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Observability of decomposed systems consisting of algebraic and integrating parts is investigated in the presence of unknown inputs. Conditions for the existence and construction of integrating subsystems which, when connected to the algebraic system, give rise to an unknown-input, unknown-state observable and unknown-input, zero-state observable composite system are established. Application of the results to fault detection and identification in algebraic systems is discussed.

Implementations of amplitude (AM), amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulators with memristors are presented as new applications. The proposed modulators operate in current mode. They contain a preprocessing circuit that converts unipolar bit sequences into an appropriate form for modulation with at most two memristors. Using the memristor model developed by Biolek et al., PSPICE simulations of the proposed modulators that verify the mathematical derivations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]