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AimTo evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the control of Fol59 and Rs on singly infected and co-infected tomato plants and to address molecular pathways that may be involved in this interaction.Methods and ResultsTo assess the development of the disease, individual infection and coinfection were stimulated in plants under controlled conditions, at two concentrations of Rs and Fol59 applied at two different moments. Additionally, the antagonistic activity of LAB against Rs and Fol59 in vitro and its biocontrol efficacy in planta were evaluated. Preliminary results indicate that inoculation with 1 × 106 microconidia ml−1 of Fol59 and 1 × 108 cfu ml−1 of Rs may be a reliable synchronous coinfection method. Of the 68 LAB strains evaluated in vitro, AC13, AC40, and AC49 had an antagonistic effect on both pathogens, with AC40 showing the highest efficacy rate after submerging the seeds in suspension and sowing them in substrate. Finally, gene expression experiments confirmed the AC40 effect on the expression of PR-1a, ERF1, and LoxA genes.ConclusionThe delayed appearance of symptoms and the reduced severity of the disease may be associated with the expression of PR-1a, ERF1, and LoxA genes related to salicylic acid, ethylene, and jasmonic acid pathways respectively.

La inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional, la escasa oferta de semilla de calidad y el cambio climático son algunos de los retos más importantes que afectan notoriamente a las pequeñas comunidades agrícolas. Los Bancos Locales de Semilla (BLS) surgen como valiosos instrumentos para mitigar algunos de los efectos que causan dichos retos en los procesos agrícolas locales, en donde el principal actor del BLS es la propia comunidad. Este documento propende al fortalecimiento y la implementación de Bancos Locales de Semillas por parte de las comunidades, y conjuga aspectos técnicos, científicos, sociales, culturales y organizacionales para ello. AGROSAVIA, con la publicación de esta guía, propone un camino para que comunidades campesinas, indígenas, consejos comunitarios, firmantes del acuerdo de paz y otros actores del Sistema Nacional de Semillas, exploren, establezcan, fortalezcan y consoliden los sistemas locales de producción agrícola por medio de los Bancos Locales de Semilla.

espanolEn las ultimas dos decadas, Colombia ha realizado grandes avances en la conservacion de algunos de sus recursos zoogeneticos importantes para la produccion agropecuaria y la alimentacion. El proposito inicial de conservar estos recursos zoogeneticos locales, fue el de recuperar razas de animales, principalmente bovinos, porcinos y ovinos que estaban a punto de desaparecer y establecer asi nucleos puros que permitieran desarrollar programas para su conservacion. Actualmente, estos animales se mantienen en centros de investigacion de AGROSAVIA gracias al apoyo del gobierno colombiano en sistemas de conservacion in vivo e in vitro. Desde su inicio, la estrategia de conservar estos nucleos ha sido mantener la variabilidad genetica de las razas criollas y generar estrategias para fortalecer su conservacion, caracterizacion, promocion y uso, sin dejar a un lado iniciativas que permitan incrementar la productividad animal y enfrentar los desafios como la intensificacion de los sistemas productivos, los efectos del cambio climatico y los altos costos de mantenimiento en que incurre el Banco de Germoplasma Animal en Colombia. El exito de la conservacion de los recursos zoogeneticos en Colombia, dependera en gran medida de la apropiacion y aceptacion de los productores colombianos para la insercion de estas razas en los sistemas de produccion agropecuaria. Por otro lado, se requiere que el Banco de Germoplasma Animal incorpore otras especies o razas que se encuentran igualmente en peligro de desaparecer, y no cuentan con la proteccion del gobierno local. EnglishDuring the last two decades, Colombia has made enormous progress in conserving some of the most relevant zoogenetic resources vital for agricultural production and the food industry. The primary purpose of conserving these local animal genetic resources has been the recovery of these animal breeds (cattle, pigs, and sheep) that presented a high risk of disappearance and therefore establish pure animal collections that allow the researchers to develop conservation programs. Nowadays, these collections are funded by the Colombian government and properly conserved in research centres in AGROSAVIA under in vivo and in vitro conservation systems. The main objective of conserving the local herds has been to maintain the genetic variability of the creole breeds and also generate strategies to strengthen the conservation, characterization and their promotion and use, always considering initiatives that lead to the increase of animal productivity and bearing in mind the threats that creole breeds are facing, such as the intensification of the agricultural production systems, the effects of climate change, and the high maintenance costs incurred by the Animal Germplasm Bank in Colombia. The success of the conservation of animal genetic resources in Colombia will depend to a great extent on the appropriation and acceptance of Colombian farmers for the insertion of these creole breeds in their agricultural production systems. On the other hand, the Animal Germplasm Bank should incorporate in a short period time other species or breeds currently at a high risk of disappearing and important for the agricultural system.

The combination of Trichoderma virens Gl006 and B. velezensis Bs006 as a consortium has high potential to control Fusarium wilt (FW) of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). However, the interactions between these two microorganisms that influence the biocontrol activity as a consortium have not been studied. Here, we studied the interactions between Gl006 and Bs006 that keep their compatibility under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Antagonism tests between Gl006 and Bs006 inoculated both individually and in consortium against Foph strain Map5 was carried out on several solid media. The effect of supernatant of each selected microorganism on growth, conidia germination, biofilm formation and antagonistic activity on its partner was also studied. Biocontrol activity by different combinations of cells and supernatants from both microorganisms against Fusarium wilt was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. In vitro antagonism of the consortium against Foph showed a differential response among culture media and showed compatibility among BCA under nutritional conditions close to those of the rhizosphere. The supernatant of Bs006 did not affect the antagonistic activity of Gl006 and vice versa. However, the supernatant of Bs006 promoted the biocontrol activity of Gl006 in a synergistic way under greenhouse, reducing the disease severity by 71%. These results prove the compatibility between T. virens Gl006 and B. velezensis Bs006 as a potential tool to control Fusarium wilt of cape gooseberry.

Esta publicación hace parte de las acciones de promoción y divulgación del Banco de Germoplasma de Microorganismos en su interés de fortalecer capacidades técnicas, científicas y metodológicas en conservación, caracterización y uso de las colecciones a su cargo, además de promover condiciones para la interconectividad e interoperabilidad de estas. El conocimiento plasmado en este libro es producto de una trayectoria de años de investigación por parte de cada uno de los curadores, que han dejado su legado y sus enseñanzas en una acción de relevo generacional que esperamos que sea de gran ayuda tanto para los próximos curadores como para quienes buscan, en su hacer diario, aumentar y conservar la diversidad microbiana. Entregamos este libro como parte de una estrategia de gestión de conocimiento para garantizar y mantener un uso sostenible de la agrobiodiversidad y contribuir de forma eficiente al crecimiento económico del país.

The creation of global research partnerships is critical to produce shared knowledge for the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Sustainability science promotes the coproduction of inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge, with the expectation that studies will be carried out through groups and truly collaborative networks. As a consequence, sustainability research, in particular that published in high impact journals, should lead the way in terms of ethical partnership in scientific collaboration. Here, we examined this issue through a quantitative analysis of the articles published in Nature Sustainability (300 papers by 2135 authors) and Nature (2994 papers by 46,817 authors) from January 2018 to February 2021. Focusing on these journals allowed us to test whether research published under the banner of sustainability science favoured a more equitable involvement of authors from countries belonging to different income categories, by using the journal Nature as a control. While the findings provide evidence of still insufficient involvement of Low-and-Low-Middle-Income-Countries (LLMICs) in Nature Sustainability publications, they also point to promising improvements in the involvement of such authors. Proportionally, there were 4.6 times more authors from LLMICs in Nature Sustainability than in Nature articles, and 68.8-100% of local Global South studies were conducted with host country scientists (reflecting the discouragement of parachute research practices), with local scientists participating in key research steps. We therefore provide evidence of the promising, yet still insufficient, involvement of low-income countries in top sustainability science publications and discuss ongoing initiatives to improve this.

Lettuce is the most cultivated leafy salad vegetable in Colombia, being the municipality of Madrid, in the Department of Cundinamarca, the second largest producer. In this region, lettuce plants with foliar symptoms characterized by brown necrotic spots forming an extended necrotic area, chlorosis, leaf distortion and plant stunting have been detected, possibly caused by a viral infection associated with the Orthotospovirus genus. This study aimed to identify the orthotospovirus species associated with those symptoms, contributing to updating the lettuce phytosanitary status in this region. The presence of orthotospovirus was confirmed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), although the sequence of the nucleocapsid (N) gene confirmed the presence of Alstroemeria necrotic streak orthotospovirus, disregarding the Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus and Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus previously reported for this crop, being this its first report in lettuce crops in Colombia. RESUMO A alface é o vegetal folhoso para salada mais cultivado na Colômbia, sendo o município de Madrid, no Departamento de Cundinamarca, o segundo maior produtor. Nessa região, foram detectadas plantas com sintomas foliares caracterizados por manchas necróticas de coloração castanha formando uma extensa área necrótica, clorose, distorção foliar e atrofia das plantas, causados por infecção viral possivelmente associada ao gênero Orthotospovirus. Objetivou-se identificar as espécies de orthotospovirus associadas aos sintomas, contribuindo para a atualização do estatuto fitossanitário da alface nessa região. Foi constatada a presença de orthotospovirus pelo ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (DAS-ELISA), embora a sequência do gene nucleocapsid (N) tenha confirmado a presença de Alstroemeria necrotic streak orthotospovirus, desconsiderando-se o Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus e Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus previamente relatados para essa cultura, sendo este o seu primeiro relato para o cultivo de alface na Colômbia.

ilustraciones, fotografías, graficas En Colombia, el viverismo comprende la producción y comercialización de plantas vivas incluyendo orna - mentales y se estima que su producción ocupa alrededor de 1950 ha, involucrando a más de 3000 produc - tores y 35000 familias de ámbito rural, que dependen económicamente de esta actividad'. Entre las plantas de vivero, se encuentra el ciclamen o violeta de los Alpes (Cyclomen persicum Mal.), uno de los cultivos ornamentales de maceta más comercializados en el mundo, debido a su permanente floración. En Colombia, la producción de ciclamen se realiza principalmente en el departamento de Cundinamarca, específicamente en el municipio de San Antonio del Tequendama, donde el 20% de su actividad económica corresponde a la producción agrícola, siendo de especial importancia el cultivo de plantas ornamentales en vivero. No obstante, este cultivo se ha visto afectado por la presencia de enfermedades, cuyos agentes cau - sales en algunas ocasiones son desconocidos al igual que sus posibles fuentes de inóculo, Lo que ha llevado a un mal manejo del cultivo y a bajos rendimientos en la producción. En el año 2018 investigadores de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad de Cundinamarca, sede Fusagasugá y de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. detectaron en viveros productores de cidamen, ubicados en el municipio de San Antonio del Tequendama, plantas afectadas que presentaban síntomas asociados con la enfermedad Pudrición blanda bacteriana de ciclamen la cual era desconocida entre los productores de la región. Por lo tanto, mediante un proyecto de investigación conjunto entre ambas instituciones se logró llegar a la caracterización de la enfermedad, basa - da en una descripción detallada de sus síntomas y a la identificación de sus agentes causales, con el objetivo de divulgar la enfermedad entre el gremio viverista de nuestro país. Por consiguiente, el propósito de esta cartilla es generar una guía práctica para el reconocimiento de la Pudrición blanda bacteriana de ciclamen o violeta de los Alpes, accesible a los viveristas del país, que permita una detección oportuna de la enfermedad y por ende un manejo adecuado de ella. (Texto tomado de la fuente) Sobre el proyecto -- Agradecimientos -- Ciclamen o violeta de los Alpes -- Pudrición blanda bacteriana de ciclamen o violeta de los Alpes -- Síntomas asociados con Pudrición blanda bacteriana de ciclamen o violeta de los Alpes -- Pudrición blanda del cormo -- Pudrición blanda de peciolos y pedúnculos -- Pudrición blanda necrótica de peciolos y pedúnculos -- Diferencias entre la pudrición blanda y la pudrición blanda necrótica de peciolos y pedúnculos -- Pudrición de raíz -- Prevendón de la Pudrición blanda bacteriana del Ciclamen Primera edición

Este folleto brinda la informacion general para comprender la importancia de los banco de germoplasma y su conservacion en Colombia. Se reconoce cual es su historia en el pais y la regulacion normativa que los rige. Se identifica, ademas, cuales son las razas bovinas, porcinas y ovinas que lo integran actualmente.

Los bancos de germoplasma de microorganismos son lugares donde se guarda, se conserva y se protege la biodiversidad de microorganismos de Colombia asociados al sector agropecuario. AGROSAVIA se ha encargado de conservar la biodiversidad y promover su uso mediante proyectos de investigacion. En 1996, el SNBGNC se organizo con tres bancos: animal, vegetal y microorganismos, que se conocen hoy en dia como los Bancos de Germoplasma para la Alimentacion y la Agricultura (BGAA), manejados con estandares de curaduria especializada y, a partir del 2018, mediante la resolucion proferida por el Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (MADR), se delego su administracion a AGROSAVIA

Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) is a fruit of great interest, due to its high nutritional and potential medicinal value. Vascular wilt disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Physali (Foph) is responsible for crop losses of up to 100% which makes necessary to identify resistant cultivars. To contribute to crop improvement processes, a physicochemical characterization was performed on fruits of 33 cape gooseberry genotypes using 18 quantitative descriptors. The genotypes were planted in the field under high and no pressure of Foph. The Student's t test detected statistically significant differences (P

La yuca es un cultivo de importancia en la seguridad alimentaria mundial ya que constituye la base de la alimentación de más de 600 millones de personas en el mundo. También es un alto productor de almidón con niveles que oscilan entre 73,7 y 84,9% de su peso seco total en raíces (FAO, 2007). El almidón de yuca puede utilizarse en una gama amplia de industrias (textil, cosmética, alimentaria, etc). Además, es empleado en la producción de biocombustibles. Una de las principales limitantes en la producción de yuca es la bacteriosis vascular producida por la bacteria Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam). Esta enfermedad puede comprometer no solo el suministro de almidón para las plantas industriales productoras de bioetanol sino que también puede amenazar la seguridad alimentaria. El mejoramiento genético convencional de yuca es complicado dado su largo ciclo reproductivo, su alta heterocigocidad y su naturaleza tetraploide. Por estas razones se deben buscar alternativas que involucren desarrollos en biotecnología que permitan un mejoramiento eficaz y rápido. En la actual era genómica y postgenómica muchos de los experimentos dependen de la posibilidad de contar con la secuencia de transcritos clonados. Dado que estos clones provienen de librerías de ADNc contar con este tipo de recursos de excelente calidad es un paso esencial. En este artículo reportamos la construcción de una librería de ADNc empleando el sistema Gateway® a partir de plantas de yuca que han sido inoculadas con la cepa CIO151 de Xam. La librería presentó un título de 1 x 10(7) unidades formadoras de colonias (ufc)/ml y el tamaño de los insertos osciló entre 600-1.500 pb. Los análisis de secuencia de 14 clones al azar confirmaron que se trata de genes expresados y mostraron similitud con genes previamente reportados en especies estrechamente relacionadas a yuca. Esta librería se convierte en un excelente recurso para identificar novedosos genes y para el estudio de su función a través de la identificación y la interacción entre proteínas. Cassava is one of the most important crops for global food security and provides food and livelihood for 600 million people in the developing world. It is also good source of starch, with levels between 73.7 y 84.9% of total dry weight in roots (FAO, 2007). Cassava starch can be used in a wide range of industries (textile, cosmetic, nourishing, etc) and it has a high potential for the production of biofuel. Cassava bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam), is one of the most important diseases that affects cassava. This disease can compromise the starch supply not only for bioetanol production but also affect global food security. The long reproductive cycle, high heterozigosity and tetraploid character of cassava are characteristics that have complicated the genetic breeding for this crop. For these reasons new alternatives based on biotechnology are necessary to accelerate its improvement. In the postgenomic era many experiments rely on the availability of transcript sequences for cloning. As these clones usually originate from cDNA libraries, the quality of these libraries is crucial. In this article we report the construction of the first cassava cDNA library employing the Gateway® system. For this, in vitro grown plants were inoculated with the Xam strain CIO151. The expression library shows a high titer of 1 x 10(7) cfu/ml, with inserts ranging between 600 and 1500 bp. The sequence analyses from 14 random clones confirmed that these are expressed genes and showed similarity with previously cloned genes from species related to cassava. This library is an excellent resource for the identification of novel genes and for functional studies through the identification of their interactions with other proteins.

Background Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the causal agent of potato late blight, is responsible for tremendous crop losses worldwide. Countries in the northern part of the Andes dedicate a large proportion of the highlands to the production of potato, and more recently, solanaceous fruits such as cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), all of which are hosts of this oomycete. In the Andean region, P. infestans populations have been well characterized in Ecuador and Peru, but are poorly understood in Colombia and Venezuela. To understand the P. infestans population structure in the Northern part of the Andes, four nuclear regions (ITS, Ras, ?-tubulin and Avr3a) and one mitochondrial (Cox1) region were analyzed in isolates of P. infestans sampled from different hosts in Colombia and Venezuela. Results Low genetic diversity was found within this sample of P. infestans isolates from crops within several regions of Colombia and Venezuela, revealing the presence of clonal populations of the pathogen in this region. We detected low frequency heterozygotes, and their distribution patterns might be a consequence of a high migration rate among populations with poor effective gene flow. Consistent genetic differentiation exists among isolates from different regions. Conclusions The results here suggest that in the Northern Andean region P. infestans is a clonal population with some within-clone variation. P. infestans populations in Venezuela reflect historic isolation that is being reinforced by a recent self-sufficiency of potato seeds. In summary, the P. infestans population is mainly shaped by migration and probably by the appearance of variants of key effectors such as Avr3a.

Background Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the causal agent of potato late blight, is responsible for tremendous crop losses worldwide. Countries in the northern part of the Andes dedicate a large proportion of the highlands to the production of potato, and more recently, solanaceous fruits such as cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) and tree tomato (Solanum betaceum), all of which are hosts of this oomycete. In the Andean region, P. infestans populations have been well characterized in Ecuador and Peru, but are poorly understood in Colombia and Venezuela. To understand the P. infestans population structure in the Northern part of the Andes, four nuclear regions (ITS, Ras, β-tubulin and Avr3a) and one mitochondrial (Cox1) region were analyzed in isolates of P. infestans sampled from different hosts in Colombia and Venezuela. Results Low genetic diversity was found within this sample of P. infestans isolates from crops within several regions of Colombia and Venezuela, revealing the presence of clonal populations of the pathogen in this region. We detected low frequency heterozygotes, and their distribution patterns might be a consequence of a high migration rate among populations with poor effective gene flow. Consistent genetic differentiation exists among isolates from different regions. Conclusions The results here suggest that in the Northern Andean region P. infestans is a clonal population with some within-clone variation. P. infestans populations in Venezuela reflect historic isolation that is being reinforced by a recent self-sufficiency of potato seeds. In summary, the P. infestans population is mainly shaped by migration and probably by the appearance of variants of key effectors such as Avr3a.

ilustraciones, fotografías, gráficas, tablas La marchitez vascular causada por Fusarium sp.es la enfermedad más importante para el cultivo de uchuva, sin embargo la información sobre aspectos taxónomicos y patógenicos es reducida. 25 aislamientos de Fusarium sp fueron obtenidos de tejido sintomático de uchuva (Physalis peruviana) en los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, estos aislamientos se identificaron basándose en rasgos morfológicos y análisis de secuencia de los genes Factor de elongación 1α (EF1), Citocromo Oxidasa 1 (CO1), β-tubulina (TUB) y una región espaciadora intergénica (IGS). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, todos los aislamientos fueron identificados como F. oxysporum. Fueron establecidas relaciones filogenéticas entre los aislamientos usando estas regiones genómicas mediante PCR- RFLP, siendo EF1 and IGS los marcadores más informativos; sin embargo no fueron encontradas diferencias filogenéticas usando estas regiones. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas de patogenicidad para determinar la virulencia de los aislamientos en invernadero, adicionalmente se realizaron inoculaciones cruzadas con el propósito de conocer si aislamientos obtenidos de F. oxysporum obtenidos de P. peruviana pueden infectar plantas de gulupa (P. edulis). Las pruebas en invernadero permitieron clasificar los aislamientos en 5 categorias de virulencia y demostraron que no existe patogenicidad cruzada entre aislamientos de uchuva y gulupa. 20 introducciones de P. peruviana y taxa relacionados fueron inoculadas en campo, con el fin de evaluar la resistencia a la marchitez vascular. Dos introducciones de Physalis (09u279 de P. peruviana y 09u056 de P. phyladelphica) mostraron niveles significativos de resistencia, sin embargo, los grados de incidencia y severidad en el resto de introducciones fueron significativamente altos. Este estudio confirma luego de la caracterización morfológica y molecular y test de patogenicidad que el agente causal de la marchitez vascular en uchuva es Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd. and Hans. Las pruebas de invernadero y campo también confirmaron la alta agresividad que este patógeno muestra en uchuva, sugieren dos introducciones como posibles fuentes de Resistencia y corrobora la importancia de la enfermedad para este cultivo en Colombia. (Texto tomado de la fuente). Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium sp is the most important disease in cape gooseberry crops, however information about taxonomic and pathogenic aspects is reduced. In this study, 25 isolates of Fusarium sp. were obtained from cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) symptomatic tissue from the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. These isolates were identified based on morphological traits and sequence analyses of translation elongation factor (EF1), cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), β-tubulin (TUB) genes and an InterGenic Spacer (IGS) region. According to the obtained results, all the isolates were identified as F. oxysporum. Phylogenetic relationships among the isolates were established using these genomic regions by PCR-RFLP technique, being EF1 and IGS the most informative markers; however significant phylogenetic differences were not found among isolates from cape gooseberry using these regions. Tests of pathogenicity were performed to determine the virulence of the isolates in greenhouse and cross inoculatons were also performed with the purpose to know if isolates of F. oxysporum obtained from P. peruviana can infect plants of Passion Fruit (P. edulis). Greenhouse test allowed to classify the isolates into 5 categories of virulence and no cross pathogenicity occurs among cape gooseberry and Passion fruit isolates. To aim to evaluate the resistance to vascular wilt, 20 accessions of P. peruviana and related taxa were tested in field. Three evaluated accessions (09u279 of P. peruviana and 09u056 of P. phyladelphica) showed significant levels of resistance, nevertheless, degrees of incidence and severity in the rest of accesions were significantly higher. This study confirms after morphological and molecular identification and pathogenicity test, that the causal agent of vascular wilt of cape gooseberry is Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. emend. Snyd. and Hans. The greenhouse and field tests also confirmed the high aggressiveness that this pathogen shows in cape gooseberry crops, suggest two accessions as possible sources of resistant to vascular wilt and corroborate the importance of the disease for this culture in Colombia Incluye anexos Maestría Magíster en Ciencias Agrarias Ciencias Agronómicas