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We show the laser-driven acceleration of unprecedented, collimated ($ 2 \ \mathrm{mrad} $ divergence), and quasi-monoenergetic ($ 25 \ \% $ energy spread) electron beams with energy up to $ 50 \ \mathrm{MeV} $ at $ 1 \ \mathrm{kHz} $ repetition rate. The laser driver is a multi-cycle ($ 15 \ \mathrm{fs} $) $ 1 \ \mathrm{kHz} $ optical parametric chirped pulse amplification (OPCPA) system, operating at $ 26 \ \mathrm{mJ} $ ($ 1.7 \ \mathrm{TW} $). The scalability of the driver laser technology and the electron beams reported in this work pave the way towards developing high-brilliance x-ray sources for medical imaging, innovative devices for brain cancer treatment, and represent a step towards the realization of a kHz GeV electron beamline., Comment: 6 pages, 3 figures, 1 table

A detailed analysis of three pendular motion models is presented. Inertial effects, self-oscillation, and memory, together with non-constant moment of inertia, hysteresis and negative damping are shown to be required for the comprehensive description of the free pendulum oscillatory regime. The effects of very high initial amplitudes, friction in the roller bearing axle, drag, and pendulum geometry are also analysed and discussed. The model that consists of a fractional differential equation provides both the best explanation of, and the best fits to, experimental high resolution and long-time data gathered from standard action-camera videos., Comment: The paper has been published. A link to the publisher site was inserted in the text

Rydberg-atom ensembles are switched from a weakly- into a strongly-interacting regime via adiabatic transformation of the atoms from an approximately non-polar into a highly dipolar quantum state. The resultant electric dipole-dipole forces are probed using a device akin to a field ion microscope. Ion imaging and pair-correlation analysis reveal the kinetics of the interacting atoms. Dumbbell-shaped pair correlation images demonstrate the anisotropy of the binary dipolar force. The dipolar $C_3$ coefficient, derived from the time dependence of the images, agrees with the value calculated from the permanent electric-dipole moment of the atoms. The results indicate many-body dynamics akin to disorder-induced heating in strongly coupled particle systems.

We present in this paper a numerical investigation of literary texts by various well-known English writers, covering the first half of the twentieth century, based upon the results obtained through corpus analysis of the texts. A fractal power law is obtained for the lexical wealth defined as the ratio between the number of different words and the total number of words of a given text. By considering as a signature of each author the exponent and the amplitude of the power law, and the standard deviation of the lexical wealth, it is possible to discriminate works of different genres and writers and show that each writer has a very distinct signature, either considered among other literary writers or compared with writers of non-literary texts. It is also shown that, for a given author, the signature is able to discriminate between short stories and novels., Comment: 27 pages, 10 tables,15 figures. Revised version accepted in Physica A

The one-dimensional extended isotropic XY model (s=1/2) in a transverse field with uniform long-range interactions among the \textit{z} components of the spin is considered. The model is exactly solved by introducing the gaussian and Jordan-Wigner transformations, which map it in a non-interacting fermion system. The partition function can be determined in closed form at arbitrary temperature and for arbitrary multiplicity of the multiple spin interaction. From this result all relevant thermodynamic functions are obtained and, due to the long-range interactions, the model can present classical and quantum transitions of first- and second-order. The study of its critical behavior is restricted for the quantum transitions, which are induced by the transverse field at $T=0.$ The phase diagram is explicitly obtained for multiplicities $p=2,3,4$ and $\infty ,$ as a function of the interaction parameters, and, in these cases, the critical behavior of the model is studied\textbf{\}in detail. Explicit results are also presented for the induced magnetization and isothermal susceptibility $\chi_{T}^{zz}$, and a detailed analysis is also carried out for the static longitudinal $$ and transversal $$ correlation functions. The different phases presented by the model can be characterized by the spatial decay of the these correlations, and from these results some of these can be classified as quantum spin liquid phases. The static critical exponents and the dynamic one, $z,$ have also been determined, and it is shown that, besides inducing first order phase transition, the long-range interaction also changes the universality class the model.-range interaction also changes the universality class the model., Comment: 38 pages, 17 figures

The isotropic XY model $(s=1/2)$ in a transverse field, with uniform long-range interactions among the transverse components of the spins, on the inhomogeneous periodic chain, is studied. The model, composed of $N$ segments with $n$ different exchange interactions and magnetic moments, is exactly solved by introducing the integral gaussian transformation and the generalized Jordan-Wigner transformation, which reduce the problem to the diagonalization of a finite matrix of $n$th order. The quantum transitions induced by the transverse field are determined by analyzing the induced magnetization of the cell and the equation of state. The phase diagrams for the quantum transitions, in the space generated by the transverse field and the interaction parameters, are presented. As expected, the model presents multiple, first- and second-order quantum transitions induced by the transverse field, and it corresponds to an extension of the models recently considered by the authors. Detailed results are also presented, at T=0, for the induced magnetization and isothermal susceptibility $\chi_{T}^{zz}$ as function of the transverse field., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review B

The static and dynamic properties of the anisotropic XY-model $(s=1/2)$ on the inhomogeneous periodic chain, composed of $N$ cells with $n$ different exchange interactions and magnetic moments, in a transverse field $h,$ are determined exactly at arbitrary temperatures. The properties are obtained by introducing the Jordan-Wigner fermionization and by reducing the problem to a diagonalization of a finite matrix of $nth$ order. The quantum transitions are determined exactly by analyzing, as a function of the field, the induced magnetization $1/n\sum_{m=1}^{n}\mu_{m}\left< S_{j,m}^{z}\right>$ ($j$ denotes the cell, $m$ the site within the cell, $\mu_{m}$ the magnetic moment at site $m$ within the cell) and the spontaneous magnetization $1/n\sum_{m=1}^{n}\left< S_{j,m}^{x},\right>$ which is obtained from the correlations $\left< S_{j,m}^{x}S_{j+r,m}^{x}\right>$ for large spin separations. These results, which are obtained for infinite chains, correspond to an extension of the ones obtained by Tong and Zhong(\textit{Physica B} \textbf{304,}91 (2001)). The dynamic correlations, $\left< S_{j,m}^{z}(t)S_{j^{\prime},m^{\prime}}^{z}(0)\right>$, and the dynamic susceptibility, $\chi_{q}^{zz}(\omega),$ are also obtained at arbitrary temperatures. Explicit results are presented in the limit T=0, where the critical behaviour occurs, for the static susceptibility $\chi_{q}^{zz}(0)$ as a function of the transverse field $h$, and for the frequency dependency of dynamic susceptibility $\chi_{q}^{zz}(\omega)$., Comment: 33 pages, 13 figures, 01 table. Revised version (minor corrections) accepted for publiction in Phys. Rev. B

This paper presents a fractal analysis of radiographic patterns obtained from specimens with three types of inserted welding defects: lack of fusion, lack of penetration, and porosity. The study focused on patterns of carbon steel beads from radiographs of the International Institute of Welding (IIW). The radiographs were scanned using a greyscale with 256 levels, and the fractal features of the surfaces constructed from the radiographic images were characterized by means of Hurst, detrended-fluctuation, and minimal-cover analyses. A Karhunen-Loeve transformation was then used to classify the curves obtained from the fractal analyses of the various images, and a study of the classification errors was performed. The obtained results indicate that fractal analyses can be an effective additional tool for pattern recognition of weld defects in radiographic tests., Comment: 7 pages, 2 figures. To appear AIP Conference Proceedings - QNDE 2006

In this work we apply tools developed for the study of fractal properties of time series to the problem of classifying defects in welding joints probed by ultrasonic tecniques. We employ the fractal tools in a preprocessing step, producing curves with a considerably smaller number of points than in the original signals. These curves are then used in the classification step, which is realized by applying an extension of the Karhunen-Loeve linear transformation. We show that our approach leads to small error rates, comparable with those obtained by using more time-consuming methods based on non-linear classifiers., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures

The $XXZ$ model $(s = 1/2)$ in a transverse field on a double chain with a uniform long-range interaction among the $z$ components of the spins is considered. The nearest-neighbour interactions are restricted to the components in the $xy$ plane and to the spins within the same chain leg, such that the Hamiltonian is given by $H = -\sum_{m=1}^{2} J_{m} \sum_{j=1}^{N}(S_{m,j}^{x}S_{m, j+1}^{x} + S_{m,j}^{y}S_{m,j+1}^{y}) - \frac{I}{N}\sum_{m,n=1}^{2} \sum_{j,k=1}^{N}S_{m,j}^{z}S_{n,k}^{z}-h\sum_{m=1}^{2} \sum_{j=1}^{N}S_{m,j}^{z}$, where $N$ is the number of sites of the lattice and $m,n$ $(m,n = 1, 2)$ label the chain legs. The model is solved exactly by introducing the Jordan-Wigner and integral Gaussian transformations, which map the Hamiltonian in a non-interacting fermion system and corresponds to an extension of the model recently studied by the authors for a single chain. The equation of state is obtained in closed form, and the critical classical (at $T > 0$) and quantum (at $T = 0$) behaviours can be determined exactly. The quantum critical surface is determined in the space generated by the transverse field and interaction parameters, and the crossover lines separating the different critical regimes are also obtained. It is also shown that, differently from the results obtained for the single chain, the system can present multiple quantum transitions., Comment: 02 pages, 02 figures, to appear in JMMM (Proceedings of ICM2006)

The static and dynamic properties of the isotropic XY-model $(s=1/2)$ on the inhomogeneous periodic chain, composed of \emph{N} segments with \emph{n} different exchange interactions and magnetic moments, in a transverse field \emph{h} are obtained exactly at arbitrary temperatures. The properties are determined by introducing the generalized Jordan-Wigner transformation and by reducing the problem to a diagonalization of a finite matrix of \emph{n-th} order. The diagonalization procedure is discussed in detail and the critical behaviour induced by the transverse field, at T=0, is presented. The quantum transitions are determined by analyzing the behaviour of the induced magnetization, defined as $(1/n)\sum_{m=1}^{n}\mu_{m}$ where $\mu_{m}$ is the magnetic moment at site \emph{m} within the segment \emph{j}, as a function of the field, and the critical fields determined exactly. The dynamic correlations, $$, and the dynamic susceptibility $\chi_{q}^{zz}(\omega)$ are also obtained at arbitrary temperatures. Explicit results are also presented in the limit T=0, where the critical behaviour occurs, for the static susceptibility $\chi_{q}^{zz}(0)$ as a function of the transverse field \emph{h}, and for the frequency dependency of dynamic susceptibility $\chi_{q}^{zz}(\omega)$. Also in this limit, the transverse time-correlation $$, the dynamic and isothermal susceptibilities, $\chi_{q}^{xx}(\omega)$ and $\chi_{T}^{xx}$, are obtained for the transverse field greater or equal than the saturation field., Comment: 38 pages, 11 figures

In this paper it is presented a detailed numerical investigation of acoustic emission signals obtained from test samples of fibreglass reinforced polymeric matrix composites, when subjected to tensile and flexural tests. Various fractal indices, characteristic of the signals emitted at the different structural failures of the test samples and which satisfy non-stationary distributions, have been determined. From the results obtained for these indices, related to the Hurst analysis, detrended fluctuation analysis, minimal cover analysis and to the boxcounting dimension analysis, it has been shown they can discriminate the different failure mechanisms and, therefore, they constitute their signature., Comment: 29 pages, 1 table and 18 figures

The one-dimensional XXZ model (s=1/2) in a transverse field, with uniform long-range interactions among the transverse components of the spins, is studied. The model is exactly solved by introducing the Jordan-Wigner transformation and the integral Gaussian transformation. The complete critical behaviour and the critical surface for the quantum and classical transitions, in the space generated by the transverse field and the interaction parameters, are presented. The crossover lines for the various classical/quantum regimes are also determined exactly. It is shown that, besides the tricritical point associated with the classical transition, there are also two quantum critical points: a bicritical point where the classical second-order critical line meets the quantum critical line, and a first-order transition point at zero field. It is also shown that the phase diagram for the first-order classical/quantum transitions presents the same structure as for the second-order classical/quantum transitions. The critical classical and quantum exponents are determined, and the internal energy, the specific heat and the isothermal susceptibility,$\chi_{T}^{zz},$ are presented for the different critical regimes. The two-spin static and dynamic correlation functions, $$, are also presented, and the dynamic susceptibility, $\chi_{q}^{zz}$($\omega),$is obtained in closed form. Explicit results are presented at $T=0,$ and it is shown that the isothermal susceptibility, $\chi_{T}^{zz},$ is different from the static one, $\chi_{q}^{zz}$($0).$ Finally, it is shown that, at $T=0,$ the internal energy close to the first-order quantum transition satisfies the scaling form recently proposed by Continentino and Ferreira., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures. To appear in Physica A