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Leptodactylodon erythrogaster Amiet, 1971 We examined 11 tadpoles that all originated from Mount Manengouba: ZMB 78479 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Caldera, 5 �� 1 ��� 50.5 ���N, 9 �� 48 ��� 38.5 ���E, 1959 m, 30 September 2010); ZMB 78481 (two tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Caldera, 5 ��0��� 51.78 ���N, 9 �� 49 ��� 24.24 ���E, 2114 m, 8 November 2010); ZMB 78482 (seven tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Caldera, 5 �� 1 ��� 50.5 ���N, 9 �� 48 ��� 38.5 ���E, 1959 m, 31 August 2011); ZMB 78483 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 36, near summit, 5 �� 2 ��� 24 ���N, 9 �� 51 ��� 39.3 ���E, 2012 m, 26 September 2011). All individuals were captured in small forest streams and rivers between 1959 m and 2114 m altitude (Fig. 2). The description is based on two genotyped tadpoles (ZMB 78481 ��� 82) at Gosner stage 25. Body length/total length ratio and description of tail tips was based on non-genotyped specimens of the same developmental stage. Morphology. Long slender tadpole with narrow and long muscular tail; body elliptical in dorsal and depressed in lateral view (Fig. 7 a, b); body length 28.8 �� 1.7 % (N= 8) of total length; body height 39.6���46.5 % (N= 2) of body length; body width 50.0��� 57.4 % (N= 2) of body length; maximum body width on level of spiracle insertion; snout nearly rounded in dorsal view; nostrils oval and situated laterally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 8.3���11.9 % (N= 2) of body length; inter-orbital distance slightly exceeds inter-nostril distance; tail fins narrow; dorsal fin originates slightly anterior (1.1 mm in ZMB 78481) or posterior (0.2 mm in ZMB 78482) to tail base, reaching deepest point at mid-tail or posterior to it, almost as deep or slightly narrower than ventral fin; narrow ventral fin originates at level of tail base, runs almost parallel to tail axis, reaches deepest point slightly anterior to tail tip; tail tip rounded; tail axis broad and muscular; body height 90.5 ���94.0% (N= 2) of total tail height; maximum height of tail axis 61.9 ���62.0% (N= 2) of maximum tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short sinister spiracle, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating slightly posterior to mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheaths fully keratinized; upper jaw of narrow almost rectangular shape, distinctly and uniformly serrated; lower jaw more massive, depressed U-shaped; distinctly serrated, with a lateral pair of caniniform projections (fangs), median part with four to seven needle-like cusps (Fig. 7 d); two distinct serrations abaxial to fangs; posterior lip large and semicircular to kidney shaped, covered with 20 papillae; arrangement of papillae symmetrical along vertical body axis; papillae arranged in two semicircular rows (Fig. 7 c); short almost straight skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 31.3���51.5 % (N= 2) of body length; mouth width 18.0���25.0 (N= 2) of oral disc width. The largest tadpole at Gosner stage 25 (ZMB 78481) measured 40.7 mm total length (body length: 11.2 mm; tail length: 29.5 mm). The most developed individual (ZMB 78483, Gosner stage 36) had a body length of 13.2 mm (tail incomplete). Amiet (1980) measured metamorphs, still possessing 2���18 mm tails, with 13.5���15 mm SVL. Coloration in preservation. Pale brown, dark brown mottling irregularly spread over dorsal body parts and tail; snout may be darker or lighter in some individuals; tail axis with black line in anterior two thirds; ventral parts and last fourth of ventral fin with some darker speckling; dorsal fins darker spotted, otherwise translucent creamwhite., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 36-37, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}

Leptodactylodon ovatus orientalis Amiet, 1971 Nine tadpoles where examined. All were found in Ebo Forest at the Bekob and Njuma sites: ZMB 78534 (five tadpoles, Gosner stages 25 & 26, Ebo Forest Bekob, 4 �� 21 ��� 51.96 ���N, 10 �� 25 ��� 10.26 ���E, 893 m, 30 September 2011); ZMB 78535 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Ebo Forest Bekob, 4 �� 21 ��� 51.96 ���N, 10 �� 25 ��� 10.26 ���E, 893 m, 10 September 2011); ZMB 78540 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 37, Ebo Forest Bekob, 4 �� 21 ��� 55.68 ���N, 10 �� 25 ��� 18.48 ���E, 825 m, 10 January 2011); ZMB 78541 (two tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Ebo Forest Njuma, 4 �� 20 ��� 59.34 ���N, 10 �� 14 ��� 15.72 ���E, 311 m, 5 August 2011). All tadpoles were found in mid-sized rivers within primary and secondary forests, at 311 to 893 m. The description is based on two genotyped individuals (ZMB 78534 ��� 35) of Gosner stage 25���26. Body length/ total length ratio and description of tail tips was based on non-genotyped specimens of Gosner stage 25. Morphology. Long slender tadpole with narrow and long muscular tail; body depressed in lateral and elliptical in dorsal view (Fig. 10 a, b); body length 28.3 �� 0.6 % (N= 4) of total length; body height 43.1 ���43.9.0% (N= 2) of body length; body width 52.9���55.3 % (N= 2) of body length; maximum body width on level of spiracle insertion; snout truncate in dorsal view; nostrils oval, situated laterally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 11.1���11.4 % (N= 2) of body length; inter-orbital distance almost equals inter-nostril distance; tail fins narrow; dorsal fin originates distinctly posterior to the tail base, broader than ventral fin, reaching deepest point in last third of tail; ventral fin narrow, originates at level of tail base, runs almost parallel to tail axis, deepest point close to tail tip (Channing et al. 2012 illustrate the tadpole with a very narrow dorsal fin, originating at about 25 % of the tail, the ventral fin being distinctly deeper than the dorsal one); tail tip pointed to rounded; tail axis broad, converges in last third towards tail tip; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short sinister spiracle, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating slightly posterior to mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheaths completely keratinized, serrated and with a lateral pair of caniniform projections (fangs); median part of lower jaw with six to seven needle-like cusps (Fig. 10 d); one distinct serration abaxial to fangs; upper jaw sheath narrow and almost straight; lower jaw sheath heavier, slightly bent, serration more pronounced; semicircular to bilobate posterior lip, covered with 20 large papillae (Channing et al. 2012: 18) and numerous small papillae; arrangement of large papillae symmetric along vertical body axis, arranged in two semicircular rows; small papillae arranged along edge of posterior lip (Fig. 10 c); short, straight to depressed w-shaped skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 41.8 �� 7.1 % (N= 4) of body length; mouth width 24.5 �� 4.6 % (N= 4) of oral disc width. The largest known individual (ZMB 78534, Gosner stage 25) measured 51.3 mm (body length. 14.3 mm; tail length: 37.0 mm). The most developed tadpole had a body length of 13.4 mm (ZMB 78540, Gosner stage 37, tail incomplete). Amiet (1980) reports a juvenile with 17 mm body length, still having a 10 mm tail. Coloration in preservation. Dark brown body and tail, densely and irregularly mottled with dark brown spots; some individuals lighter colored; venter slightly lighter; tail fins mottled, dorsal one brownish with dark spots, ventral fin translucent with few spots., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 40-41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Channing, A., Rodel, M. - O. & Channing, J. (2012) Tadpoles of Africa - The biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 404 pp.","Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}

Leptodactylodon bicolor Amiet, 1971 We examined nine tadpoles from several sites on Mount Manengouba and the South-West Province of Cameroon: ZMB 78452 (four tadpoles, Gosner stages 25���26, Ebonemin, 5 �� 1 ��� 27.6 ���N, 9 �� 45 ��� 53.2 ���E, 1417 m, 15 August 2011); ZMB 78453 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 26, Nkikoh, 5 �� 5 ��� 26.34 ���N, 9 �� 48 ��� 24.36 ���E, 1319 m, 5 December 2010); ZMB 78457 (one tadpole Gosner stage 25, Pola, 5 �� 3 ��� 26.6 ���N, 9 �� 50 ��� 10.2 ���E, 1788 m, 20 October 2011); ZMB 78458 (two tadpoles, Gosner stages 25���26, Pola, 5 �� 3 ��� 27.9 ���N, 9 �� 49 ��� 39 ���E, 1719 m, 20 October 2011); ZMB 78461 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 35, Fotabong, 5 �� 28 ��� 46.44 ���N, 9 �� 55 ��� 53.22 ���E, 1221 m, 1 November 2011). The tadpoles were all found in small to medium-sized streams with farmbush vegetation on river banks (Fig. 2). They inhabited slowflowing parts of fast flowing streams with rapids in 1221���1788 m The description of L. bicolor is predominantely based on three (ZMB 78452, 78453, 78458) genotyped individuals of Gosner stage 26. Body length/total length ratio and description of tail tips was based on nongenotyped specimens of the same developmental stage. Morphology. Long slender tadpole with narrow and long muscular tail; body elliptical in dorsal view, slightly depressed in lateral view (Fig. 4 a, b); body shape in lateral view either slightly convex, extending level of tail axis (Fig. 4 a) or flat, in line with tail axis (Channing et al. 2012); body length 28.1 �� 2.1 % (N= 7) of total length; body height 42.6 �� 4.2 % (N= 3) of body length; body width 54.0 �� 4.3 % (N= 3) of body length; maximum body width on the level of spiracle insertion; snout nearly rounded to truncate in dorsal view; nostrils oval, positioned laterally, opening slightly pointed ventrally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 13.1 �� 1.8 % (N= 3) of body length; inter-orbital distance slightly exceeds inter-nostril distance; tail fins narrow; dorsal fin originating posterior to tail base (1.7 �� 0.3 mm; N= 3; Fig. 102 in Channing et al. 2012 and ZMB 78461: at level with tail base), equal to slightly deeper than ventral fin, reaching deepest point at about mid-tail, fin edge almost parallel to tail axis; ventral fin originating on level with tail base, narrow and almost parallel to tail axis; tail axis muscular, only slowly converging towards tail tip; tail tip rounded; body height 78.1���100 % (N= 3; flatter individuals possibly due to preservation artifact) of total tail height; maximum height of tail axis 62.5 ���75.0% (N= 3) of total tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short spiracle, sinistral, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating slightly posterior to midbody; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth formula 0/0; both jaw sheaths fully keratinized and of narrow almost rectangular shape; upper jaw distinctly serrated, serrations uniform; lower jaw U-shaped, serrated, lateral pair of caniniform projections (���fangs���; Fig. 4 d), median part with six to seven needle-like cusps (Channing et al. 2012: 8); three distinct serrations abaxial to fangs; large almost semicircular posterior lip covered with 20 papillae; papillae symmetrically arranged along body axis; most papillae arranged in two semicircular rows, one near the lower jaw sheath, the second closer to posterior margin of lower lip (Fig. 4 c); almost straight skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 33.9���45.4 % (N= 3) of body length; mouth width 22.2���33.3 % (N= 3) of oral disc width. The largest tadpole at Gosner stage 25 (ZMB 78462) measured 48.8 mm total length (body length: 11.9 mm; tail length: 38.9 mm). The most developed individual (ZMB 78461, Gosner stage 35) measured 45.6 mm total length (body length: 12.8 mm; tail length: 32.8 mm). Amiet (1980) reports tailed metamorphs measuring 13.5 mm SVL. Coloration in preservation. Dorsal body parts and tail axis irregularly speckled dark brown on brown ground; mottling on tail axis strong, less pattern towards tail tip; anterior part of tail with longitudinal black line; ventrum clearer with very little dark speckling; dorsal fin brownish with darker spots or translucent; ventral fin predominantly translucent cream-white with few darker spots. Coloration in life. Light brown with dark brown speckling, some dots being lighter; venter light grayishreddish; dark intestinal loops shining through skin; some individuals with cream-white snout., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Channing, A., Rodel, M. - O. & Channing, J. (2012) Tadpoles of Africa - The biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 404 pp.","Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}

Leptodactylodon mertensi Perret, 1959 We examined 48 tadpoles, all from Mount Manengouba: ZMB 78499 (two tadpoles, Gosner stages 25 & 40, Ebonemin, 5 �� 1 ��� 33.42 ��� N, 9 �� 45 ��� 46.74 ���E, 1356 m, 13 December 2010); ZMB 78500 (eight tadpoles, Gosner stages 25 & 42, Ebonemin, 5 ��0��� 46.5 ���N, 9 �� 45 ��� 46.74 ���E, 1372 m, 16 December 2010); ZMB 78501 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Ebonemin, 5 ��0��� 46.5 ���N, 9 �� 46 ��� 5.8 ���E, 1372 m, 7 October 2011); ZMB 78503 (one tadpole Gosner stage 25, Ebonemin, 5 �� 1 ��� 6.2 ���N, 9 �� 46 ��� 16.8 ���E, 1447 m, 9 October 2011); ZMB 78504 (two tadpoles, Gosner stages 25 & 27, Caldera, 5 �� 2 ��� 26.2 ���N, 9 �� 48 ��� 30 ���E, 1889 m, 2 September 2011); ZMB 78505 (two tadpoles, Gosner stage 25 & 28, Caldera, 5 �� 2 ��� 26.2 ���N, 9 �� 48 ��� 30 ���E, 1889 m, 17 October 2011); ZMB 78507 (three tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Manengouba village, 4 �� 56 ��� 50.3 ���N, 9 �� 52 ��� 45.8 ���E, 996 m, 28 June 2011); ZMB 78508 ���09 (six tadpoles and one tadpole, respectively, Gosner stage 25, M���Bouroukou, 5 �� 3 ��� 48.2 ���N, 9 �� 52 ��� 0.09 ���E, 1518 m, 22 September 2011); ZMB 78511 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Nkack, 5 �� 2 ��� 17.4 ���N, 9 �� 46 ��� 27.3 ���E, 1466 m, 12 October 2011); ZMB 78513 (five tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Pastoral Nkongsamba, 4 �� 59 ��� 13.26 ���N 9 �� 52 ��� 45.9 ���E, 1459 m, 18 January 2011); ZMB 78514 ��� 16 (two tadpoles, eight tadpoles and six tadpoles, respectively; Gosner stages 25 & 26, Pastoral Nkongsamba, 4 �� 58 ��� 47.1 ���N, 9 �� 53 ��� 41.9 ���E, 1225 m, 29 September 2011). The tadpoles occurred in small to mid-sized rivers between 996 m and 1889 m altitude. These riverbanks were covered with forest and farmbush vegetation (Fig. 2). The description is based on ten genotyped tadpoles (ZMB 78500 ���01, 7850 ���304, 78507���09, 78511, 78513, 78515) at Gosner stage 25. Body length/total length ratio and description of tail tips was based on non-genotyped specimens of the same developmental stage. Morphology. Long but robust tadpole with long tail and very broad muscular tail axis; body elliptical in dorsal and robust and pointed in lateral view (Fig. 8 a, b); body length 28.3 �� 2.4 % (N= 31) of total length; body height 42.2 �� 3.9 % (N= 10) of body length; body width 54.0 �� 4.2 % (N= 10) of body length, maximum body width on level of spiracle insertion; snout truncate to nearly rounded in dorsal view; nostrils oval and situated laterally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 12.7 �� 0.9 % (N= 10) of body length; inter-orbital distance slightly smaller than inter-nostril; tail fins narrow; dorsal fin mostly originating posterior to tail base (exceptionally fin insertions at or slightly anterior to tail base were observed); narrow dorsal fins, reaching deepest point posterior to mid-tail, slightly deeper than ventral fin; ventral fin originates at level with tail base, runs almost parallel to tail axis; tail tip rounded; tail axis very broad and muscular in dorsal and lateral view; body height 91.0 �� 4.1 % (N= 10) of total tail height; maximum height of tail axis 69.1 �� 5.9 % (N= 9) of maximum tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short sinister spiracle, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating at mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheaths completely keratinized; upper jaw narrow, almost rectangular, slightly bent, distinctly and uniformly serrated; lower jaw U-shaped, distinctly serrated with a lateral pair of caniniform projections (fangs), median part with six to seven needle-like cusps (Fig. 8 d; Channing et al. 2012: 8); two distinct serrations abaxial to fangs; posterior lip huge semicircular to oval bean shaped, covered with 21 papillae (Channing et al. 2012: 20); arrangement of papillae symmetric to vertical body axis; papillae arranged in two semicircular rows (Fig. 8 c); straight to semicircular skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 34.0 �� 2.6 % (N= 10) of body length; mouth width 26.2 �� 3.2 % (N= 10) of oral disc width. The most advanced individuals (ZMB 78499, Gosner stage 40; ZMB 78500, three tadpoles of Gosner stages 40���42) measured 43.3���46.2 mm (body length. 11.3���13.9 mm; tail length: 29.7���32.6 mm). A few tadpoles of Gosner stages 25���26 even reached 46.1���49.5 mm total length. Channing et al. (2012) reported 52 mm total length. Amiet (1980) measured metamorphs, still possessing 4���5 mm tails, with 13.5���15.5 mm SVL. Coloration in preservation. Pale brown body and tail; dorsal parts of body and entire tail axis heavily mottled with little dark spots; ventral parts lighter; fins with very few dark markings, translucent cream white; some individuals with cream-white snout., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Channing, A., Rodel, M. - O. & Channing, J. (2012) Tadpoles of Africa - The biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 404 pp.","Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}

Leptodactylodon perreti Amiet, 1971 Three tadpoles of L. perreti were examined and genotyped. All were found on Mount Oku in the Emfveh-mi forest, near Elak. ZMB 79084 ��� 86 (Gosner stages 25, 35, 37, respectively; Mount Oku, 6 �� 13 ��� 42.4 ���N, 10 �� 31 ��� 17.4 ���E, 2269 m, 23 August and 2 September 2012). Tadpoles were collected in a stream in montane forest, ca. 300 m from the farm-forest boundary. The description is based on all three tadpoles. Morphology. Long and slender tadpoles with long, muscular tail; body elliptical in dorsal and narrow elliptical lateral view (see Fig. 3 in Cruz et al. 2013); body length 36.2���39.3 % (N= 3) of total length; body width 47.2��� 57.9 % (N= 3) of body length; body widest at level of spiracle; snout rounded in dorsal view; nostrils oval and situated lateroventrally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip (closer to eye Cruz et al. 2013); eye diameter 11.7���12.4 % (N= 3) of body length; inter-orbital distance slightly exceeds inter-nostril distance; tail fins narrow; narrow dorsal fin originates distinctly posterior to tail base (3.1���3.5 mm), running almost parallel to muscular tail axis; ventral fin originates at tail base, only slightly narrower than dorsal fin, runs parallel to tail axis; tail tip roundish to slightly pointed; tail axis broad, continuously converging towards tail tip; body height equal to or slightly less than total tail height; maximum height of tail axis 67.2���70.7 % (N= 3) of total tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short spiracle, sinistral, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating slightly anterior (N= 1) or posterior (N= 2) of mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheath completely keratinized, serrated, almost straight and narrow; two small caniniform projections (fangs) towards edges of lower sheath; lower jaw slightly bent; median part of lower jaw with indistinct needle-like cusps (Fig. 11 b; Channing et al. 2012: 8); four distinct serrations abaxial to fangs; broad semicircular posterior lip covered with 21 large papillae (Fig. 11 a; Channing et al. 2012: 30); arrangement of papillae symmetrical to vertical body axis; papillae arranged in two semicircular rows; short, very depressed w-shaped skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 29.8���33.3 % (N= 3) of body length; mouth width 22.2���28.6 % (N= 2) of oral disc width. ZMB 79084 (Gosner stage 25) had a total length of 38.3 mm (body length: 10.8 mm; tail length: 27.5 mm). Our most advanced tadpole (ZMB 79086, Gosner stage 37) measured 48.2 mm total length (body length: 12.8 mm; tail length: 35.4 mm). Cruz et al. (2013) report total lengths of 45.1 and 51.6 mm in Gosner stage 25 tadpoles. Metamorphs with completely resorbed tails measure 15.5���17.5 mm SVL (Amiet 1980). Coloration in preservation. Pale to deep dark brown dorsal parts of body and tail, dense irregular dark mottling; venter slightly lighter; fins with irregular dark mottling, more pronounced in dorsal parts, otherwise translucent cream-white; fins lighter than in other species., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Cruz, D., Dawson, A. L. & Blackburn, D. C. (2013) Description of the tadpoles of two Cameroonian frogs, Leptodactylodon axillaris and L. perreti (Anura: Arthroleptidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 62, 28 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2013.777370","Channing, A., Rodel, M. - O. & Channing, J. (2012) Tadpoles of Africa - The biology and identification of all known tadpoles in sub-Saharan Africa. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 404 pp.","Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}

Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M., Barej, Michael F. (2014): The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae). Zootaxa 3765 (1): 29-53, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2

Leptodactylodon cf. polyacanthus punctiventris Amiet, 1971 Three tadpoles from Fotabong were tentatively assigned to L. polyacanthus punctiventris based on known amphibian assemblages from that area (e.g. Amiet 1980). One specimen was genotyped: ZMB 78551 (three tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, Fotabong, 5 �� 28 ��� 54 ���N, 9 �� 55 ��� 26.58 ���E, 1197 m, 1 November 2011). The tadpoles were collected from shallow, sandy streams at 1997 m. The description is based on the genotyped individual (Gosner stage 25). Body length/total length ratio and description of tail tips was based on non-genotyped specimens of the same developmental stage. Morphology. Long and slender tadpole with long, muscular tail (non-genotyped tadpoles not as slender as drawn in Fig. 12 a, b); body elliptical in dorsal and depressed in lateral view; body length 27.5���29.3 % (N= 2) of total length; body height 37.2 % of body length, body width 46.3 % of body length, maximum body width on level of spiracle insertion; snout nearly rounded in dorsal view; nostrils oval and situated laterally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 9.9 % of body length; inter-orbital distance equals inter-nostril distance; tail fins narrow, dorsal fin originating 4.6 mm anterior to tail base, reaching deepest point in first third of tail, slightly deeper than ventral fin; ventral fin originates at tail base, runs parallel to tail axis; tail tip rounded to slightly pointed; tail axis broad, continuously converging towards tail tip; maximum height of tail axis 57.0��� 60.5 % (N= 2) of total tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; very short spiracle, sinistral, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating at mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheaths completely keratinized, strongly serrated, each with lateral pair of caniniform projections (fangs); median part of lower jaw with six to seven needle-like cusps (Fig. 12 d); three distinct serrations abaxial to fangs; upper jaw narrow and long, lower jaw shorter; large, broad bilobate posterior lip covered with 21 large papillae (Fig. 12 c); papillae arranged symmetrically along in vertical body axis; papillae arranged in two semicircular rows; almost straight skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 39.7 % of body length; mouth width 25.0% of oral disc width. The two individuals with intact tails (both Gosner stage 25) had total lengths of 39.6 and 43.6 mm, respectively (body length: 11.6 & 12.0 mm; tail length: 28.0 & 31.6 mm). Metamorphs measure about 14 mm SVL (Amiet 1980). Coloration in preservation. Body and tail light brown, mottled with bigger and smaller dark spots and speckles on dorsal part of body and tail; anterior half of tail axis with median, longitudinal dark line (not visible in life); venter lighter with fewer dark patterns; fins translucent cream-white. Coloration in life. Light brown with light to dark brown speckles; dark line from snout tip to anterior corner of eye; anterior part of tail axis with white spots, posterior part with black dots; fins light with dark spots, posterior part almost white; venter lighter (Fig. 6)., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}

Leptodactylodon ventrimarmoratus (Boulenger, 1904) Fifteen tadpoles of L. ventrimarmoratus were found near Mount Kala: ZMB 78552 ��� 53 (one tadpole and seven tadpoles, respectively; all Gosner stage 25, 3�� 50 ���24,72���N, 11 �� 21 ��� 6.66 ���E, 858 m); ZMB 78554 (seven tadpoles, Gosner stage 25, 3�� 50 ��� 23.46 ���N, 11 �� 21 ��� 6.54 ���E, 901 m). All tadpoles were found on 8 November 2011 near Kala village in small, rocky rivers, mostly beneath leaf litter, at 858 and 901 m altitude. The description is based on three genotyped individuals (ZMB 78552, 78553, 78554) at Gosner stage 25. Body length/total length ratio and description of tail tips was based on non-genotyped specimens of the same developmental stage. Morphology. Long and slender tadpole with long, muscular tail; body elliptical to almost parallel in dorsal and depressed long ovoid in lateral view (Fig. 13 a, b); body length 30.8 �� 2.5 % (N= 12) of total length; body height 29.9���48.2 % of body length (high value probably a preservation artifact; Amiet 1970 reports the body length to be 1.7 to 2 times the body widths); body width 48.2���56.1 % of body length; snout truncate in dorsal view; nostrils oval and situated laterally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 10.5���12.3 % of body length; interorbital distance equal to inter-nostril distance; tail fins narrow; dorsal fin originating (1.3���2.5 mm, N= 3) anterior to tail base, narrow, reaching deepest point at or posterior to mid-tail, slightly deeper or as deep as ventral fin; ventral fin originating at tail base, parallel to tail axis to about mid-tail, then broader (Amiet 1970 reports the dorsal fin originating distinctly posterior to tail base and a more robust tail axis); tail tip rounded to slightly pointed; tail axis broad, continuously converging towards tail tip; body height 96.6 % of total tail height; maximum height of tail axis 64.9 % of total tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short spiracle, sinistral, translucent, opening directed lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating at mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheath completely keratinized, serrated, with a lateral pair of caniniform projections (fangs); upper jaw almost straight; lower jaw Ushaped, median part of lower jaw edge with six to seven needle-like cusps (Fig. 13 d); two distinct serrations abaxial to fangs; posterior lip large and broadly bilobate, covered with 21 large papillae and numerous small papillae; large papillae arranged symmetrical and in two semicircular rows along vertical body axis; small papillae along edge of lower lip (Fig. 13 c); depressed w-shaped skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 34.7���57.9 % of body length (lower value due to preservation artifact, lip not completely enfolded); mouth width 24.2���32.6 % of oral disc width (see above). The two largest known individuals (ZMB 78553 & 78554, Gosner stage 25) measured 41.6 and 42.8 mm total length, respectively (body length: 12.2 & 12.4 mm; tail length: 29.2 & 30.6 mm). Amiet (1970) reports that a total length of 60 mm may be reached. Metamorphs measure 17���21 mm (Amiet 1980). Coloration in preservation. Dorsal parts of body and tail light brown, densely and irregularly covered with dark dots; anterior half of tail axis with median, longitudinal dark line; pattern on tail changes towards tail tip, anterior part of tail axis and dorsal tail fin heavily covered with midsized dark dots; then dots get smaller but denser; overall posterior third of tail tip lighter but more densely dotted; anterior third of ventral fin translucent cream-white; venter lighter and with fewer dark patterns. Coloration in life. Light brown with many minute dark brown dots; snout brown or yellowish (Figs. 6, 14); dark line from snout tip to anterior corner of eye; funnel light brown to almost yellow; density of dark dots on tail axis decreasing towards tail tip; anterior third of tail axis with dark longitudinal line; fins very light, almost white, dorsal part with dark patterning; venter lighter; intestines shining through skin (Fig. 15). According to Amiet (1970) a greyish beige color with brown pattern on dorsal parts, the snout sometimes ochre, the lateral sacs are green in life (not differently colored in our specimens (Figs. 6, 14, 15). Tadpoles��� lateral line system of investigated Leptodactylodon species. As far as visible (depending on the preservation state of individuals) all examined Leptodactylodon tadpoles showed the following lateral lines (definitions sensu Lannoo 1987; compare also Fig. 11 in Amiet 1970 and Figs. in Cruz et al. 2013): Supraorbital, posteriororbital, dorsal, middle, ventral, longitudinal oral and angular lines present; angular line connected to posterior infraorbital line; second angular line running dorsal to spiracle, merging into middle line; middle line originating dorsal to lateral sacs, turns upward posteriorly and connects to dorsal line; supraorbital line s-shaped., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Amiet, J. - L. (1970) Morphologie et developpement de la larve de Leptodactylodon ventrimarmoratus (Boulenger) (Amphibien Anoure). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences du Cameroun, 4, 53 - 71.","Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224.","Lannoo, M. J. (1987) Neuromast topography in anuran amphibians. Journal of Morphology, 191, 115 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 1051910203","Cruz, D., Dawson, A. L. & Blackburn, D. C. (2013) Description of the tadpoles of two Cameroonian frogs, Leptodactylodon axillaris and L. perreti (Anura: Arthroleptidae). African Journal of Herpetology, 62, 28 - 39. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 21564574.2013.777370"]}

Leptodactylodon boulengeri Nieden, 1910 We examined sixteen individuals collected near Fotabong and on Mount Manengouba: ZMB 78466 (one tadpole, Gosner stage 25, Manengouba village, 4 �� 58 ��� 23.76 ���N, 9 �� 52 ��� 31.8 ���E, 1290 m, 21 November 2010); ZMB 78469 ��� 71 (two tadpoles, Gosner stages 36 & 40, respectively; one tadpole Gosner stage not assessable; five tadpoles, Gosner stage 25; Fotabong, 5 �� 28 ��� 36.12 ���N, 9 �� 55 ��� 25.08 ���E, 1272 m, 3 November 2011); ZMB 78476 (seven tadpoles, Gosner stage 25���37, Fotabong, 5 �� 28 ��� 38.88 ���N 9 �� 55 ��� 24.48 ���E, 1267 m, 2 November 2011). All tadpoles of L. boulengeri were found on soaked sandy soil along small rivers or buried in sandy ground of these rivers in mid altitude (1267���1290 m), the sand being only covered by a very thin film of water. The description is based on four genotyped tadpoles (ZMB 78466, 78470, 78471, 78476) at Gosner stage 25. Body length/total length ratio, maximum tail length and height; as well as description of tail tip was based on nongenotyped specimens of the same developmental stage. Morphology. Long slender tadpole with narrow and long muscular tail; body elongate, elliptical in dorsal and depressed in lateral view (Fig. 5 a, b); body length 29.9 �� 2.0% (N= 10) of total length; body height 40.6 �� 7.5 % (N= 4) of body length; body width 52.2 �� 3.8 % (N= 4) of body length; maximum body width on level of spiracle insertion; snout nearly rounded to truncate in dorsal view; nostrils oval, situated laterally; nostrils equidistant from eye and snout tip; eye diameter 8.3 �� 2.7 % (N= 4) of body length; inter-orbital distance equals inter-nostril distance (inter-orbital distance of ZMB 78470 slightly exceeds inter-nostril distance); tail fins narrow; dorsal fin originating 0.3 ���1.0 mm (N= 3) anterior to tail base, narrow, reaching maximum depth after about first quarter, as high or only slightly deeper as ventral fin; ventral fin narrow, originates on level with tail base, almost parallel to tail axis; tail tip pointed; tail axis slender, edges almost parallel towards tail tip; body height 97.4���98.5 (N= 2) of total tail height; maximum height of tail axis 57.7 �� 2.7 % (N= 5) of total tail height; vent tube dextral; lateral sacs present, extending from spiracle to end of body, covering lower two thirds of flanks; short sinister spiracle, translucent, opening lateral, not visible in dorsal view, originating at app. mid-body; mouth opening frontal; labial tooth row formula 0/0; both jaw sheaths fully keratinized and of narrow almost rectangular shape; upper jaw distinctly serrated, serrations almost uniform, slightly larger serration towards edges; lower jaw flat U-shaped, distinctly serrated with a lateral pair of caniniform projections (fangs), median part with six to seven needle-like cusps (Fig. 5 d); one distinct serration abaxial to fangs; large semicircular posterior lip covered with 18 papillae; papillae symmetrically arranged along body axis; most papillae arranged in two semicircular rows, one near the lower jaw sheath, the second closer to posterior margin of lower lip (Fig. 5 c); distinct short skin fold on lower lip, just posterior to lower jaw sheath; oral disc width 35.5���48.5 % (N= 3) of body length; mouth width 23.1���31.8 % (N= 3) of oral disc width. The largest tadpole at Gosner stage 25 (ZMB 78471) measured 24.4 mm total length (body length: 7.7 mm; tail length: 16.7 mm). The most advanced/developed individual (ZMB 78476, Gosner stage 37) measured 52.1 mm (body length. 14.1 mm; tail length: 38.0 mm). The smallest juveniles reported by Amiet (1980) measured 16���19 mm SVL. Coloration in preservation. Pale brown; dorsal parts of body and tail with irregular dark speckling; lower part of body and tail paler; anterior part of tail with longitudinal black line (not visible in life); only few dark spots on venter and on the last third of ventral tail fin; dorsal fin with dark spots, fins otherwise translucent cream-white. Coloration in life (Fig. 6). Pale brown with dark brown speckles, some of them lighter brown; funnel dark, almost black; tail axis with whitish-blue spots; ventral fin with yellow spots; tail tip almost white; venter with light reddish coloration; some individuals with cream-white snout (like some L. bicolor and L. ventrimarmoratus)., Published as part of Mapouyat, Lissa, Hirschfeld, Mareike, R��del, Mark-Oliver, Liedtke, H. Christoph, Loader, Simon P., Gonwouo, L. Nono, Dahmen, Matthias, Doherty-Bone, Thomas M. & Barej, Michael F., 2014, The tadpoles of nine Cameroonian Leptodactylodon species (Amphibia, Anura, Arthroleptidae), pp. 29-53 in Zootaxa 3765 (1) on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3765.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/285560, {"references":["Amiet, J. - L. (1980) Revision du genre Leptodactylodon Andersson (Amphibia, Anura, Astylosterninae). Annales de la Faculte des Sciences de Yaounde, 27, 69 - 224."]}