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22. The Comparison of the Influence of Bisphenol A (BPA) and Its Analogue Bisphenol S (BPS) on the Enteric Nervous System of the Distal Colon in Mice.

Author

Makowska, Krystyna, Lepiarczyk, Ewa, and Gonkowski, Slawomir

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), commonly used as a plasticizer in various branches of industry has a strong negative effect on living organisms. Therefore, more and more often it is replaced in production of plastics by other substances. One of them is bisphenol S (BPS). This study for the first time compares the impact of BPA and BPS on the enteric neurons using double immunofluorescence technique. It has been shown that both BPA and BPS affect the number of enteric neurons containing substance P (SP), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS—a marker of nitrergic neurons) and/or vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT- a marker of cholinergic neurons). The changes noted under the impact of both bisphenols are similar and consisted of an increase in the number of enteric neurons immunoreactive to all neuronal factors studied. The impact of BPS on some populations of neurons was stronger than that noted under the influence of BPA. The obtained results clearly show that BPS (similarly to BPA) administered for long time is not neutral for the enteric neurons even in relatively low doses and may be more potent than BPA for certain neuronal populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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28. The Neurochemical Characterization of Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers in the Porcine Uterine Wall Under Physiological Conditions and After Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA)

Author

Wojtkiewicz Joanna, Gonkowski Slawomir, Rytel Liliana, Pomianowski Andrzej, and Janowski Tomasz

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins, Sus scrofa, Vasoactive intestinal peptide, Neuropeptide, Galanin, Substance P, Calcitonin gene-related peptide, Toxicology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Nerve Fibers, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurochemical, Phenols, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Internal medicine, Vesicular acetylcholine transporter, medicine, Animals, Benzhydryl Compounds, urogenital system, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Neuropeptides, Uterus, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, Endocrine disruptor, Female, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Abstract

Bisphenol A, a substance commonly used in plastic manufacturing, is relatively well known as an endocrine disruptor, which may bind to estrogen receptors and has multidirectional negative effects on both human and animal organisms. Previous studies have reported that BPA may act on the reproductive organs, but knowledge concerning BPA-induced changes within the nerves located in the uterine wall is extremely scant. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of various doses of BPA on the parasympathetic nerves located in the corpus and horns of the uterus using a single and double immunofluorescence method. The obtained results have shown that BPA may change not only the expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT-a marker of parasympathetic nervous structures) in the uterine intramural nerve fibers, but also the degree of colocalization of this substance with other neuronal factors, including substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), galanin (GAL), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Moreover, BPA caused changes in the density of the overall populations of fibers immunoreactive to the particular neuropeptides mentioned above. The characteristics of the changes clearly depended on the part of the uterus, the neuronal factors studied, and the dosage of BPA. The mechanisms of the observed fluctuations are probably connected with the neurotoxic and/or pro-inflammatory activity of BPA. Moreover, the results have shown that even low doses of BPA are not neutral to living organisms. Changes in the neurochemical characterization of nerves supplying the uterine wall may be the first subclinical sign of intoxication with this substance.

Published
2019

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