1, 8 μg/m3, 2, 4 μg/m3 i 2, 6 μg/m3. Uočen je blagi pad svih masenih koncentracija ugljika tijekom godina. U petogodišnjem razdoblju prosječni OC/EC omjer iznosio je 11, 5, a primijećen je njegov rast tijekom godina: 2019 > 2018 > 2017 > 2016 > 2015, što upućuje na moguć porast sekundarnih onečišćenja zraka.
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- 2022
26. Carcinogenic organic compounds in PM1 particle fraction at an urban location with 'canyon' effect
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Jakovljević, Ivana, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Godec, Ranka, and Pehnec, Gordana
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Earth sciences ,ddc:550 ,PAHs ,HPLC ,EC ,OC - Abstract
Street traffic has become one of the main air pollution sources in urbanized regions all over the world. Previous studies have shown that combustion of various fuels in metropolitan areas produces airborne particulate matter on which different compounds are absorbed. Carbonaceous aerosol is an important constituent of fine particles. Carbonaceous aerosol can be classified into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). OC is a complex mixture of hundreds of organic compounds that are produced directly or by atmospheric chemical processes. Within OC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are dominant carcinogenic components of atmospheric pollution.The aim of this study was to determine the levels of eleven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM1 fraction of particle matter.Measurements were carried out from January to December 2019 at a city street location surroun-ded by tall buildings. This location has a “canyon” effect where pollutants strongly accumulate in a small area due to weak ventilation. 24-hour samples of the PM1 particle fraction were collected on quartz filters from about 55 m3 air using a low-volume sampler. The analysis was performed using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector.The average mass concentration of total PAHs was 2.554 ng m-3, 0.812 ng m-3, 8.167 ng m-3 and 20.381 ng m-3 for spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The total concentrations of the eleven PAHs ranged from 0.069 ng m-3 to 66.296 ng m-3, with an average annual value of 8.198 ng m-3. Based on the obtained mass concentrations of PAHs their contribution
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- 2022
27. PROCJENA DOMINANTNIH IZVORA ONEČIŠĆENJA ZRAKA U ZAGREBU PRIMJENOM PMF RECEPTORSKOG MODELA
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Bešlić, Ivan, Davila, Silvije, Godec, Ranka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Žužul, Silva, Rinkovec, Jasmina, Gluščić, Valentina, and Pehnec, Gordana
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kemijski sastav ,PM2.5 i PM10 frakcije lebdećih čestica ,PM2, 5 frakcija lebdećih čestica ,kemijski sastav lebdećih čestica - Abstract
Nagli industrijski razvoj u prošlom stoljeću te emisija produkata izgaranja i tehnoloških procesa izravno u okoliš, za posljedicu su imali pojačano onečišćenje atmosfere koje se može pripisati ljudskoj djelatnosti. Urbana područja obilježena su specifičnim izvorima onečišćenja, njegovim raspršenjem i zadržavanjem onečišćenja u atmosferi. Mikroklimatski uvjeti u gradovima i daljinski transport onečišćenja dodatno utječu na razine onečišćujućih tvari u zraku. U svrhu procjene dominantnih izvora onečišćenja zraka razvijeno je više statističkih modela zajedničkog naziva receptorski modeli. Primjena receptorskih modela zahtijeva određivanje masenih koncentracija velikog broja onečišćujućih tvari u duljem razdoblju. Cilj ovog istraživanje je pomoću PMF-(eng. Positive Matrix Factorization) receptorskog modela primijenjenog na jednogodišnju bazu podataka o onečišćenju zraka na području grada Zagreba procijeniti dominantne izvore onečišćenja zraka. Uzorkovanje PM2.5 frakcije lebdećih čestica u skladu s Normom HRN EN 12341 provedeno je svaki treći dan u razdoblju od 01. 07. 2018. do 01. 07. 2019. godine na mjernoj postaji IMI. Određene su masene koncentracije 38 onečišćujućih tvari koje uključuju ionski sastav, policikličke aromatske ugljikovodike, organski i elementni ugljik te 15 elemenata sadržanih u uzorcima lebdećih čestica. Neočekivane visoke razine koncentracija lebdećih čestica zabilježene krajem ožujka 2020. godine zasebno su razmatrane HYSPLIT modelom u svrhu procjene daljinskog transporta onečišćenja. Zamijećeno je kako su visoke koncentracije posljedica daljinskog transporta iz pustinje Karakum na području Turkmenistana. Upotrebom PMF receptorskog modela prepoznato je 8 dominantnih izvora onečišćenja zraka u Zagrebu. Zamijećen je visoki udio sekundarnog onečišćenja (sekundarni sulfati i nitrati) te značajni doprinosi prometa i gorenja biomase. Upotrebom modela prepoznate su epizode soljenja prometnica u gradu Zagrebu i epizode morskog aerosola. Dominantni udio sekundarnog onečišćenja navodi na zaključak kako u gradu Zagrebu ne postoje dominantni antropogeni izvori onečišćenja te kako su meteorološki uvjeti i položaj Zagreba odgovorni za epizode povišenih masenih koncentracija lebdećih čestica.
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- 2021
28. EKOLOŠKA KARTA GRADA ZAGREBA - OSVRT NA UGLJIK
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Godec, Ranka, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Gluščić, Valentina, Bešlić, Ivan, Davila, Silvije, Hrga, Ivana, Marić, Marko, and Pehnec, Gordana
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BSI ,EC ,OC ,OC/EC omjer ,WSOC - Abstract
U sklopu provedbe programa Ekološka karta grada Zagreba, uzorci lebdećih čestica sakupljani su istovremeno na tri lokacije u Zagrebu u razdoblju od 5. 2. 2021. do 28. 2. 2021. godine. Mjerne postaje za sakupljanje uzoraka lebdećih čestica uspostavljene su na slijedećim lokacijama: Vrbani - Dječji vrtić Kustošija, područni objekt Vrbani III, Vrapče - Dječji vrtić Vrapče, područni objekt Gornje Vrapče i Sesvete - Gimnazije Sesvete. Na sve tri lokacije, Vrbani, Vrapče i Sesvete, gravimetrijski su određene masene koncentracije lebdećih čestica aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 2, 5 µm (PM2, 5). U PM2, 5 frakciji lebdećih čestica određivan je sadržaj elementnog (EC) i organskog (OC) ugljika. Za OC i EC u PM2, 5 česticama Uredbom o razinama onečišćujućih tvari u zraku nisu propisane granične/ciljne vrijednosti te se ne može provesti kategorizacija kvalitete okolnog zraka sukladno Zakonu o zaštiti zraka. Mjerenja ovih onečišćenja provedena su kako bi se osigurala dostupnost podataka o njihovim razinama, a dobiveni podaci mogu se koristiti: za prosudbu povećanih razina u područjima koja su jače onečišćena, za procjenu mogućeg povećanja onečišćenosti radi prijenosa onečišćenog zraka na velike udaljenosti, za potporu analize raspodjele izvora onečišćenja, modeliranje te bolje razumijevanje sadržaja lebdećih čestica. Naknadno, određen je i sadržaj ukupnog (TC) i organskog ugljika topivog u vodi (WSOC), kao i indeks crnog dima (IBS). Najviše izmjerene masene koncentracije PM2.5 lebdećih čestica zabilježene su na lokaciji Vrbani. Također na toj lokaciji su zabilježene i najviše prosječne i dnevne masene koncentracije ostalih onečišćenja (EC, OC, TC, WSOC i BSI). Na mjernoj lokaciji Vrapče zabilježene su najniže prosječne masene koncentracije PM2.5, OC, TC i WSOC, dok su za EC i BSI najniže prosječne i dnevne vrijednosti zamijećene na mjernoj postaji Sesvete. Maseni udjeli ukupnog ugljika u PM2.5 lebdećim česticama kao i maseni udio WSOC u OC na svim mjernim lokacijama je oko 40%. Na svim mjernim lokacijama OC/EC omjer iznosi više od 7, što upućuje na prisutnost sekundarnog organskog aerosola u zraku.
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- 2021
29. ORGANSKE ONEČIŠĆUJUĆE TVARI U UKUPNOJ TALOŽNOJ TVARI NA PODRUČJU ZAGREBA I OKOLICE JUŽNO OD RIJEKE SAVE
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Šimić, Iva, Mendaš, Gordana, Godec, Ranka, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Pehnec, Gordana, and Pehnec, Gordana
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OCP ,PAU ,PCB ,ukupna taložna tvar ,WSOC - Abstract
Podaci o atmosferskom taloženju neophodni su za procjenu utjecaja različitih organskih onečišćujućih tvari na okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje, kao i za određivanje mogućih izvora. Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti koncentracije policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (PAU), polikloriranih bifenila (PCB) te organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) prisutnih u ukupnoj taložnoj tvari (UTT) u hladnijem razdoblju godine. Mjesečni uzorci UTT-a sakupljeni su metodom otvorenog sakupljača (staklena boca i lijevak promjera 15 cm) u razdoblju od listopada 2020. do ožujka 2021. godine na četiri lokacije na području Zagreba i okolice južno od rijeke Save. Mjerne postaje međusobno se razlikuju s obzirom na različitu zastupljenost izvora onečišćenja, a klasificirane su kao: ruralna pozadinska postaja (mjerno mjesto A), prigradska pozadinska postaja opterećena onečišćenjima iz kućnih ložišta na drva te iz poljoprivredne djelatnosti (mjerno mjesto B), gradska prometna postaja s intenzivnim prometom (mjerno mjesto C) i prigradska pozadinska postaja u neposrednoj blizini odlagališta otpada (mjerno mjesto D). Analiza 12 PAU je provedena metodom plinske kromatografije vezane na spektrometar masa s trostrukim kvadrupolom (GC-MS/MS), a analiza 20 PCB-a i 7 OCP-a metodom plinske kromatografije vezane na detektor sa zahvatom elektrona (GC- µECD). U uzorcima UTT-a određen je i organski ugljik topiv u vodi (WSOC) na analizatoru ugljika s plameno ionizacijskim detektorom metodom termičko-optičke transmisije uz korištenje EUSAAR-2 temperaturnog programa. Fluks taloženja WSOC-a u promatranom razdoblju kretao se od 54 mg m-2 d-1 (mjerno mjesto D) do 299 mg m-2 d-1 (mjerno mjesto B). Najveće atmosfersko taloženje ukupnih PAU (Σ12PAU) određeno je u prosincu na mjernim mjestima B i D te na mjernim mjestima A i C u studenom. Najmanje atmosfersko taloženje Σ12PAU zabilježeno je u listopadu na mjernim mjestima A, B i D, dok je na mjernom mjestu C zabilježeno u ožujku. Najveće prosječne doprinose masa pojedinih PAU ukupnoj masi Σ12PAU na sva 4 mjerna mjesta imali su fluoranten (25 %), krizen (15 %), piren (14 %), benzo(j)fluoranten (11 %) i benzo(b)fluoranten (10 %). U uzorcima UTT-a prosječne masene koncentracije pojedinih OCP-a kretale su se između 0, 1 ng mL-1 i 10 ng mL-1, dok su prosječne masene koncentracije pojedinih PCB-a iznosile od 0, 05 ng mL-1 do 2, 5 ng mL-1. Rezultati ukazuju na prisutnost štetnih organskih tvari u atmosferskom taloženju te ukazuju na nužnost detaljnije analize kako bi se procijenio mogući utjecaj različitih izvora na atmosfersko taloženje PAU-a, PCB-a i OCP-a.
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- 2021
30. Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018 (SAFICA): aerosol source apportionment and oxidative potential in a global hotspot
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Džepina, Katja, Moschos, Vaios, Tobler, Anna, Canonaco, Fransecso, Bhattu, Deepika, Casotto, Roberto, Vlachou, Athanasia, Giannoukos, Stamatios, Cui, Tianqu, Manousakas, Manousos Ioannis, Lamkaddam, Houssini, Dällenbach, Kaspar, Huremović, Jasna, Žero, Sabina, Omerčić, Enis, Salihagić, Sanela, Mašić, Adnan, Pehnec, Gordana, Godec, Ranka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Žužul, Silva, Rinkovec, Jasmina, Kasper-Giebl, Anne, Redl, Peter, Frka, Sanja, Uzu, Gaelle, Jaffrezo, Jean Luc, Kittner, Noah, Szidat, S., Salazar, G., Pöschl, Urlich, Borrmann, Stephan, Baltensperger, Urs, Haddad, Imad El, Prevot, Andre S.H., and Močnik, Griša
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Sarajevo ,SAFICA ,Urban air pollution ,PM10 ,source apportionment - Abstract
Nowadays, urban centres in countries of the Western Balkan (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, B&H) are experiencing some of the poorest air quality worldwide due to the extensive use of solid fuels and an old vehicle fleet. Western Balkan countries lack state-of-the-science atmospheric research despite high levels of ambient pollution, making the efforts to understand the mechanisms of their air pollution imperative. Sarajevo, the capital of B&H, is situated in a basin surrounded by mountains. During the winter months, topography and meteorology cause significant pollution episodes. The Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018 (SAFICA) took place from Dec 04, 2017 to Mar 15, 2018 with online aerosol measurements and collection of daily, continuous filter PM10 samples for offline laboratory analyses. SAFICA aimed to give the first detailed characterization of the Western Balkans aerosol composition including organic aerosol (OA) to elucidate aerosol emission sources and atmospheric processing and to estimate the adverse health effects. PM10 samples (ntotal=180) were collected at four sites in the Sarajevo Canton: a) Bjelave and b) Pofalići (both urban background) ; c) Otoka (urban) ; d) Ivan Sedlo (remote). The urban sites were distributed along the city basin to study the pollutants’ urban evolution and the remote site was chosen to compare urban to background air masses. SAFICA PM10 samples underwent the following offline laboratory chemical analyses: 1) Bulk chemical composition of the total filter-collected water-soluble inorganic and OA by a high- resolution Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). The measured AMS OA spectra were further analysed by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) using the graphical user interface SoFi (Source Finder) to separate OA into subtypes characteristic for OA sources and atmospheric processes. 2) Organic and elemental carbon, water- soluble organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (11), levoglucosan, organic acids (16) and 14C total carbon content to evaluate OA chemical composition. 3) Major inorganic anions and cations to evaluate aerosol inorganic species. 4) Aerosol metal content determined by three techniques (AAS, ICP-MS and EESI). 5) Aerosol oxidative potential (OP) by two methods (AA and DTT) to evaluate the ability of particles to generate adverse health effects causing reactive oxygen species. SAFICA online measurements of black carbon (Aethalometer) and the particle number conc. (CPC and OPS) enabled the insights into the daily evolution of primary pollutants and an assessment of aerosol size and number distribution. The combined SAFICA results for field and lab measurements will be presented. Our results show that carbonaceous aerosols make ~2/3 of PM10 mass and the majority are oxygenated, water-soluble OA species with an average OM/OC = 1.9 (Fig.1). Absolute OP levels are very high compared to other sites globally. However, more work is needed to estimate the contributions of different aerosol sources and species to total aerosol OP. Urban air pollution crises in the Western Balkan will be put in the context of local, regional and global air quality. Finally, we will present the scientific questions opened by SAFICA and give suggestions for future studies. We thank Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of B&H, Magee Scientific/Aerosol and TSI for support. We acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL and SEE Change Net. KDz and ASHP acknowledge the grant by the Swiss NSF (Scientific Exchanges IZSEZ0_189495), GM the Slovenian Science foundation program P1-0385, and SF by the Croatian Science Foundation (BiREADI IP-2018-01-3105).
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- 2021
31. KANCEROGENA AKTIVNOST POLICIKLIČKIH AROMATSKIH UGLJIKOVODIKA U PM1 FRAKCIJI LEBDEĆIH ČESTICA U ZAGREBU
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Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Godec, Ranka, Pehnec, Gordana, and Pehnec, Gordana
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PAU ,HPLC ,benzo(a)piren ,toksični ekvivalenti faktor - Abstract
Fine čestice aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 1 µm (PM1) igraju važnu ulogu u učincima na ljudsko zdravlje jer ostaju raspršene dulje vrijeme u atmosferi u odnosu na krupnije čestice, mogu se prenositi na velike udaljenosti i prodiru dublje u pluća. Budući da imaju veću površinu po jedinici mase u usporedbi s većim česticama, imaju i tendenciju apsorcije većih koncentracija organskih i anorganskih spojeva, od kojih su mnogi dokazano kancerogeni poput policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika (PAU). U ovom istaživanju određene su masene koncentracije deset mjerenih PAU vezanih na PM1 frakciju lebdećih čestica, te je ispitana njihova kancerogena aktivnost. Uzorkovanje lebdećih čestica provedeno je tijekom 30 dana u svakom godišnjem dobu u 2019. godini na dvije lokacije u Zagrebu. Lokacija A je gradska pozadinska postaja s umjerenom gustoćom prometa, dok je lokacija B gradska prometna postaja. Koncentracija PAU određivana je kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) s fluorescentnim detektorom promjenjivih valnih duljina ekscitacije i emisije. Određivani su fluoranten (Flu), piren (Pir), benzo(a)antracen (BaA), krizen (Kri), benzo(b)fluoranten (BbF), benzo(k)fluoranten (BkF), benzo(a)piren (BaP), dibenzo(a, h)antracen (DahA), benzo(ghi)perilen (BghiP) i indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)piren (IP). Koncentracije PAU pokazuju izrazitu sezonsku ovisnost sa značajno višim koncentracijama u zimi u odnosu na ljeto na obje lokacije. Srednje vrijednosti deset mjerenih PAU bile su u rasponu od 0, 036 ng m-3 ljeti do 1, 314 ng m-3 zimi na lokaciji A odnosno (0, 069 – 2, 756) ng m-3 na lokaciji B. U zimi su na lokaciji B izmjerene statistički značajno više koncentracije za sve PAU osim za DahA u odnosu na lokaciju A. Masene konecntracije BaP na obje lokacije bile su u rastućem raponu: ljeto < proljeće < jesen < zima sa srednjom vrijednosti 0, 893 ng m-3 na lokaciji A odnosno 1, 281 ng m-3 na lokaciji B. Kancerogena aktivnost PAU određena je preko ekvivalenta BaP (BaPeq) na način da se izmjerena koncentracija pojedinog PAU u vanjskom zraku pomnožila s toksičnim ekvivalentnim faktorom (TEF) iz literature. Za lokaciju B su izračunate veće kancerogene aktivnosti u svim godišnjim dobima u odnosu na lokaciju A. Najviša kancerogena aktivnost izmjerena je zimi na lokaciji B (5, 021 ng m-3), a najniža ljeti (0, 059 ng m-3) na lokaciji A. Najveći doprinos kancerogenoj aktivnosti na obje lokacije dolazi od BaP (66, 3 % na lokaciji B, odnsosno 65, 2 % na lokaciji A). Nakon BaP slijedi BbF, čiji je doprinos ukupnoj kancerogenoj aktivnosti na obje lokacije iznosio 9, 3 %, a zatim DahA i IP s doprinosima 14, 1 % i 8, 0 %. Zbroj doprinosa ostalih PAU bio je manji od 7, 9 % na obje lokacije u svim godišnjim dobima.
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- 2021
32. MASS CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON POLLUTANTS AT A TYPICAL STREET CANYON LOCATION
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Godec, Ranka, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Jakovljević, Ivana, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Sopčić, Suzana, Marković, Dean, Meštrović, Ernest, Namjesnik, Danijel, and Tomašić, Vesna
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EC ,OC ,TC, WSOC, PAH - Abstract
Narrow city streets engulfed by tall buildings are favourable to a general effect of a “canyon” in which pollution accumulates strongly on a relatively small area because of weak or inexistent ventilation. The most important anthropogenic sources of primary particulate matter in cities are exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from road traffic as well as incomplete fuel combustion (diesel and gasoline) but they can also originate from resuspension from street surfaces. PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter under 1 μm) mass concentration and its chemical composition depend strongly on meteorological factors (i.e., low ambient temperatures, temperature inversions), traffic, as well as street geometry. Especially in a canyon type street, the exhausts of motor vehicles accumulate and harm travellers, which are directly exposed to the atmosphere. Long and short-term exposure to ambient air pollution can trigger acute, chronic illness (cardiovascular diseases and asthma) or infectious diseases, preterm birth, earlier mortality and adverse neuropsychological effects. The aim of this study was to determine and compare levels of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), total carbon (TC), water soluble OC (WSOC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and levoglucosan (LVG) mass concentrations and black smoke index (IBS) in PM1 particles between the colder (January-March) and warmer (April-June) part of the year at one street canyon location in the centre of Zagreb during 2019. Daily samples of airborne particles were collected on pre-fired quartz fibre filters from January to June 2019. PM1 mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically. Samples were analysed for OC, TC, WSOC and EC with thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) using a EUSAAR_2 protocol, PAHs with high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector and time programmed changes in excitation and emission, levoglucosan with high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) while IBS was determined with the Smokestain reflectometer EEL43M. Preliminary measurements showed seasonal variations of mass concentrations for carbon species in PM1. The higher concentrations were observed during the cold periods of the year, while lower concentrations were recorded during the warmer period. Data analysis indicate that carbon content in particulate matter may be influenced by traffic and traffic jams due to the increased number of traffic lights and vehicles standing with engines running. The reducing particle concentration could be due to vehicles standing more than moving and raised less dust from the road itself. Therefore, a lower temperature during wintertime favours the condensation of organic compounds onto pre- existing particles and higher OC mass concentrations and OC content in PM1.
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- 2021
33. Sezonske promjene atmosferskog taloženja dušika i fosfora na području srednjeg Jadrana i biogeokemijske posljedice
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Milinković, Andrea, Penezić, Abra, Cvitešić Kušan, Ana, Gluščić, Valentina, Žužul, Silva, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, Godec, Ranka, Frka, Sanja, and Barišić, Dajana
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atmosfersko taloženje ,mokro taloženje ,suho taloženje ,hranjive soli ,srednji Jadran - Abstract
The atmosphere is not only a significant, but in some cases the dominant pathway by which natural and anthropogenic material is transported from the continents to the coastal areas and open seas [1, 2]. Once deposited through dry and wet processing, atmospheric particles provide the aqueous ecosystems with an external source of macronutrients (N and P) [3]. This, in turn, influences the quality and quantity of organic matter (OM) produced by the phytoplankton within the photic zone, changes CO2 uptake and indirectly affects the climate. The input of atmospheric deposition (AD) can be of particular importance in oligotrophic regions such as the Mediterranean Sea (Med) which continuously receives anthropogenic aerosols from European regions. The impacts of human activities, including open-field biomass burning (BB) from wildfires and agricultural practices, are thought to be stronger in the Med than in any other sea in the world. The effect of the AD inputs to oligotrophic surface waters of Adriatic Sea is generally unknown. Atmospheric particulate matter as well as bulk and wet atmospheric deposition samples were collected simultaneously during a field campaign conducted from February to July 2019 at the coastal zone of the Šibenik archipelago (Central Adriatic) in order to assess the AD impact of nutrients on sea surface responses of this oligotrophic coastal region. The first comprehensive insight into concentration levels of dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and P in atmospheric samples, their transport history, and dry and wet deposition fluxes to the investigated Central Adriatic area will be presented. The results suggest that dissolved inorganic N and P deposited from the atmosphere to the central Adriatic coastal area can theoretically support up to 8% of new primary production. However, considering the highest values of total DIN and P deposition fluxes related to the intense BB events which occurred during the investigated period, atmospheric nutrient fluxes can sustain up to 12% of primary production in this coastal area. Regional open-field BB episodic emissions commonly occurring at the coastal Adriatic area, accompanied with the rainfalls, could significantly enhance already imbalanced atmospheric N and P deposition and appears to have a significant role in altering nutrient availability and strengthening P limitation in sea surface layers of coastal areas.
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- 2021
34. Winter Mass Concentrations of Carbon Species in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in Zagreb Air, Croatia
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Godec, Ranka, Čačković, Mirjana, Šega, Krešimir, and Bešlić, Ivan
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- 2012
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35. Optička svojstva i izvori atmosferskih aerosola na području srednjeg Jadrana
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Milinković, Andrea, Gregorič, Asta, Penezić, Abra, Godec, Ranka, Kasper-Giebl, Anne, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, Frka, Sanja, Rončević, Sanda, and Barišić, Dajana
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crni ugljik ,etalometar ,raspodjela izvora ,srednji Jadran ,levoglukozan - Abstract
Atmosfersko onečišćenje danas daleko premašuje svaki drugi oblik zagađenja. Brojne onečišćujuće tvari, uključujući lebdeće čestice ili aerosole, kontinuirano se emitiraju i formiraju u atmosferi kao posljedica prirodnih i/ili antropogenih aktivnosti. Među sastavnicama aerosola, crni ugljik (engl. black carbon, BC) primarna je onečišćujuća tvar koja nastaje uslijed nepotpunog sagorijevanja fosilnih i biljnih goriva, npr. u industriji, prometu, šumskim požarima te tijekom izgaranja biomase u kućnim ložištima. BC u atmosferi snažno apsorbira sunčevu svjetlost čime direktno utječe na ravnotežu zračenja i klimatske promjene. Saznanja o izvorima onečišćujućih tvari u zraku kao i čimbenicima njihove prostorne i vremenske promjenjivosti važan su preduvjet sustavnog praćenja te zaštite i upravljanja okolišem s ciljem smanjenja emisija atmosferskih zagađivala na lokalnoj i globalnoj razini. Ispitivanja koncentracija i porijekla BC na području Sredozemlja pretežno su ograničena na urbane lokacije [1-3], dok je značajno manje podataka za obalna i udaljena morska područja. Na području Jadrana proveden je limitirani broj BC studija koja su ograničena na sjeverno područje [4, 5] dok su ostala područja u tom smislu do danas neistražena. U svrhu karakterizacije optičkih svojstava atmosferskih aerosola te procjene doprinosa glavnih izvora BC emisija na obalnom području srednjeg Jadrana, provedena je kampanja na lokalitetu Martinska (Šibenik) u razdoblju od veljače do srpnja 2019. godine u sklopu HRZZ BiREADI projekta (IP-2018-01-3015). Kontinuirana mjerenja BC koncentracija u trenutnom vremenu provedena su etalometrom dok su istovremeno prikupljeni i 48h-uzorci aerosola veličina čestica do 10 μm. Prosječna koncentracija BC za ispitivano razdoblje iznosila je 0, 57 μg/m3 pri čemu su više koncentracije izmjerene zimi u odnosu na ljetno razdoblje. Dnevne i sezonske varijabilnosti koncentracija BC značajno su uvjetovane lokalnim prometom i otvorenim požarima, ali i lokalnim meteorološkim uvjetima te dalekosežnim donosima zračnih masa iz udaljenih područja. Modeliranje optimizirano izmjerenim koncentracijama levoglukozana, biomarkera izgaranja biomase [6], omogućilo je po prvi puta procjenu doprinosa BC nastalog uslijed izgaranja biomase te fosilnih goriva za ispitivano područje.
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- 2020
36. Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018: particulate air pollution in a global hotspot
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Džepina, Katja, Moschos, Vaios, Tobler, Anna, Canonaco, Fransecso, Bhattu, Deepika, Casotto, Roberto, Vlachou, Athanasia, Giannoukos, Stamatios, Cui, Tianqu, Manousakas, Manousos Ioannis, Lamkaddam, Houssini, Dällenbach, Kaspar, Huremović, Jasna, Žero, Sabina, Omerčić, Enis, Salihagić, Sanela, Mašić, Adnan, Pehnec, Gordana, Godec, Ranka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Žužul, Silva, Rinkovec, Jasmina, Kasper-Giebl, Anne, Redl, Peter, Frka, Sanja, Uzu, Gaelle, Jaffrezo, Jean Luc, Kittner, Noah, Pöschl, Urlich, Borrmann, Stephan, Baltensperger, Urs, Haddad, Imad El, Prevot, Andre S.H., and Močnik, Griša
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Sarajevo ,Urban air pollution ,PM10 ,PM2.5 - Abstract
Nowadays, urban centres in countries of the Western Balkan region (including Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H)) are experiencing some of the poorest European and global air quality due to the extensive use of non-renewable energy sources. Western Balkan countries lack state- of-the-art atmospheric sciences research despite high levels of ambient pollution, which makes the efforts to understand the mechanisms of their air pollution imperative. The city of Sarajevo, the capital of B&H, is situated in a basin surrounded by mountains. Particularly during the winter months, topography and meteorology cause significant pollution episodes. The Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018 (SAFICA) took place from Dec 04, 2017 to Mar 15, 2018 with on-line aerosol measurements and collection of daily, continuous filter PM10 samples for off-line laboratory analyses. SAFICA aimed to give the first detailed characterization of the Western Balkans aerosol composition including organic aerosol (OA) to elucidate aerosol emission sources and atmospheric processing and to estimate the adverse health effects. PM10 samples (ntotal=180) were collected at four sites in the Sarajevo Canton: a) Bjelave and b) Pofalići (urban background) ; c) Otoka (urban) ; d) Ivan Sedlo (remote). The urban sites were distributed along the city basin to study the pollutants’ urban evolution and the remote site was chosen to compare urban to background air masses. SAFICA PM10 samples underwent different off-line laboratory chemical analyses: 1) Bulk chemical composition of the total filter- collected water-soluble inorganic and OA by a high-resolution Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). The measured AMS OA spectra were further analysed by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) using the graphical user interface SoFi (Source Finder) to separate OA into subtypes characteristic for OA sources and atmospheric processes. 2) Organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water-soluble organic carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, levoglucosan, and 14C content of total carbon to evaluate OA chemical composition. 3) Major inorganic anions and cations to evaluate aerosol inorganic species. 4) Metal content in aerosol determined by two analytical techniques (AAS and ICP-MS). SAFICA on-line measurements of black carbon (Aethalometer) and the particle number concentration (Condensation Particle Counter and Optical Particle Sizer) enabled the insights into the daily evolution of primary pollutants and an assessment of aerosol size and number distribution. The combined SAFICA results for on- and off-line measurements will be presented. Our results show that the carbon- containing species make ~2/3 of PM10 mass and the majority are oxygenated, water-soluble OA species with an average OM/OC = 1.9 (Fig.1). Urban air pollution crises in the Western Balkan will be put in the context of local, regional and global air quality. Finally, we will present the scientific questions opened by SAFICA, including the advantages and limitations of SAFICA data set, and give the recommendations for future studies. Figure 1. Selected results of the SAFICA field measurements (a) and laboratory analyses (b). We thank the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of B&H, Magee Scientific/Aerosol d.o.o. and TSI for SAFICA support. We acknowledge the contribution of the COST Action CA16109 COLOSSAL and SEE Change Net Foundation. KDz and ASHP acknowledge the grant awarded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Scientific Exchanges IZSEZ0_189495) and SF by the Croatian Science Foundation (BiREADI IP- 2018-01-3105).
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- 2020
37. Pollution Sources and Carcinogenic Risk of PAHs in PM1 Particle Fraction in an Urban Area
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Jakovljević, Ivana, primary, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Bešlić, Ivan, additional, Davila, Silvije, additional, Lovrić, Mario, additional, and Pehnec, Gordana, additional
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- 2020
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38. Experiences with the accreditation of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Franić, Zdenko, primary, Bituh, Tomislav, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Čačković, Mirjana, additional, Meštrović, Tomislav, additional, and Šiško, Jerko, additional
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- 2020
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39. Influence of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution and carcinogenic content of particulate matter observed in Croatia
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Jakovljević, Ivana, primary, Štrukil, Zdravka Sever, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Davila, Silvije, additional, and Pehnec, Gordana, additional
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- 2020
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40. Carcinogenic organic content of particulate matter at urban locations with different pollution sources
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Pehnec, Gordana, primary, Jakovljević, Ivana, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, additional, Žero, Sabina, additional, Huremović, Jasna, additional, and Džepina, Katja, additional
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- 2020
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41. Applying machine learning methods to better understand, model and estimate mass concentrations of traffic-related pollutants at a typical street canyon
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Šimić, Iva, primary, Lovrić, Mario, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, Kröll, Mark, additional, and Bešlić, Ivan, additional
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- 2020
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42. Biochemical responses of oligotrophic Adriatic Sea surface layers to atmospheric deposition inputs
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Frka, Sanja, primary, Milinković, Andrea, additional, Penezić, Abra, additional, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, additional, Gašparović, Blaženka, additional, Skejić, Sanda, additional, Šantić, Danijela, additional, Džaja Grgičin, Vedrana, additional, Brzaj, Stjepana, additional, Vidič, Sonja, additional, Šimić, Iva, additional, Žužul, Silva, additional, Bešlić, Ivan, additional, Godec, Ranka, additional, and Pehnec, Gordana, additional
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- 2020
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43. Utjecaj atmosferskog taloženja na biokemiju površinskih slojeva oligotrofnih područja Jadranskog mora
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Milinković, Andrea, Bakija Alempijević, Saranda, Penezić, Abra, Šantić, Danijela, Skejić, Sanda, Šimić, Iva, Žužul, Silva, Bešlić, Ivan, Godec, Ranka, Frka, Sanja, Knezović, Kristina, and Drventić, Ivana
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atmosfersko taloženje ,površinski mikrosloj mora ,ukupno i mokro taloženje ,plankton - Abstract
Danas su mora izložena rastućim antropogenim pritiscima koji utječu na promjene njihovih bioloških, kemijskih i fizikalnih svojstava na lokalnoj i globalnoj razini. Najveća nesigurnost u procjenama antropogenih klimatskih pritisaka povezana je s aerosolima zbog nedovoljnog poznavanja njihovih fizikalno- kemijskih svojstava te atmosferskih (trans)formacija i taloženja. Atmosferski prijenos nije samo značajan, već često i dominantan put kojim se prirodne i antropogene tvari prenose s kopna na morsko područje. Jednom uneseni putem procesa suhog i mokrog taloženja, aerosoli postaju vanjski izvor hranjivih soli (N i P) vodenih ekosustava te utječu na svojstva organskog materijala (OM) kojeg proizvodi fitoplankton, mijenjaju doseg pohrane CO2 te posredno utječu na klimu. Atmosfersko taloženje (AT) je od posebnog značaja upravo u oligotrofnim područjima koja čine 60% globalnog oceana. Površinski mikrosloj mora (engl. sea surface microlayer, SML) kao gornji milimetar morske površine, čini prirodnu granicu faza zrak-more i ključno je područje rane detekcije ljudskog utjecaja i klimatskih promjena na morski sustav. OM mikrosloja posjeduje različite stupnjeve površinske aktivnosti te doprinosi ukupnim površinski aktivnim tvarima (PAT) koje tvore morske površinske filmove putem kojih se odvijaju procesi izmjene između mora i atmosfere. Procjenjuje se da bi kompleksna međudjelovanja biologije i kemije površinskih voda, atmosfere i klime mogla postati još značajnija u budućim klimatskim scenarijima. Stoga je za očekivati kako će utjecaj atmosfere, kao značajnog vanjskog izvora hranjivih soli, ali i zagađivala, za površinske oligotrofne vode u budućnosti rasti, a doseg njezina utjecaja moguće je procijeniti samo kroz cjelovita istraživanja koja obuhvaćaju različite okolišne sastavnice. U ovom izlaganju će biti prikazani prvi rezultati kampanje koja ima za cilj po prvi puta procijeniti koncentracije i izvore atmosferskih sastavnica te dobiti uvid u prirodu obogaćenja površinskih slojeva mora tvarima atmosferskog porijekla na području srednjeg Jadrana- ključnog područja za istraživanja biokemijskih učinaka AT na području Jadranskog mora. Rezultati će uključivati analize kemijskih (npr. ukupna organska tvar, PAT, nutrijenti) i biokemijskih parametra (npr. klorofil a, brojnost fitoplanktona, pikoeukariota, heterotrofnih bakterija, nanoflagelata, cijanobakterija rodova Synechococcus i Prochlorococcus) dobivenih za specifične atmosferske (aerosoli, ukupno i mokro taloženje) i morske (SML i podpovršinske vode s dubine ~ 1m) uzorke sakupljene u razdoblju zima-proljeće. Ovakva integralna multidisciplinarna ispitivanja različitih, ali međusobno povezanih sastavnica okoliša imaju za cilj osiguravanje kvalitetne analize i ocjene atmosferskih pritisaka i prijetnji kojima su oligotrofna područja Jadranskog mora izložena.
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- 2019
44. Organski i elementni ugljik u frakcijama lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 i PM1, 0 u zraku Zagreba
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Šilović Hujić, Martina, Godec, Ranka, Šimić, Iva, Bešlić, Ivan, Doko Jelinić, Jagoda, and Bešlić, Ivan
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EC ,OC ,omjer OC/EC ,sezonska raspodjela ,SOC - Abstract
Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati razlike u razinama masenih koncentracija elementnog (EC) i organskog (OC) ugljika u frakcijama lebdećih čestica aerodinamičkog promjera manjeg od 2, 5 μm (PM2, 5) i 1 μm (PM1, 0) u zraku grada Zagreba. Mjerenja su provedena tijekom siječnja i srpnja 2018. godine u sjevernom dijelu grada. 24-satni uzorci frakcija lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 i PM1, 0 sakupljani su iz približno 55 m3 zraka na filtre od kvarcnih vlakana (Pallflex Tissuequartz 2500 QAT–UP, Pall Life Science), prethodno žarene na 850 °C tijekom 3 sata. Sakupljanje frakcija leb- dećih čestica PM2, 5 kao i određivanje njihovih masenih koncentracija provedeno je sukladno normi HRN EN 12341:2014. Sakupljanje i određivanje masenih koncentracija PM1, 0 frakcije lebdećih če- stica provedeno je na isti način. Sadržaj OC i EC u frakcijama lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 i PM1, 0 u zraku određen je metodom termičko-optičke transmisije (TOT) na analizatoru ugljika (Sunset Labo- ratory) s plameno ionizacijskim detektorom korištenjem EUSAAR_2 temperaturnog protokola na način opisan u normi HRN EN 16909:2017. Podaci su statistički obrađeni u računalnom programu STATISTICA 13. Masene koncentracije frakcije lebdećih čestica PM2, 5 kretale su se u rasponu od 4, 1 μg m-3 do 53, 4 μg m-3, dok su za frakciju lebdećih čestica PM1, 0 iznosile od 2, 2 μg m-3 do 34, 7 μg m-3. Rezultati pokazuju statistički značajne razlike masenih koncentracija ugljika u PM2, 5 i PM1, 0 frakcijama leb- dećih čestica s višim vrijednostima zabilježenim u hladnijem u odnosu na topliji period mjerenja. Doprinos ukupnog ugljika ukupnoj masi frakcija lebdećih čestica viši je za frakciju PM1, 0 nego za frakciju PM2, 5 neovisno o periodu mjerenja što se vjerojatno može objasniti činjenicom da je veći dio ugljika sadržan u sitnijim česticama. Vrijednosti omjera masenih koncentracija OC/EC bili su viši od 3 što ukazuje na veći udio SOC (sekundarni organski ugljik) u OC u obje frakcije lebdećih česti- ca u zraku grada Zagreba za provedeno razdoblje mjerenja.
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- 2019
45. Karakterizacija policikličkih aromatskih ugljikovodika u PM10 i PM2, 5 frakciji u Zagrebu
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Sever Štrukil, Zdravka, Jakovljević, Ivana, Godec, Ranka, Pehnec, Gordana, Galić, Nives, and Rogošić, Marko
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TEF ,dijagnostički omjeri ,HPLC - Abstract
Policiklički aromatski ugljikovodici (PAU) zajedno s nitro‐derivatima čine veliku skupinu od preko 500 poznatih organskih spojeva. Današnja istraživanja usmjerena su na proučavanje PAU‐a u zraku vezanih na lebdeće čestice aerodinamičkoga promjera manjega od 10 µm i 2, 5 µm (PM10 i PM2, 5) s obzirom na dulje zadržavanje takvih čestica u atmosferi, dubljem prodiranju u dišni sustav i posljedično štetnim učincima na zdravlje ljudi. 24‐satni uzorci frakcije PM10 i PM2, 5 sakupljani su na filtrima od kvarcnih vlakana neprekidno 31 dan u siječnju 2017. na dvije lokacije u Zagrebu s različitim utjecajem izvora onečišćenja. Analiza PAU‐a provedena je tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti (HPLC) s fluorescentnim detektorom promjenjivih valnih duljina ekscitacije i emisije. Na gradskoj pozadinskoj postaji u blizini kućanstava (lokacija A) izmjerene su statistički značajno manje masene koncentracije za sve mjerene PAU‐e u odnosu na gradsku prometnu postaju (lokacija B). Srednja vrijednost masenih koncentracija deset mjerenih PAU‐a u PM10 frakciji iznosila je 42, 203 ng m–3 na lokaciji A odnosno 86, 877 ng m–3 na lokaciji B. U PM2, 5 frakciji izmjerene su ukupne masene koncentracije PAU‐a u rasponu 7, 000 – 76, 166 ng m–3 na lokaciji A odnosno od 8, 014 ng m–3 do 279, 377 ng m–3 na lokaciji B. Linearnom regresijskom analizom masenih koncentracija PAU‐a u PM10 i PM2, 5 frakciji utvrđeno je da je na lokaciji B više od 82 % mjerenih PAU sadržano u PM2, 5 česticama u odnosu na PM10. Za lokaciju A je taj odnos još i veći, odnosno dobiveno je da je više od 95 % PAU‐a sadržano u manjim česticama (PM2, 5), osim za fluoranten i piren za koje je taj postotak bio veći od 62 %. Izračunati dijagnostički omjeri masenih koncentracija pojedinih PAU‐a u PM10 i PM2, 5 frakciji ukazuju na ispušne plinove automobila kao dominantan izvor PAU‐a na obje lokacije, te kućna ložišta na lokaciji A. Toksična ekvivalentna koncentracija (TEQ) dobivena zbrajanjem vrijednosti izmjerenih koncentracija pojedinog PAU‐a u vanjskom zraku pomnoženih s toksičnim ekvivalentnim faktorom (TEF) pokazala je dvostruko višu vrijednost na lokaciji B (13, 784 ng m–3) u odnosu na lokaciju A (6, 965 ng m–3), pri čemu je benzo[a]piren (BaP) sudjelovao s više od 65 % na obje lokacije.
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- 2019
46. PRAĆENJE KONCENTRACIJA MERKAPTANA I SUMPOROVODIKA U ZRAKU NA PLINSKOM POLJU MOLVE U RAZDOBLJU 2012.-2016
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Sopčić, Suzana, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Čačković, Mirjana, Godec, Ranka, Vađić, Vladimira, Pehnec, Gordana, Doko Jelinić, Jagoda, and Bešlić, Ivan
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R-SH ,H2S ,kvaliteta življenja ,spektrofotometrija ,granična vrijednost - Abstract
Merkaptani (R-SH) i sumporovodik (H2S) spadaju u grupu spojeva neugodna i nadražujuća mirisa čija prisutnost u zraku u većim koncentracija značajno narušava kvalitetu življenja. Izvor R-SH i H2S uglavnom je raspad ugljikovodika u anaerobnim uvjetima. U zrak mogu dospjeti i kao jedni od nusprodukata tijekom eksploatacije i prerade prirodnog plina. Uredbom o razinama one- čišćujućih tvari u zraku (NN 117/2012, NN 84/17) propisane su granične vrijednosti (GV) koncen- tracija s obzirom na kvalitetu življenja (dodijavanje mirisom) na temelju 24-satnih prosjeka (GV (R-SH) = 3 μg/m3 , GV (H2S) = 5 μg/m3 ) kao i učestalost dozvoljenih prekoračenja tijekom kalendar- ske godine (prekoračenje GV ≤ 7 puta). Na lokalitetu plinskog polja Molve u Podravini od početka eksploatacije prirodnog plina osam- desetih godina prošlog stoljeća započelo se i sa sustavnim mjerenjima onečišćenja zraka, vode, tla, vegetacije i radioaktivnosti. Mjerenja se provode u okviru Programa utvrđivanja stanja okoliša u zoni utjecaja Centralne plinske stanice (CPS) Molve kao mogućeg izvora onečišćenja. Koncentra- cije R-SH i H2S u zraku praćene su na 5 mjernih postaja smještenih na CPS Molve i okolnim bušo- tinama. Prikazani su rezultati mjerenja R-SH i H2S u razdoblju od 2012. do 2016. godine. Mjerenja su se provodila 24-satnim uzorkovanjem tijekom trideset dana u toplijem i trideset dana u hladnijem dijelu godine. Uzorci R-SH i H2S prikupljani su prosisavanjem zraka kroz impregnirane filtar pa- pire, a masene koncentracije u zraku određene su spektrofotometrijski, pri čemu se koncentracija merkaptana odnosi na ukupne merkaptane, R-SH. Dobiveni rezultati obrađeni su statistički te inter- pretirani prema navedenoj Uredbi. Rezultati pokazuju da su se srednje mjesečne koncentracije merkaptana na plinskom polju Molve u toplijem dijelu godine kretale u rasponu od 0, 27 μg/m3 (2014.) do 1, 11 μg/m3 (2015.), dok su u hladnijem dijelu godine bile nešto veće, od 0, 34 μg/m3 (2013.) do 2, 93 μg/m3 (2015.). U proma- tranom razdoblju od pet godina, samo je tijekom zimskog razdoblja 2015. godine došlo do prekora- čenja GV više od 7 puta, koliko je dozvoljeno Uredbom, na dvije mjerne postaje (9 i 10 puta). Za H2 S se srednja mjesečna koncentracija u toplijem dijelu godine kretala od 0, 66 μg/m3 (2012.) do 3, 88 μg/ m3 (2014.), a u zimskom periodu vrijednosti su bile nešto niže i kretale su se u rasponu od 0, 28 do 2, 05 μg/m3 (2012.). U petogodišnjem razdoblju praćenja dolazilo je povremeno do prekoračenja GV za H2S no učestalost dozvoljenih prekoračenja tijekom kalendarske godine nikad nije bila veća od propisanih 7 puta.
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- 2019
47. Comparison and trends of measured elemental carbon mass concentrations and estimated mass concentrations of black carbon in PM2.5 particle fraction
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Godec, Ranka and Šega, Krešimir
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BC, BS, BSI, EC and PM2.5 - Abstract
Black smoke (BS) is a product of incomplete combustion and a pollutant generally present in inhabited zones. It is commonly known as a collection of fine solid and/or liquid particles from several nanometres to several microns. Since the usual sample mass is too small for reliable gravimetrical analysis, optical methods are commonly used for determining its mass concentration. It is of extreme importance that the mass concentration of BS not be confused with that of suspended particles. BS concentrations are determined in order to evaluate the impact on human health, because its composition may cause negative health effects, including carcinogenic ones. The term total carbon (TC) refers to all forms of carbon present in samples of particulate matter in air ; organic (OC), elemental (EC) and carbonate carbon (CC), which derive from fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, residential space heating coal, biogenic emissions and secondary sources. EC has a long lifetime in the atmosphere and it is a visible component of particulate matter in ambient air. Particulate EC is also defined by collection and analysis. In atmospheric conditions, EC is inert, non-volatile, insoluble in solvents, and absorbs wavelengths from the visible, near infrared and ultraviolet region. It has a large specific surface area and can be a carrier of polluting gases and particles adhered to its surface transporting them deeper into the human respiratory tract. Daily PM2.5 samples were collected continuously during a five-year period, from the beginning of 2014 to the end of 2018. The sampling station was situated in the northern residential part of Zagreb. PM mass concentrations were determined gravimetrically following EN 12341:2014. Samples were analysed for OC and EC using the thermal/optical transmittance method (TOT) with a Quartz protocol. Mass concentrations of BC, instead by aethelometry, were estimated using light absorption coefficient from BS measurements determined by a Smokestain reflectometer EEL43M. This approach allows the estimation of the mass concentration of EC in airborne particles at multiple points without additional expensive and time-consuming analyses. It is necessary to emphasize that the model estimates the distribution parameters of a larger set of data better than individual data. The EC measured and estimated BC mass concentrations in airborne particles were well matched in the PM2.5 fraction of particles collected over the investigated period. The range of the estimated BC mass concentrations was narrower than the range of measured EC concentrations as a result of the absorption coefficient saturation in the range of high concentrations. During the measured period, the results showed a slightly decreasing trend for BC concentrations while no trend was found for EC concentrations. Both BC and EC mass concentrations showed a well- expressed seasonal dependence.
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- 2019
48. Carbon content in PM2.5 at a coastal measuring site in Croatia
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Godec, Ranka, Šimić, Iva, Šilović Hujić, Martina, Bešlić, Ivan, Incecik, Selahattin, Toros, Huseyin, Topcu, Sema, Ozturk, Busra, Duzgun, Cansu, and Kursun, Ilayda
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EC, OC, OC/EC ratio, POC and SOC - Abstract
Rijeka is the principal seaport and third largest city in Croatia. It is located in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and has a population of about 130000 inhabitants. The city's economy largely depends on shipbuilding and maritime transport. The terrain configuration, with mountains rising steeply just a few kilometres inland from the shores of the Adriatic, provides for some striking climatic and landscape contrasts within a small geographic area. Rijeka has a humid subtropical climate with warm summers and relatively mild winters with frequent rainfall and cold (bura) winds. This study is the first research on particulate matter with an equivalent aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and the carbon content in it at a coastal urban background station located in Rijeka. Mass concentrations of elemental (EC), organic (OC) and total carbon (TC) in) were investigated from January 1st 2017 to April 30th 2019. Sampling was conducted during 24-hour periods from approximately 55 m3 of ambient air on quartz fibre filters (Pall Tissuequartz 2600QAT-UP, 47 mm) pre-fired at 850°C for 3 hours. Mass concentrations of 850 PM2.5 samples were determined gravimetrically according to the standard EN 12341:2014. Carbon content was measured by the thermal-optical transmittance method (TOT) using a carbon aerosol analyser with a flame ionization detector and EUSAAR_2 temperature program operating according to the standard EN 16909:2017. The average PM2.5 mass concentration (11.1 µg m-3) did not exceed the limit value of 25 µg m-3 and the maximum was observed in winter (51.3 µg m-3). Carbon mass concentrations revealed strong seasonality having its low in summer and high in winter. The average OC/EC mass ratio values of around 6 pointed to the influence of secondary organic aerosols. Average TC mass contribution to the total PM2.5 mass was 34 %, of which 21 % SOC (secondary OC), 8 % POC (primary OC) and 5 % EC. High mass contribution of SOC to the total OC mass (as much as 73 %), can be explained by the warm climate suitable for photochemical reactions and the formation of SOC from sea spray.
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- 2019
49. CARCINOGENIC ORGANIC CONTENT OF PARTICULATE MATTER AT URBAN LOCATIONS WITH DIFFERENT POLLUTION SOURCES
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Pehnec, Gordana, Jakovljević, Ivana, Godec, Ranka, Žero, Sabina, Huremović, Jasna, Džepina, Katja, Incecik, Selahattin, Toros, Huseyin, Topcu, Sema, Ozturk, Busra, Duzgun, Cansu, Kursun, Ilayda, Kara, Melik, Dumanoglu, Yetkin, Tuna Tuygun, Gizem, Bayram, Abdurrahman, and Elbir, Tolga
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Carcinogenic potency ,Diagnostic ratio ,PM10 ,Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ,benzo(a)pyrene ,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ,total carcinogenic potency - Abstract
Chemical composition of airborne particulate matter is of considerable importance regarding public health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are compounds known for their adverse effects on human health. Many of them are proven carcinogens, especially those with 5 and 6 aromatic rings which in ambient air are usually bounded to particulate matter. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is often measured as their representative. Sarajevo (~450 000 inhabitants), the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is one of the European cities with the poorest air quality. As a consequence of topography, meteorological conditions and extensive use of fossil fuels, daily PM10 mass concentrations during winter exceed 400 µg/m3. Measurements of PAH are not part of routine monitoring and only limited data are available from previous studies. The capital of Croatia, Zagreb (~800 000 inhabitants), is located approximately 300 km north-west from Sarajevo. PAH mass concentrations in Zagreb have been measured continuously since 1994 within local and national air quality monitoring networks. During winter 2017/2018, the SAFICA project (Sarajevo Canton Winter Field Campaign 2018) was carried out in order to characterise the organic and inorganic pollutants in the city of Sarajevo and its surroundings. This paper presents results of PAH measurements at one urban location in Sarajevo. 24-hour samples of PM10 particle fraction were collected during heating season, from 10 December 2017 to 26 February 2018. The analysis of PAH was performed using high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. PAH mass concentrations in Sarajevo were compared with the results obtained in Zagreb during the same period. Average BaP concentrations in Sarajevo and Zagreb were 6.925 ng/m3 and 3.109 ng/m3, respectively. The contribution of BaP to the sum of PAH mass concentrations was similar at both locations (~ 11 %). However, much higher contributions of fluoranthene and pyrene were obtained in Sarajevo. Contributions of individual PAH and their diagnostic ratios indicated combustion of gasoline and diesel as a potential source of PAH (traffic) at both locations, as well as combustion of other liquid fossil fuels (petroleum, crude oil). Wood burning was occasionally indicated as a source in Zagreb, while in Sarajevo the contribution of coal combustion was evident. The total carcinogenic potency of PAH was estimated by calculating BaP equivalent concentrations using toxic equivalence factors from the literature and it was 10.052 ng/m3 and 4.506 ng/m3 in Sarajevo and Zagreb, respectively. BaP had the highest contribution to the total carcinogenic potency at both locations (69 and 67 %), followed by benzo(b)fluoranthene, dibenzo(a, h)anthracene and indeno(1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene.
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- 2019
50. PREKORAČENJA DNEVNE GRANIČNE VRIJEDNOSTI KONCENTRACIJA PM10 NA GRADSKOJ POZADINSKOJ MJERNOJ POSTAJI U ZAGREBU TIJEKOM RAZDOBLJA 2001.-2018
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Šega, Krešimir, Bešlić, Ivan, Godec, Ranka, Davila, Silvije, Doko Jelinić, Jagoda, and Bešlić, Ivan
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PM10 ,PM2.5 ,prekoračenje ,sezonska ovisnost - Abstract
Masene koncentracije frakcije lebdećih čestica PM10, izmjerene na pozadinskoj gradskoj mjer- noj postaji Ksaverska cesta u Zagrebu tijekom osamnaestogodišnjeg razdoblja (2001. – 2018. godi- na), obrađene su s obzirom na učestalost prekoračenja dnevne granične vrijednosti od 50 μg m-3 tijekom kalendarske godine, trend učestalosti tijekom mjernog razdoblja, sezonsku ovisnost, te ovisnost o koncentracijama pod-frakcija PM10 (PM2.5 i PM10-2.5 - coarse fraction). Prekoračenja su zabilježe- na u prosjeku 52 puta godišnje, odnosno u nešto više od 14% mjerenja. Polovina od ukupnog broja prekoračenja (938) odnosi se na koncentracije niže od 65 μg m-3, dok je kod svega 12% prekoračnja izmjerena koncentracija PM10 viša od 100 μg m- 3. Vidljiv je opadajući trend broja prekoračenja od -2, 8 god-1 što predstavlja značajan pad od približno 48 zabilježenih prekoračenja godišnje u posljed- njoj u odnosu na prvu godinu mjernog razdoblja. Prekoračenja su zabilježena u prva tri i zadnja tri mjeseca kalendarske godine, dok je njihov broj tijekom ostatka godine bio zanemariv. Vidljivo je da koncentracije grube frakcije čestica ne koreliraju s koncentracijama prekoračenja, već slobodno variraju očito kao posljedica lokalnih izvora. Nasuprot tome koncentracije PM2.5 u danima preko- račenja vrlo dobro koreliraju s koncentracijama PM10 (R=0, 940) i njihov prosječan doprinos masi PM10 iznosi 90%, što je mnogo više nego u danima bez prekoračenja. Iz navedenog se može zaklju- čiti da su izvori PM2.5 tijekom hladnog razdoblja godine osnovni razlog prekoračenja dnevne gra- nične vrijednosti PM10. Razlika u dominantnim izvorima PM2.5 određenim između dvije grupe poda- taka za dane s koncentracijama PM10 ispod s onima iznad granične vrijednosti od 50 μg m-3 ukazala bi na izvore prekomjernog onečišćenja, te na taj način posredno omogućila potrebne mjere za po- boljšanje kvalitete zraka. Korekciju broja prekoračenja dnevne koncentracije PM10 nije preporučlji- vo izvoditi s obzirom na ukupni obuhvat podataka (dozvoljena granica od minimalno 90%), već ju treba provesti prilagođeno sezonskoj raspodjeli. No i taj način korekcije, s obzirom na trend smanjenja broja prekoračenja godišnje postaje upitan, odnosno nepotreban pri jednoliko raspoređenim izostancima mjerenja tijekom godine.
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- 2019
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