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The increasing industries and population growth, make various new needs for water. So, scientists and researchers try to invent new methods for processing and synthesizing new materials to recycle used water sources. In this research, Zn (NO3)2.6H2O (zinc nitrate) and C2H5NO2 (glycine) were used as raw materials in Solution Combustion Synthesis technique (SCS) to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. Also, the bentonite is added to the reaction container during the synthesis to act as substrate for nanoparticles to produce Bentonite-ZnO nanocomposite in-situ in less than 10 min at the air atmosphere. The successful synthesis was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and the reason of that was explained by DSC-TGA of raw materials. It proved the same thermal behaviors of zinc nitrate as oxidizer and glycine as fuel could carry out the reaction. The SEM and TEM images demonstrated the decoration of ZnO on bentonite. Finally, the photodegradtaion of an antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) in presence of synthesized nanocomposite was examined under direct sunlight. The results showed about 97% degradation efficiency and 81% for total organic carbon removal after 3h reaction at the rate constants of 1.04 h-1. The blank test from just bentonite shows less than 10% degradation efficiency that proves the presence of ZnO increases this value more than 87%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use the Hojman symmetry approach to find new (2 + 1) -dimensional f (R) gravity solutions, in comparison to Noether symmetry approach. In the special case of Hojman symmetry vector X = R , we recover (2 + 1) -dimensional Bañados–Teitelboim–Zanelli (BTZ) black hole and generalized (2 + 1) -dimensional BTZ black hole solutions, obtained by Noether symmetry approach, and the interesting point is that the cosmological constant is appeared as the direct manifestation of Hojman symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery compromises the surgeon's vision for surgery at the surgical field. Since tizanidine causes contraction of peripheral blood vessels and hypotension, which together reduce blood flow to nasal mucosa, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral tizanidine on the quality of vision at the surgical field during endoscopic sinus surgery. METHODS: This double-blind clinical study was performed on 60 patients. Patients were randomly divided into two groups by computer randomization software (2.0) and received 6 mg tizanidine and placebo before the surgery. During the operation, the quality of the operation field was evaluated and scored by the surgeon based on Boezaart scale. Pain score in recovery and 6 hours after surgery and intraoperative hemodynamic parameters were assessed. FINDINGS: The quality of the surgical field based on the Boezaart scale was significantly better in the group receiving tizanidine (p=0.04). Pain score in recovery was 2.83±1.17 in the case group and 4.53±1.56 in the control group (p=0.001). Pain score 6 hours after surgery in the case group was 3.23±1.22 and in the control group was 4.13±1.33 (p=0.008). Mean arterial blood pressure (p=0.03) and heart rate (p=0.19) during surgery were lower in the tizanidine group. CONCLUSION: The results of the study showed that tizanidine as a perioperative medication before endoscopic sinus surgery improves the quality of vision at the surgical field and provides a better hemodynamic profile for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is still a clinical problem. The role of crystalloid preloading to prevent hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia in parturients during cesarean section has been challenged. However, studies with crystalloids predict that fluid loading should be more efficacious if administered immediately after induction of spinal anesthesia. The effects of colloid loading after spinal anesthesia in cesarean section have not been studied enough. The aim of this study was to compare pre and co-loading of hetastarch for the prevention of hypotension following spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was performed in 112 parturients (ASA I or II) undergoing elective cesarean section. Patients were randomly allocated to one of the two groups to receive rapid infusion of 500 ml of 6% hydroxyethylstarch (HES) before spinal anesthesia (preloading group, n = 56), or rapid infusion of 500 ml of HES after induction of spinal anesthesia (co-loading group, n= 56). The incidence of hypotension and the amount of vasopressor, (ephedrine 5 mg/mL + phenylephrine 25 micg/mL) were compared in the treatment of hypotension. Results: There was no significant difference in hypotension between the two groups (P = 0.58). The preloading group used 2.2 ± 1 ml of vasopressor mixture compared with 1.7 ±0.7 ml in the co-loading group (P = 0.04) and the difference was significant. Conclusion: Colloid loading after induction of spinal anesthesia is as effective as preloading in reducing hypotension in cesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous-time quantum walk (CTQW) over finite group schemes is investigated, where it is shown that some properties of a CTQW over a group scheme defined on a finite group G induces a CTQW over group scheme defined on G/ H, where H is a normal subgroup of G with prime index. This reduction can be helpful in analyzing CTQW on underlying graphs of group schemes. Even though this claim is proved for normal subgroups with prime index (using the Clifford's theorem from representation theory), it is checked in some examples that for other normal subgroups or even non-normal subgroups, the result is also true! Moreover, it is shown that the Bose-Mesner (BM) algebra associated with the group scheme over G is isomorphic to the corresponding BM algebra of the association scheme defined over the coset space G/ H up to the scale factor | H|. In fact, we show that the underlying graph defined over group G is a covering space for the quotient graph defined over G/ H, so that CTQW over the graph on G, starting from any arbitrary vertex, is isomorphic to the CTQW over the quotient graph on G/ H if we take the sum of the amplitudes corresponding to the vertices belonging to the same cosets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA) is a method of amplifying RNA, for the detection of RNA viruses and human pathogenic bacteria. Recently, NASBA has also been employed for the detection of plant diseases caused by viruses and quarantine bacteria. A major citrus pathogen, Xanthomonas citri subsp. c itri (Xcc) , causal agent of citrus bacterial canker, is being studied in depth due to its economic importance, with recent focus concentrating on its viability and survival under different stress conditions and control treatments. In this work, a NASBA protocol using primers for gumD mRNA has been developed to assess the viability of this pathogen under different bacteriocidal treatments. This method is rapid, specific and sensitive, and is able to detect viable bacterial cells, using a hybridization device which allows the visualization of the results in only 30 min. The usefulness of the method has been confirmed with bacterial suspensions subjected to different heat treatments and to sodium orthophenylphenate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]