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Active plasma resonance spectroscopy (APRS) is a process-compatible plasma diagnostic method, which utilizes the natural ability of plasmas to resonate on or near the electron plasma frequency. The multipole resonance probe (MRP) is a particular design of APRS that has a high degree of geometric and electric symmetry. The principle of the MRP can be described on the basis of an idealized geometry that is particularly suited for theoretical investigations. In a pressure regime of a few Pa or lower, kinetic effects become important, which cannot be predicted by the Drude model. Therefore, in this paper, a dynamic model of the interaction of the idealized MRP with a plasma is established. The proposed scheme reveals the kinetic behavior of the plasma that is able to explain the influence of kinetic effects on the resonance structure. Similar to particle-in-cell, the spectral kinetic method iteratively determines the electric field at each particle position, however, without employing any numerical grids. The optimized analytical model ensures the high efficiency of the simulation. Eventually, the presented work is expected to cover the limitation of the Drude model, especially for the determination of the pure collisionless damping caused by kinetic effects. A formula to determine the electron temperature from the half-width Δ ω is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the polymorphism of a weakly polar molecule, dibenzoylmethane, in which the intramolecular hydrogen-bonded enol "chelated" form is favoured. A simple geometric method on the basis of interatomic distance to visualize and count favourable connections between non-hydrogen atoms was constructed to judge the strength of intermolecular interactions in polymorphs of this kind of weakly polar molecule. The number of total favourable connections mirrored with resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds (RAHB) and aromatic interactions in DBM polymorphs increases from forms I to III, in agreement with the order of their equivalent interaction energies, proving that it is feasible for this geometric approach to be used in this weakly polar system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive study, the bandgap characteristics of lead halide perovskites are not well understood. Usually, these materials are considered as direct bandgap semiconductors, while their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) is very low in the solid state or single crystal (SC) state. Some researchers have noted a weak indirect bandgap below the direct bandgap transition in these perovskites. Herein, application of pressure to a CsPbBr3 SC and first‐principles calculations reveal that the nature of the bandgap becomes more direct at a relatively low pressure due to decreased dynamic Rashba splitting. This effect results in a dramatic PLQY improvement, improved more than 90 times, which overturns the traditional concept that the PLQY of lead halide perovskite SC cannot exceed 10%. Application of higher pressure transformed the CsPbBr3 SC into a pure indirect bandgap phase, which can be maintained at near‐ambient pressure. It is thus proved that lead halide perovskites can induce a phase transition between direct and indirect bandgaps. In addition, distinct piezochromism is observed for a perovskite SC for the first time. This work provides a novel framework to understand the optoelectronic properties of these important materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HT ht (37) All online versions of this article were corrected on 22 August 2022. Publisher's Note: "Kinetic simulation of the ideal multipole resonance probe" [J. Appl. Phys. This article was originally published online on 8 August 2022 with an error in Eq. (37). [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] Ball milling is used, not only to reduce the particle size of pharmaceutical powders, but also to induce changes in the physical properties of drugs. In this work we prepared three crystal forms of furosemide (forms Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ) and studied their solid phase transformations during ball milling. Powder X-ray diffraction and modulated differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the samples after each milling time on their path to amorphization. Our results show that forms Ⅰ and III directly converted into an amorphous phase, while form Ⅱ first undergoes a polymorphic transition to form Ⅰ, and then gradually loses its crystallinity, finally reaching full amorphousness. During ball milling of forms Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the glass transition temperature (T g) of the amorphous fraction of the milled material remains almost unchanged at 75 °C and 74 °C, respectively (whilst the amorphous content increases). In contrast, the T g values of the amorphous fraction of milled form III increase with increasing milling times, from 63 °C to 71 °C, indicating an unexpected phenomenon of amorphous-to-amorphous transformation. The amorphous fraction of milled forms I and II samples presented a longer structural relaxation (i.e., lower molecular mobility) than the amorphous fraction of milled form III samples. Moreover, the structural relaxation time remained the same for the increasing amorphous fraction during milling of forms I and II. In contrast, the structural relaxation times were always shorter for the amorphous fraction of form III, but increased with increasing amorphous content during milling, confirming amorphous-to-amorphous transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes a high efficiency and selective CIGS-based photocathode for CO 2 reduction. • We establish a photocathode for CO 2 reduction on the base of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2. • The photoelectrode reaches an photocurrent density of 4.8 mA cm−2 at −0.2 V vs. RHE. • The photocathode selectively converts CO 2 into CO at −0.2 V vs. RHE with a faradaic efficiency of 99.3%. • This is the highest record among photocathodes for CO 2 to CO. The performance of photoelectrochemical (PEC) CO 2 reduction on a photocathode is determined by the light absorption, charge separation and charge transfer efficiency of the photocathode according toη total = η abs * η sep * η tran. Herein, we for the first time establish a photocathode for CO 2 reduction on the base of commercially-available p-type Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS). CIGS has a very high optical absorption coefficient up to 105 cm−1 in wide wavelength region. It reaches an ultrahigh photocurrent density of 4.8 mA cm−2 at −0.2 V vs. RHE and 11.5 mA cm−2 at −0.7 V vs. RHE. Importantly, by fixing the bias at −0.2 V vs. RHE, the CIGS/CdS/ZnO/AZO photocathode selectively converts CO 2 into CO with a faradaic efficiency of 99.3%. This is the highest record among the state-of-the-art photocathodes for CO 2 to CO. Our work opens new opportunity for CIGS in solar-induced chemical reactions, and is expected to be concerned by researchers who are interested in catalysis and PECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the major function of molybdenum (Mo) back contact on soda‐lime glass (SLG) substrate in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells is to provide good adhesion and good conductivity, its role as the transportation channel for alkali elements from SLG substrate to CIGS layer has often been overlooked. In this work, we have intentionally fabricated tri‐layered structure in contrast to the conventional bi‐layered structure for Mo back contact with the microstructure of the thin topmost Mo layer manipulated by the Ar pressure and water vapor during sputtering deposition. It has been discovered that the CIGS solar cell conversion efficiency can be greatly affected by this thin topmost Mo layer of the back contact. Investigations on the elemental depth profiles in the CIGS devices and the chemical states of Mo on the back contact surfaces have revealed that the surface layer of Mo back contact has a strong effect on the diffusion of alkali elements from SLG into CIGS absorber layer, which in turn influences the formation of Ga gradient in the CIGS layer and thus the solar cell performance. It was revealed that Mo(OH)6 and MoO3 formed on the surface of Mo back contact play a key role in determining the K atom distribution and Ga gradient. A reaction mechanism was also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CsPbBr3 Single Crystal High pressure exerted on CsPbBr3 single crystal using diamond anvil cell leads to improved photoluminescence intensity due to the decreased dynamic Rashba splitting. Application of higher pressure transforms it into a pure indirect bandgap phase, which can be maintained at near‐ambient pressure. These phenomena provide a novel framework to understand the optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials. More details can be found in article number 2201554 by Junbo Gong, Zengming Zhang, Xudong Xiao, and co‐workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest developments of industrial crystallization in China are reviewed. This includes the introduction of representative scientists and institutions promoting the progress of Chinese industrial crystallization. Additionally, primary application fields related to industrial crystallization are outlined to give an overview of the current research trends in China. National and international industrial crystallization meetings held in China are also presented. Finally, the expectations for the future research activities in the field of industrial crystallization in China are briefly described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oiling‐out is a common phenomenon in industrial crystallization processes that not only prolongs the total operating time but also leads to undesirable crystal morphology, making it challenging to control crystallization paths. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the oiling‐out phenomenon in organic small molecule crystallization. First, the formation mechanisms of oiling‐out are summarized from both thermodynamic and dynamic perspectives, providing the theoretical foundation for understanding the phenomenon. Then, the universal characterization methods for studying the oiling‐out phenomenon of organic small molecules are introduced in detail, covering both offline and online analytical tools. Moreover, the regulation strategy for oiling‐out, including solvents, impurities, seeding, temperature, and mixing methods are discussed. This paper also focuses on the application of oiling‐out in co‐assembly and crystal shape modulation. Finally, future opportunities and challenges are presented to address the current shortcomings and application bottlenecks in the study of organic small molecule oiling‐out phenomena. This review aims to provide valuable insights and guidance for researchers working on the crystallization of organic small molecules, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, to better understand, control, and utilize the oiling‐out phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isostructural crystals are crucial for the development of high-performance functional materials and precise control over physicochemical properties, whereas the design of isostructural crystals is extremely challenging. In this work single-component isostructural crystals were obtained with the substitution of side-chain groups. High-quality single crystals of isostructural crystals methyl 2-amino-5-methylbenzoate (MAMB) and methyl 2-amino-5-methoxybenzoate (MAMOB) were harvested through sublimation crystallization. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). Similar intermolecular interactions and packing modes suggested that MAMB and MAMOB are 3D isostructural, and the quantitative similarity parameters were calculated via the XPac program. Furthermore, these two obtained isostructural crystals exhibited similar blue light emission behaviors and solvation effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of a cocrystal is one of the effective strategies to tune the luminescence properties of organic crystals. In this work, four charge transfer cocrystals were constructed with isomeric substances of amino substituted dimethyl phthalates as the donors and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene as the acceptor. The emission range of the individual electron donors is from 400 nm to 505 nm, while all cocrystals have their emission redshift exceeding 100 nm. The tunable emission range of the charge transfer cocrystals is from 573 nm to 640 nm. All the obtained four cocrystals contain π–π stacking structures with the presence of π–π and C–H⋯π interactions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of charge transfer interactions in the cocrystals. The tuning of the luminescence properties of the cocrystals was explained by the analysis of the crystal packing structure and the intermolecular interaction, and the distribution of frontier orbitals was obtained by DFT calculation. We believe our work is helpful to understand the relationship between the crystal structure and luminescence properties in the charge transfer cocrystals and provide guidance for the modulation of the luminescence properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel one‐pot deracemization method using a bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) is proposed for the first time to convert a racemate to the desired enantiomer. Specifically, chiral α, (α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol) formed enantiospecific cocrystals with racemic dihydromyricetin, and used its own alkaline catalysis to catalyze the racemization between the (2R,3R)‐enantiomer and (2S,3S)‐enantiomer in solution, achieving a one‐pot spontaneous deracemization. This strategy was also successfully extended to the deracemization of three other racemic compound drugs: (R,S)‐carprofen, (R,S)‐indoprofen, and (R,S)‐indobufen. The one‐pot deracemization method based on the BCA strategy provides a feasible approach to address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reactions that are commonly encountered in the cocrystallization‐induced deracemization process and opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products with atom economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel one‐pot deracemization method using a bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) is proposed for the first time to convert a racemate to the desired enantiomer. Specifically, chiral α, (α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol) formed enantiospecific cocrystals with racemic dihydromyricetin, and used its own alkaline catalysis to catalyze the racemization between the (2R,3R)‐enantiomer and (2S,3S)‐enantiomer in solution, achieving a one‐pot spontaneous deracemization. This strategy was also successfully extended to the deracemization of three other racemic compound drugs: (R,S)‐carprofen, (R,S)‐indoprofen, and (R,S)‐indobufen. The one‐pot deracemization method based on the BCA strategy provides a feasible approach to address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reactions that are commonly encountered in the cocrystallization‐induced deracemization process and opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products with atom economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mini–unmanned aerial vehicles (mini-UAVs) are emerging as a promising platform for through-wall radar to sense the enclosed space in cities, especially high-rise buildings, due to their excellent maneuverability. However, due to unavoidable environmental interference such as airflow, mini-UAVs are prone to trajectory deviation thus degrading their sensing accuracy. Most of the existing approaches model the impact of trajectory deviation into a polynomial phase error on the received signal, which cannot fit the space-variant motion error well. Moreover, the large trajectory deviations of UAVs introduce the unavoidable envelope error. This article proposes an autofocusing algorithm based on the back projection (BP) image, which directly estimates the trajectory deviations between the actual and measured track. Thus, the problem of the 2D space variability of the motion error can be circumvented. The proposed method mainly consists of two steps. First, we estimate the trajectory deviation in the line-of-sight (LOS) direction by exploring the underlying linear property of the wall embedded in the BP imaging result. Then, the estimated trajectory deviation in the LOS direction is compensated for to obtain an updated BP image, followed by a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach to estimate the trajectory deviation along the track through focusing targets behind the wall. Simulations and practical experiments show that the proposed algorithm can accurately estimate the serious trajectory deviations larger than the range resolution, improving the sensing robustness of UAV-borne through-wall radar greatly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine metabolism and is widely found in nature. Excess uric acid will result in the deposition of pathological uric acid crystals in the kidney. However, few studies have focused on the effects of components in the human body on the crystallization of uric acid. Herein, we found multiple effects of alkali metals (Na+, K+) on uric acid dihydrate (UAD) crystal growth, which is one of the main components of urinary stones. Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to detect the crystal morphology, and long rod-like crystals and hierarchical crystals were found in the presence of Na+ and K+, respectively. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy verified that the crystal structure remained unchanged in the presence of ions. In addition, single-crystal growth experiments revealed that Na+ inhibited growth along [010] and [100], and K+ promoted growth along [100] but suppressed growth along [010]. The step growth of the UAD crystal was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM), which indicated the inhibition of crystal growth by Na+ due to kink blocking, yet the promotion of crystal growth by K+ resulted from rough growth. Our studies showed that ions in the human body not only can maintain electrolyte balance but also can affect the crystallization of pathological crystals, which provides a suggestion for a rational diet for patients with hyperuricemia and urinary stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade a new probe design for active plasma resonance spectroscopy, the multipole resonance probe (MRP), was proposed, analyzed, developed, and characterized in two different designs: the spherical MRP (sMRP) and the planar MRP (pMRP). The advantage of the latter is that it can be integrated into the chamber wall and can minimize the perturbation of the plasma. Both designs can be applied for monitoring and control purposes of plasma processes for industrial applications. As usual for this measurement technique, a mathematical model is required to determine plasma parameter (electron density, electron temperature, and collision frequency of electrons with neutral atoms) from the measured resonances. Based on the cold plasma model a simple relationship between the resonance frequency and the electron density can be derived and leads to excellent measurement results. However, a simultaneous measurement of the electron temperature in low-pressure plasmas requires a kinetic model, because the half-width of the resonance peak is broadened by kinetic effects. Such a model has been derived and first results show the broadening of the spectra as expected. Deriving a relation between the half-width and the electron temperature will allow the simultaneous measurement and an improvement of monitoring and control concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly discovered growth self-inhibition phenomenon of tautomeric crystals is now generalized to the demostrope (form B) of irbesartan that displays intra-annular tautomerism in neutral aqueous solutions. The dynamic intra-annular tautomer inter-conversion on the surface is the key factor. Our findings provide implications for producing and engineering tautomeric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of full‐color fluorescence systems has received widespread attention because of their applications in lighting materials, optoelectronic materials, and fluorescent probes. However, for the full‐color luminescence system based on trichromatic materials, there are no connections between materials of different luminescent colors. Herein, A new donor‐acceptor dye with red fluorescence was synthesized. The dye displays excellent optical properties of short half‐peak width and strong fluorescence emission. An effective energy transfer process from the dansyl donor to the acceptor was observed with a transfer efficiency of 81 %. Further, dyes with green and blue fluorescence were introduced to construct a full‐spectrum fluorescent system. Through exchange reactions of Diels‐Alder dynamic covalent bonds, red, green, and blue luminescence can be converted. This work provides a new idea for the design of full‐color fluorescent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystallization is an important unit operation in industry, and proteins are widely studied owing to their biological activity and multiple functions. Protein crystals can not only facilitate the elucidation of protein structural information but also have important prospects in biopharmaceuticals. However, owing to their high molecular weight and complex structure, most proteins are difficult to crystallize or the crystallization processes are difficult to control effectively. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent reinforcement techniques for protein crystallization. Several important additive applications and principles in protein crystallization are comprehensively reviewed, including ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The mechanism of external fields, including magnetic, electric, ultrasonic, shear, and light fields, enhancing protein crystallization are described and summarized. Finally, the challenges and future research prospects of protein crystallization are proposed. This work is expected to guide the rational design of the protein crystallization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melt crystallization is considered a sustainable method for chemical separation and purification. In comparison to static melt crystallization, suspension melt crystallization offers significant advantages in terms of continuous operation and scalability. Understanding the principles of subcooling and impurity inclusion is crucial for designing effective suspension melt crystallization processes. This review focuses on the advancements made in suspension melt crystallization techniques over the past two decades, specifically in process modeling, equipment development, and applications. The review places particular emphasis on kinetic modeling of crystallization and provides an overview of equipment advancements and process intensification strategies for suspension melt crystallization. Additionally, by comparing its applications in traditional chemical industries as well as water systems (such as food processing and water purification), this review discusses both the distinctions and connections between suspension melt crystallization technology with other separation and purification methods. Finally, future prospects for the development of suspension melt crystallization technology are presented. • The kinetic advantages of Suspension Melt Crystallization (SMC) are summarized. • Emphasis is placed on equipment integration for the development of SMC technology. • Process intensification is highlighted for the industrialization of SMC. • The coupling of SMC with various separation and refining technologies is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous hollow spherical particles benefit from special structural features and fascinating physicochemical properties resulting in widespread application. Particularly in pharmaceutical engineering, they have significant advantages for direct compression and drug combination. However, their large-scale application is severely hindered by the limitations of traditional production methods in terms of the use of complex equipment, high energy consumption and high organic solvent usage. In this work, we have developed an oiling-out directional agglomeration method to produce porous hollow indomethacin spherical particles by a simple heating–quenching–drying operation without the use of organic solvents and templating agents. Compared to commercial flake crystals, the indomethacin spherical products have higher average tensile strength (471% increase) and higher plastic deformability, i.e. better tabletability and compressibility. More importantly, nifedipine is successfully loaded into porous hollow indomethacin spherical particles based on molecular polarity differences. The composite particles with a core–shell structure exhibit excellent powder properties, tableting and anti-degradation performance, while also achieving sequential release of drugs. This contribution provides the basis for the development of drug formulation strategies and the design of functional crystalline materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisms use gene and cell engineering to tailor the mineralization process and synthesize structure composites with special functions and favorable properties. This spurs scientists to design functional materials based on learning from nature. Herein, a systematic review of the biomimetic synthesis and hierarchical structure design of calcium carbonate–based minerals is presented. First, biomimetic synthesis strategies, including additive‐induced, template‐oriented, and gel‐mediated routes to direct the construction of the hierarchical structure, are reviewed. The molecular‐recognition technique and directional assembly pathway are then summarized to precisely describe the interactions between inorganic minerals and organic matter, and direct the mineral growth. Next, the underlying mineralization mechanisms governing the evolution of the complex morphology and structure are discussed. Nonclassical pathways that control mineral growth, including the theories of the amorphous phase, oriented attachment, mesocrystal formation, and liquid precursor, are concluded. Finally, herein, the applications of calcium carbonate–based minerals are discussed. Unique hierarchical structure endows minerals with special functions, including optical performance, biomedical applications, and environmental and ecological restoration. Overall, in this report, the biomimetic synthesis of calcium carbonate–based minerals is reviewed, covering the fundamental principles, construction of the hierarchical structure, underlying mechanisms of mineral growth, and functional designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In template-directed crystallization, especially from solution, two pathways—homogenous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation—often compete with each other, and the resultant pathway is strongly dependent upon crystallization conditions and template properties. Apart from the effects of molecular and stereochemical structures, the functional group ordering, the amount of template, and the applied solvents also play key roles in the resultant crystallization outcomes, but these are often overlooked. Herein, we systematically investigated these effects, in particular the functional group ordering of template hydrochlorothiazide and sulfathiazole, on the template-directed crystallization of pyrazinamide. It was found that the effectiveness of template regulation on the selective nucleation of γ form pyrazinamide is significantly affected by the amount of template and the solvent systems, where weak solute–solvent interactions facilitate template regulation. Surprisingly, the nucleation of γ form pyrazinamide can be directed by the ordering and specific orientation of the template functional groups hydrochlorothiazide or sulfathiazole. Functional group ordering is further proven to help the alignment of solute molecules and induce the nucleation of γ form. This work highlights the critical roles of functional group ordering and specific orientation on template-directed pharmaceutical crystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A drug–drug anhydrous pharmaceutical salt containing tolbutamide {systematic name: 3‐butyl‐1‐[(4‐methylbenzene)sulfonyl]urea, TOL, C12H18N2O3S} and metformin (systematic name: 1‐carbamimidamido‐N,N‐dimethylmethanimidamide, MET, C4H11N5) was created based on antidiabetic drug combinations to overcome the poor pharmaceutical properties of the parent drugs. Proton transfer and the proportion of the two components were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Comprehensive characterization of the new pharmaceutical salt crystal, 2‐[(dimethylamino)(iminiumyl)methyl]guanidine (butylcarbamoyl)[(4‐methylbenzene)sulfonyl]azanide, C4H12N5+·C12H17N2O3S−, was performed and showed enhancement of the pharmaceutical properties, such as lower hygroscopicity and greater accelerated stability than the parent drug MET, and higher solubility and dissolution rate than TOL. The property alterations were correlated with the crystal packing features and potential hydrogen‐bonding sites through observed changes in the crystal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Smart pesticide delivery system was constructed based on cocrystal engineering. • PYR-TM@TA-Cu exhibited pH-responsive properties and photostability. • Metal phenolic network provided nanocapsules better adhesion and wettability. • PYR-TM@TA-Cu showed better biosafety and bioactivity. Pesticides have always been restricted by environmental factors and utilization rate. Smart delivery systems are important to modify pesticides and improve utilization rate, but the economic and environmental risks of the carriers limit their practical applications. Here, responsive release nanocapsules were constructed with metal-phenolic networks and pyraclostrobin - thiophanate-methyl (PYR-TM) cocrystal core to modify the poor physicochemical properties and safety of pesticides. PYR-TM was prepared by sustainable mechanochemical method and deposited by metal-phenolic networks in water, producing the PYR-TM@TA-Cu nanocapsules. The crystal structure and DFT calculations proved that TM improved the photostability of PYR by 75.7-fold through competitive energy absorption of photon and molecular conformation modulation. With a loading capacity up to 91.2%, PYR-TM@TA-Cu exhibited pH-responsive release behavior triggered by acidic conditions, which showed that 43.6%, 51.4%, 62.4% and 81.6% of encapsulated PYR were released at pH 7.9, 6.2, 5.3, and 4.0, respectively. Additionally, PYR-TM@TA-Cu exhibited favorable fungicidal activity (EC 50 = 0.123 mg/L) in controlling Botrytis cinerea. The greenhouse control efficiency of fungal infection was enhanced from12.0% to 70.7% by PYR-TM@TA-Cu after 7 days spraying. The coating of metal-phenolic network improved the washing persistence of the pesticides from 51.26% to 79.88%, the security for zebrafish by 42-fold, and decreased the leaching potential of the pesticides. Meanwhile, PYR-TM@TA-Cu showed no phytotoxicity on the growth of corn and cucumber plants. Overall, this study provides insight into efficient and sustainable agricultural production with the construction of an eco-friendly nanocapsules platform by cocrystal engineering strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract In this paper, a continuous crystallizer system is proposed to ensure tight control over the crystalline product size distribution and polymorphic identity of pharmaceuticals. A continuous supply of seeds of metastable α-form L-glutamic acid was prepared online in a mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizer. Operational conditions were deduced to fine-tune the continuous production of seeds with a desired size ranging from 5.0 to 15.0 µm and number density ranging from 500 to 1500 counts detected by the FBRM probe. At the outlet of the MSMPR crystallizer, the suspension with fine-tuned continuous supply of seeds was transferred to a series of three coiled tubular crystallizers for further growth. Finally, the metastable α-form crystals of L-glutamic acid with a uniform mean size of 130 µm were successfully prepared. Highlights • A continuous crystallizer system is proposed for the continuous production of active pharmaceutical ingredients. • The proposed system consists of an MSMPR and several tubular crystallizers in series. • The proposed system separates the nucleation and growth processes. • The product crystals of L-glutamic acid have the desirable polymorphic form and size. Abstract Continuous crystallization of active pharmaceutical ingredients is of prime significance. A continuous mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR)-tubular crystallizer geometry is designed and optimized to produce the metastable α-form crystals of L-glutamic acid with uniform mean size of 130 µm. The MSMPR is used to produce well-tuned seed crystals that undergo further growth in a series of tubular crystallizers. The effects of the initial supersaturation, stirring speed, nucleation temperature and residence time were optimized in the MSMPR crystallizer to tune the supply of continuous seeds by using the principal component analysis and in-situ particle tracking measurement. The continuous seeds of the desired metastable polymorphic form with specific size ranging from 5.0 to 15.0 µm and number density ranging from 500 to 1500 counts, were transferred to a series of three coiled tubular crystallizers for further growth. In addition, the cooling strategy in the tubular crystallizers was utilized to further optimize the quality of the final crystal product. The crystal size distribution (CSD) in the MSMPR-tubular crystallizer system was compared with a single MSMPR with the same residence time and found to be superior. Finally, a potential scale up strategy of the MSMPR-tubular crystallizer system was proposed for further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony chalcogenides (Sb2(SxSe1−x)3, 0 < x < 1) have recently gained popularity due to their excellent photoelectric properties. As a newcomer to thin‐film solar cells, the quality of the as‐prepared absorb layer remains the most difficult challenge, owing to its distinct crystal structure. Here, a solvent‐assisted hydrothermal deposition (SHD) technique is developed for direct deposition of high‐quality Sb2(S,Se)3 films; it is realized that the addition of ethanol can regulate the reaction kinetics by regulating the concentration of the Sb source during the deposition procedure. Impressively, under such conditions, the deposition rate of the target absorb layer slows dramatically, resulting in more suitable features, such as large grain size, smooth surface, and proper bandgap, which are beneficial for constructing high performance solar devices. More importantly, using this newly developed SHD strategy, the defect (SbS1) density of the prepared films decreases by more than one order of magnitude, which is believed to benefit carrier transport. As a result, Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells based on the SHD strategy significantly improve fill factor and short‐circuit current density, yielding a high efficiency of 10.75%. This research offers fresh insights into how to make Sb2(S,Se)3 films and solar cells of higher quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilisation of nucleation seeds, coupling nucleation and growth during crystallization and realistic continuum are currently relatively robust, reliable and scalable methods for protein crystallization optimization. Here, we design a segmented crystallization method, in which combines the characteristics of the Taylor vortex enhanced lysozyme nucleation stage. Different crystallizer are used for the growth segment so that the nucleation segment and the growth segment are organically combined during lysozyme crystallization. During the crystal growth stage, the crystallization properties of the Couette-Taylor (CT) crystallizer, mixing Tank (MT) crystallizer and tubular crystallizer were evaluated. The experimental results emphasize the importance of shear rate, temperature, and fluid velocity in the design of segment crystallization methods to obtain products with complete crystal morphology and uniform size distribution. This strategy successfully expanded the lysozyme crystallization from the original 10 mL scale to 200 mL, realized the continuous process, and providing a promising strategy for the design and operation of continuous SFC to produce high value protein crystals in the future. [Display omitted] • Couette-Taylor crystallizer can produce high quality crystals with uniform crystal size. • The decoupling of nucleation and growth can avoid crystal gragmentation. • Slug flow mode can realize the continuous crystallization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective optical constants of Ag thin films are precisely determined with effective thickness simultaneously by using an ellipsometry iterated with transmittance method. Unlike the bulk optical constants in Palik's database the effective optical constants of ultrathin Ag films are found to strongly depend on the thickness. According to the optical data two branches of thickness dispersion of surface plasmon energy are derived and agreed with theoretical predication. The thickness dispersion of bulk plasmon is also observed. The influence of substrate on surface plasmon is verified for the first time by using ellipsometry. The thickness dependent effective energy loss function is thus obtained based on this optical method for Ag ultrathin films. This method is also applicable to other ultrathin films and can be used to establish an effective optical database for ultrathin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanically flexible crystals are generally obtained based on weak interactions in the aromatic systems. Here, we reported the remarkable 2D elastic bending behaviors in a nonaromatic organic molecular crystal. The strong hydrogen bonding interactions are also verified to play a crucial role in the reversible bending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysozyme (LYS) and hyaluronan with low (HA1: 3 kDa), medium (HA2: 120 kDa), and high (HA3: 1200 kDa) molecular weights were used to fabricate lysozyme-hyaluronan colloidal nanoparticles using a green self-assembly method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions promoted the formation of the colloidal nanoparticles. The hydrophobic area of prepared colloidal nanoparticles was quantified using a pyrene fluorescent probe, and the results showed that the LYS-HA3 nanoparticles had the strongest hydrophobic capacity. Furthermore, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) was used to evaluate encapsulation performance, demonstrating that the LYS-HA3 nanoparticles had the highest encapsulation ability (>90 %). All prepared 5-Fu-loaded lysozyme-hyaluronan (5-Fu@LYS-HA) colloidal nanoparticles exhibited excellent long-term storage stability at 4 °C for 60 days. Cellular uptake and in vitro release results indicated that the LYS-HA2 nanoparticles exhibited the highest cellular uptake efficiency, and the LYS-HA3 nanoparticles had the best slow-release effect, while the release process was mainly controlled by the combination of Fickian diffusion and structural relaxation, respectively. This study demonstrates the influence of molecular weight on the conformational and structural properties of colloidal nanoparticles, which has implications for the design of insoluble drug self-assembly systems. • The 5-Fu@LYS-HA composite nanoparticles were prepared using the self-assembled method. • The conformation, cellular uptake, and release kinetic of nanoparticles were evaluated. • The nanoparticles had excellent long-term stability. • The nanoparticle improved the in vitro bioavailability of 5-Fu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimony selenosulfide (Sb2(S,Se)3), a simple alloyed compound containing earth‐abundant constituents, with a tunable bandgap and high absorption coefficient has attracted significant attention in high‐efficiency photovoltaic applications. Optimizing interfacial defects and absorber layers to a high standard is essential in improving the efficiency of Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cells. In particular, the electron transport layer (ETL) greatly affects the final device performance of the superstrate structure. In this study, a simple and effective hydrazine hydrate (N2H4) solution post‐treatment is proposed to modify CdS ETL in order to enhance Sb2(S,Se)3 solar cell efficiency. By this process, oxides and residual chlorides, caused by CdCl2 treated CdS under a high temperature over 400 °C in air, are appropriately removed, rendering smoother and flatter CdS ETL as well as high‐quality Sb2(S,Se)3 thin films. Furthermore, the interfacial energy band alignment and recombination loss are both improved, resulting in an as‐fabricated FTO/CdS‐N2H4/Sb2(S,Se)3/spiro‐OMeTAD/Au solar cell with a high PCE of 10.30%, placing it in the top tier of Sb‐based solar devices. This study provides a fresh perspective on interfacial optimization and promotes the future development of antimony chalcogenide‐based planar solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathological mineralization of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals in vivo inevitably brings renal injury wherein natural macromolecules play an indispensable role in regulating the process. However, the role of macromolecules in crystal growth is more complicated and less well understood. In this study, we innovatively propose two proteins extracted from earthworms, lumbrokinase (LRK) and earthworm protein (EP), as potent modifiers of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Our research shows that LRK and EP inhibit COM formation and initiate the calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) phase, which is more easily excreted out of the body. Through a series of combined macroscopic and microscopic experimental techniques, we reveal the site-specific adsorption of inhibitors on the COM (121¯) and (021) surface, resulting in a reduction in the aspect ratio. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements show that LRK and EP specifically inhibit the advancement of COM surface steps through more than one inhibition mode. In general, the discovery of natural macromolecules from earthworms as potent inhibitors of COM crystal formation provides some insights into the appropriate formulation of inhibitors, which could prevent the formation of undesired stones in the kidney. Our findings shed light on nature's remarkable mineralization capabilities and outline fabrication strategies for advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interface between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer (HTL) plays a vital role in hole extraction and electron blocking in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and it is particularly susceptible to harmful defects. Surface passivation is an effective strategy for addressing the above concerns. However, because of its strong polarity, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) is used as a solvent in all of the surface treatment materials reported thus far, and it frequently damages the surface of perovskite. In this paper, a method is proposed for dissolving the passivation materials, for example, guanidine bromide (GABr), in mixed solvents (1:1) of IPA and toluene (TL), which can efficiently passivate interface and grain boundary defects by minimizing the IPA solubility of the perovskite surface. As a result, all the performance parameters Voc, Jsc, and FF are improved, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from 20.1 to 22.7%. Moreover, combining the PSCs with GABr post‐treatment in mixed solvents with copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells, a 4‐terminal (4T) perovskite/CIGS tandem device is realized and a PCE of 25.5% is achieved. The mixed solvent passivation strategy demonstrated here, hopefully, will open new avenues for improving PSCs' efficiency and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current oiling-out spherical agglomeration technology overcomes the shortcomings of biohazardous solvents and complex equipment of the traditional spherical granulation technologies in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is difficult for high melting point drugs to oil-out in water, so this novel green technology is only applicable to low melting point drugs, which severely limits its application. This work developed a two-step oiling-out (TSOO) mechanism suitable for high melting point drugs thereby increasing the number of potentially applicable substances for this technology by about 150%. In the TSOO mechanism, the high melting point drug first undergoes co-oiling-out with a specific oiling-out mate in an aqueous solution (first step), followed by the removal of the oiling-out mate forming single-oiling-out droplets of the high melting point drug (second step), which eventually forms spherical particles of the high melting point drugs. Process analytical technology tools including IR spectroscopy, FBRM and PVM were applied to monitor the preparation process in real time, which verified the TSOO mechanism experimentally. Based on the proposed mechanism, spherical particles of 13 drugs (melting point range is 385.15–526.15 K) with good powder properties, high yield and adjustable particle size distribution were successfully prepared in water at a low temperature. This demonstrates that the TSOO mechanism allows more drugs to be spherically granulated in a green way. Furthermore, the molecular simulation-based design strategy of TSOO spherical agglomeration significantly saves the time required and reduces the use of chemicals for the TSOO mechanism promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carrier-free delivery systems of pyrimethanil (PYR) were constructed through supramolecular self-assembly. • PYR nano cocrystal suspensions (NCSs) exhibited excellent photostability, thermal stability, and volatile stability. • PYR NCS demonstrated sustained-release properties and exhibited excellent long-term antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. The adverse effects resulting from off-target pesticide application pose significant risks to both ecosystems and public health. Therefore, developing a pesticide delivery system that is straightforward, effective, and devoid of secondary pollution is crucial for environmental safety. Herein, self-assembled crystalline materials involved pyrimethanil (PYR) and organic acids were constructed by crystal engineering. These materials allowed for direct manipulation of the physicochemical properties and environmental fate of PYR by the building modules. The melting point of PYR was increased from 96.19 °C to 206.69 °C. The photostability and volatile stability were improved by 3.85-fold and 297-fold, respectively. Afterwards, these crystalline materials were prepared as nano cocrystal suspensions (NCSs) in water by the one-pot method. The PYR NCSs exhibited potent bioactivity against Botrytis cinerea and demonstrated slow-release behavior. Upon foliar spraying, the PYR NCSs exhibited desirable foliar wettability with a contact angle lower than 36°. By limiting leaching into the soil and reducing environmental pesticide exposure, PYR NCS ensured the safety of both earthworms and plants. The structure–property relationships of PYR NCSs were elucidated through intermolecular interaction analysis and theoretical calculations. Overall, the NCSs constructed by the supramolecular chemistry strategy are characterized by the simple preparation, high bioactivity, stability, no carrier, slow-release, and minimal environmental risk, which offers insight for improving the utilization and sustainable management of pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The mechanism of the influence of dextran on trehalose crystal morphology was revealed through experiments and MD simulation. • The bulk trehalose crystals have excellent powder properties. • The Bulk trehalose products have better mixing uniformity and more stable starch protection. The residual dextran impurities in the upstream process significantly impact the crystallization of starch-based functional sugar and the related food properties. This study intends to reveal the mechanism of dextran's influence on trehalose crystallization, and build a relationship among the dextran in syrup and the physicochemical and functional properties of trehalose. Instead of incorporating into the crystal lattice, dextran changes the assembly rate of trehalose molecules on crystal surface. The different sensitivity and adsorption capacity of the crystal surface to the chain length of dextran determines the growth rate of crystal surfaces, resulting in different crystal morphology. The bulk trehalose crystals, which were obtained from syrups with short chain dextran, have excellent powder properties, including best flowability (35◦), highest crystal strength (2.7 N), lowest caking rate (62.22 %), and the most uniform mixing with other sweeteners (sucrose/xylitol) in food formulations, achieving more stable starch preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bifunctional chiral agent (BCA) strategy opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products. In their Communication (e202402886), Weiwei Tang et al. report a novel crystallization‐induced deracemization method using BCA that demonstrates the dual functions of cocrystallization and catalytic racemization. This BCA strategy could address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reaction conditions...By Xin Su; Jie Sun; Jiaqiang Liu; Yaoguo Wang; Jingkang Wang; Weiwei Tang and Junbo GongReported by Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author; Author [Extracted from the article]

A Journal of the German Chemical Society AngewandteChemie www. angewandte. org International Edition 2024– 63/ 22 A. bifunctional chiral agent … … ( BCA) strategy opens a new window to develop essential enantiomerically pure pharmaceutical products. In their Communication ( e202402886), Weiwei Tang et al. report a novel crystallization- induced deracemization method using BCA that demonstrates the dual functions of cocrystallization and catalytic racemization. This BCA strategy could address the incompatibility between cocrystallization and racemization reaction conditions. [Extracted from the article]

[Display omitted] • CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 fiber filter (CTO/TOF) was designed for flow-through PMS activation. • The built-in-electric field of CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 interface induced high catalytic activity. • 3D network structure provided ideal platform for mass transfer and surface reaction. • Sulfate radicals and singlet oxygen were identified as the main active species. Versatile catalytic oxidation filtration system, especially under low operating pressure conditions, is a frontier technology for organic wastewater purification. Herein, CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 heterostructure was anchored on fiber network (CTO/TOF) to actuate flow-through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based oxidation toward organics removal. The well-developed built-in electric field in CoTiO 3 /TiO 2 heterostructure induced local charge redistribution, and promoted the targeted adsorption and activation of PMS, thereby facilitating the activation process. Meanwhile, the 3D network of CTO/TOF fully exposes active sites, providing an ideal platform for mass transfer and surface reactions. Above 91% for nimesulide degradation was maintained after 24 h of catalytic permeation under high permeate flux (300.7 L/m2·h), corresponding to ultrafast retention time (4.9 s). Practical application experiments demonstrated that CTO/TOF+PMS system had strong anti-interference capability under diverse conditions. Synergy of radical-nonradical mixed pathways for pollutant removal was verified by electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, quenching tests, and electrochemical measurements. The degradation intermediates and possible degradation pathways of nimesulide were also proposed. The toxicity assessments confirmed decreased toxicity of degradation products. This study is dedicated to designing high-performance filters and broadening Fenton-like oxidation in environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater desalination has become an available route to reduce the shortage of freshwater resources. Lower energy consumption and suitable operational conditions make freezing crystallization a green technique in the desalination area. Herein, we coupled the sweating intensification with the freezing crystallization to reach a highly efficient desalination performance. Under the trajectory of the freezing temperature and time: 259.15 K and 150 min, the sweating temperature, heating rate, and sweating time: 272.15 K, 0.5 K/min, and 120 min, the desalination ratio exceeds 70 %. Meanwhile, we established the theoretical models to expound the intrinsic correlations of process variables and target parameters, to visualize the impurity migration. Two kinetic models are proposed to analyze temperature effects on the crystal layer growth, sweating melt flow, and inclusion entrapment. Next, the fractal slice model is proposed to describe the complex microstructure of the crystal pillar. The thermal coefficients are deduced based on the fractal theory, where the larger porosity is against thermal conduction. Finally, we discussed the kinetic and porosity effects on the impurity migration and desalination performance, and established a boundary layer model to correlate the separation efficiency with process kinetic and impurity distribution successfully. • Freezing crystallization is proposed to achieve highly efficient desalination. • Sweating intensification is coupled to optimize the desalination performance. • Theoretical models are established to contribute to the process design. • The intrinsic correlations of process variables and target parameters are revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Edible sugar additives can alter the morphology of myo-inositol crystals. • d -glucose transforms myo-inositol from elongated lamellar to diamond-shaped lamellar. • Diamond-shaped products exhibit excellent sensory quality and solubility performance. • The products have better flowability, filtration and compression performance. Myo-inositol, referred to as vitamin B8, is an essential nutrient for maintaining human physiological functions. However, the morphology of myo-inositol products is predominantly powder or needle shaped, leading to poor food properties. In this work, three edible sugar additives, i.e. d -glucose, l -arabinose and d -fructose, are adopted in the crystallization of myo-inositol to improve its food properties. The results show that these additives change the morphology of myo-inositol crystals. d -glucose and l -arabinose reduced the aspect ratio of myo-inositol crystals, and d -glucose transformed elongated lamellar myo-inositol crystals into diamond-shaped lamellar crystals. The diamond-shaped lamellar myo-inositol products exhibited outstanding functional food properties. It offered a smoother texture and more pleasant mouthfeel when the products were added to infant formulas and nutraceuticals. When they were applied to functional beverages, the dissolution rate was increased by 35 %. This work provides a theoretical guidance for improving food properties through crystallization and possesses considerable potential for industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to prepare alcohol-free curcumin-loaded zein-propylene glycol alginate (zein-PGA-Cur) nanoparticles using the pH-driven method to enhance the bioavailability and physicochemical stability of curcumin. The prepared zein-PGA-Cur nanoparticles exhibited a small size (360 nm) and negative zeta-potential (−5.8 mV), as well as excellent physical stability, under storage conditions of pH 4.0 and temperature at 4 °C for 30 days. In addition, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results demonstrated that the main interactions of pH-driven for the formation of zein-PGA-Cur nanoparticles were hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the curcumin-induced fluorescence quenching of zein was static. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that the pH-driven method mainly decreased the β -sheet structure of zein from 3.9 % to 1.4 %. Furthermore, the HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells viability experiments revealed that the prepared zein-PGA-Cur nanoparticles exhibited excellent biocompatibility. In vivo rat experiments also demonstrated that the prepared nanoparticles resulted in a higher plasma concentration of curcumin, representing a 7.2-fold enhancement in bioavailability compared with pure curcumin crystals. The findings of this study will provide a green and energy-saving method for the development of insoluble drug self-assembly systems and promote their wider applications in drug delivery. • The zein-PGA-Cur composite nanoparticles was prepared using a pH-driven method. • The perspective of carrier design is economy, simplicity, energy saving and safety. • The nanoparticles had good physicochemical stability. • The nanoparticle improved the In vivo bioavailability of Cur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic molecular crystals are thought to be an emerging functional material with enormous tunability in physicochemical properties. Here, a smart crystal, 6‐Chloronicotinic acid (6‐CNA), is reported, responding to heat stimulus by bending, splitting‐to‐self‐healing, and jumping, induced thermally by a reversible single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal phase transition. This phase transition proceeds by a well‐organized migration of the habit plane, which is reproducible after more than twenty phase transition cycles. The temperature function introduced externally can realize a reversible migration of the habit plane and also act as a jump switch. A comprehensive analysis of the microscopic observations demonstrates that the heterogeneity of phase transition and the homogeneity of self‐driven orientations account for the splitting‐to‐self‐healing. Utilization of the reversible phase transition of 6‐CNA single crystal can generate a pushing force that is > 104 times the gravitational force of the crystal, thus making 6‐CNA an actuator to drive the reversible movement of a glass plate. Both forms of these crystal materials are mechanically compliant in two dimensions and can be twisted in terms of requirement. This excellent actuation performance, reversibility of the phase transition, and soft nature make it a prospective candidate for robust single‐crystal actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metastable zone width (MSZW) of p-methoxybenzoic acid (PMBA) in an ethanol-water system was measured using the polythermal method. The nucleation order m obtained by the Nývlt's model indicates the nucleation of PMBA following a progressive nucleation mechanism at low saturation temperature (m = 3.18–7.50) and an instantaneous nucleation mechanism at high saturation temperature (m = 1.46–2.55). Then, combined with the metastable zone experiment and the Sangwal model, we found that the MSZW and the interfacial energy reached the maximum when the mass fraction of ethanol was 0.8, which resulted in the smallest crystal product size. Meanwhile, the maximum r c r i t and Δ G c r i t obtained based on the modified Sangwal model indicating the PMBA needs to overcome a higher nucleation barrier in the ethanol mass fraction of 0.8. Finally, we proposed a preferential strategy for adjusting MSZW by correlating the interfacial energy with the change in ethanol mass fraction, saturation temperature, and cooling rate, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antisolvent crystallization is a significant unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in drug crystal property optimization. This paper firstly highlights the applications of antisolvent crystallization in crystal engineering. Antisolvent crystallization can effectively control the product properties, such as polymorphism, morphology, and particle size optimization, to improve drug therapeutic effect. This paper also includes the process intensification pathways of antisolvent crystallization in the pharmaceutical field. Process parameter optimization and device and structure modification are considered as feasible approaches. Then, coupled techniques with antisolvent crystallization, including ultrasound and membrane intensification, are also summarized. Finally, the models and applications of continuous antisolvent crystallization are introduced to better design and optimize the processes. Also, critical concerns and opportunities for further research and perspectives are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The concentration calibration model is established to correlate the solubility. • Process intensification and control strategies are used to optimize the products. • Multi objectives optimization is achieved by the combination of techniques. This study explores the process intensification techniques and process control strategies on the product properties optimization. α-PABA, a long needle-like shape, can cause problems for the downstream processing. This study proposes ultrasound technique, supercooling control (SSC), and temperature cycling (TC) technologies to optimize the morphology and crystal size distribution of α-PABA. Firstly, the solubility and metastable zone of α-PABA in ethanol solvent are measured to determine the operational range. Next, the concentration calibration model is established to correlate the solubility with the ATR-FTIR intensity and temperature qualitatively. Furthermore, the process improvement techniques and control strategies are introduced to optimize the products. The ultrasound intensification contributes to produce the uniform crystal seeds. The SSC is benefit for the crystal growth, and can reduce the L/D ratio of the crystal product. While, TC is an efficient tool to eliminate the fine crystals. Moreover, the combination of ultrasound, SSC, and TC technology can show a significant improvement on the product particle aspects. The L/D ratio, crystal size, crystal morphology can show different degree of improvement under the combination techniques. At last, the outlook and perspectives on the process analytical technology are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]