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Objective: The prevalence of epilepsy in World Health Organization (WHO) grade 2 glioma is high, with seizures being the presenting symptom in 60%-90%. We explore the epidemiology of seizures in this patient population in a regional neurosurgical center., Methods: Electronic health records of patients with histologically-proven WHO grade 2 glioma (n = 228) were reviewed between 1997 and 2021, with data collected including patient demographics, epilepsy prevalence, and seizure semiology. The influence of seizure type on overall survival was calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model., Results: Overall, 197 of 228 patients (86.4%) were diagnosed with epilepsy-either at presentation or during the course of their disease. Male patients were more likely than female patients to be diagnosed with epilepsy (91.1% vs 77.1%, p = .003) and, in those with epilepsy, more likely to experience at least one focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (69.4% vs 54.1%, p = .05). Patients with left-sided tumors were twice as likely to have experienced a focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (p = .02, odds ratio [OR] = .47). Predominantly experiencing seizures with motor activity appeared to confer better overall survival, with a 65% decrease in the risk of death 10 years post diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR] = .35, p = .02). This is despite accounting for previously described prognostic markers including tumor histology/genetics, time from diagnosis to surgery, and the extent of tumor resection., Significance: Motor seizure activity is a frequent feature in WHO grade 2 glioma and appears to confer a survival benefit regardless of histology or surgical factors. Seizures due to dominant hemisphere tumors may be more likely to propagate and cause bilateral tonic-clonic activity., (© 2024 The Authors. Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)

Purpose: To perform a single unit review of surgical approaches to the pineal region, looking to ascertain if trends were identifiable regarding the extent of resection and the rate of post-operative complications between approaches. We hypothesised that each approach would offer different exposure of the pineal region which may result in poor access to certain areas of the tumour. This may lead to residual tumour in reliable and predictable locations, and an awareness of these regions could help with pre-operative planning and lead to higher levels of suspicion when inspecting these regions intraoperatively., Materials and Methods: We performed a single centre, retrospective review of all adult and paediatric patients who underwent surgical debulking of pineal region tumours between 2008 and 2019. Patient demographics, pre- and post- operative radiological tumour volume data, histology and complication rates were compared between the two groups., Results and Conclusions: The occipital transtentorial approach resulted in a significantly lower extent of resection when compared to the supracerebellar infratentorial approach ( p  = 0.04), even after multivariate analysis ( p  = 0.006). There was no significant difference between the location of residual tumour relative to the superior colliculi between the two approaches ( p  = 1.00). There was a significant incidence of radiological occipital lobe ischaemia from the occipital transtentorial approach ( p  = 0.04). Within our series, we did not demonstrate a consistent location of residual tumour relative to the surgical approach chosen. Whilst there was a significant difference with regards to the extent of resection between approaches, in the context of small comparative groups this is difficult to draw far-reaching conclusions from.

Background: Resection of insular tumours utilising modern neurosurgical techniques has become commonplace since its safety and reduced morbidity was first established. Interest has grown in the cognitive consequences of insula neurosurgery and studies have largely shown postoperative stability or minor decline. Major or widespread improvements in cognitive functioning following resection of insular tumours have not previously been reported. Case description: A 34-year-old, left-handed man with a right insular low-grade glioma (LGG) presented with seizures, nausea, altered sensation, poor balance and extensive cognitive decline. Comprehensive neuropsychological assessment highlighted a striking left hemispatial neglect and impairments in attention, working memory, verbal learning and fluency. During an awake craniotomy with functional cortical mapping, he reported intraoperative improvements in hand function and processing speed. Resolution of the neglect and significant improvements in cognition, mood and functioning were observed at follow-up and sustained over several years. Conclusions: This case highlights that right insular LGGs can cause significant cognitive and functional deficits and that neurosurgery has the potential to alleviate these difficulties to an extent beyond those documented in the extant literature.

A 54-year-old man developed altered mental state and generalised tonic-clonic seizures after 1 week of upper respiratory tract symptoms and diarrhoea, having been previously well. His MR scan of brain showed multifocal progressive T2 cortical signal changes. He was diagnosed with new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE), initially treated as being secondary to autoimmune/paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis, although subsequent investigations were negative. His seizures and electrographic epileptiform activity continued despite escalating doses of antiseizure medications, immunosuppression with corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, plasma exchange and rituximab, and thereafter anaesthetic agents. A vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) was implanted 6 weeks after admission and its voltage rapidly increased over 4 days; his seizure activity resolved in the third week after VNS implantation. This case highlights the role of VNS in the early management of NORSE., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To collect data on content/face validity and interobserver agreement for a Neonatal Coma Score (NCS) in well full-term neonates and on construct validity in unwell and preterm babies, specifically how the NCS changed with gestational age and illness., Design: Prospective cohort studies., Setting: Two UK tertiary neonatal units (Sheffield and Leeds)., Patients: 151 well full-term (≥37 weeks gestational age) newborn babies recruited between January and February 2020 in Sheffield and April and May 2021 in Leeds; 101 sick preterm and full-term babies admitted to Sheffield neonatal unit between January 2021 and May 2022., Intervention: A new NCS., Main Outcome Measures: Determination of normal values in well babies born ≥37 weeks gestational age; data on how the NCS changes with gestational age and illness., Results: Face validity was demonstrated during development of the NCS. The median NCS of well, full-term newborn babies was 15 and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.84). In the 'well' preterm population, 95% <28 weeks had a score ≥11; 28-31 weeks ≥11; 32-36 weeks ≥13 and 37-44 weeks 14-15. The NCS dropped during periods of deterioration, demonstrating evidence of construct validity. Criterion validity was not assessed., Conclusions: The NCS has good intraobserver agreement in well full-term babies, with a normal NCS 14-15. The NCS in preterm neonates depended on gestational age, and deterioration from baseline was associated with illness. Further work is needed to determine normal scores each gestational age, reliability at lower levels, how early the NCS identifies deterioration and comparison with other assessment tools to demonstrate criterion validity., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Although resection of mesial temporal lobe lesions can be achieved with relatively low morbidity, resective surgery is not without risk. Whilst many lesions found in the anterior mesiotemporal lobe are low-grade entities, transforming and high-grade lesions have also been demonstrated. We investigate the feasibility of utilising serial quantitative volumetric imaging, to determine if a strategy of imaging surveillance can be safely employed for the management of radiologically diagnosed anterior mesial temporal low-grade tumours without a confirmed histological diagnosis., Methods: A retrospective case-note and radiology review design were utilised. The primary presenting symptomatology was recorded together with the efficacy of symptomatic control. Volumetric analysis of MRI images was performed using Brainlab software. Pre- and post-operative neuropsychological data were analysed., Results: 35 patients were identified with a radiological diagnosis of a low-grade anterior mesial temporal lobe tumour. Of these, 29% ( n  = 10) underwent surgical resection. For the whole cohort, the mean tumour volume at diagnosis was 6.5cm 3 , with a mean volumetric expansion of 1.4% per month. A significant difference was found between the volumetric expansion rate of those that underwent surgical treatment and those that did not (4.9% per month vs 0.06% per month, p  < .01). Of those cases that did not undergo surgical resection, no significant difference was seen between the initial diagnostic volume and the volume at the time of their most recent interval surveillance scan ( p  = .97). New onset epilepsy was significantly associated with a requirement for eventual surgical tumour resection; relative risk = 6.25, 95% CI = 1.5-25.9, p  = .0114., Conclusion: Where medical seizure control is adequate, we suggest that conservative management is feasible even in the absence of a confirmed histological diagnosis. However, in patients aged over 50 years with new onset epilepsy, a lower threshold for intervention should be considered.

Objective: The high seizure burden seen in World Health Association (WHO) grade 2 gliomas is well documented. This study aims to identify factors that influence the probability of seizure freedom (12 months of seizure remission) and treatment failure (antiseizure medication [ASM] cessation or introduction of an alternative) in patients with WHO grade 2 glioma., Methods: This is a retrospective observational analysis of patients from a regional UK neurosurgical center with histologically proven (n = 146) WHO grade 2 glioma and brain tumor related epilepsy. Statistical analyses using both Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were undertaken, with a particular focus on treatment outcomes when the commonly prescribed ASM levetiracetam (n = 101) is used as first line., Results: Treatment with levetiracetam as a first-line ASM resulted in a significant increase in the probability of seizure freedom (p < .05) at 2 years compared with treatment with an alternative ASM. Individuals presenting with focal seizures without bilateral tonic-clonic progression were between 39% and 42% significantly less likely to reach seizure freedom within 10 years (p < .05) and 132% more likely to fail treatment by 5 years (p < .01) when compared to individuals who had seizures with progression to bilateral tonic-clonic activity. ASM choice did not significantly affect treatment failure rates., Significance: More than two-thirds of patients with WHO grade 2 glioma related epilepsy treated with levetiracetam first line achieve seizure freedom within 2 years and it is a reasonable first-choice agent. Experiencing mainly focal seizures without progression infers a significant long-term reduction in the chance of seizure freedom. Further studies are needed to inform ASM selection., (© 2023 The Authors. Epilepsia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International League Against Epilepsy.)

Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis (HSP) causes lower limb spasticity, pain and limits ambulation resulting in a negative impact on an individual's quality of life. This case series evaluates the use of Intra-thecal Baclofen (ITB) on 5 ambulant children with HSP. Our results suggest ITB is associated with a reduction in spasticity and a trend towards improvement in patient-reported quality of life and achievement of personalised goals. This was evidenced with lower Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) scores and increasing values using the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life (CPQoL) tool and Goal Attainment Scale (GAS). ITB was not associated with any major immediate or longer-term adverse effects. Overall, our study supports the role of ITB, used in a goal-directed manner, in the management of children and young people with HSP where other standard treatment options have been unsuccessful., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The use of intrathecal baclofen for management of spasticity in Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis: A Case Series. The authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Background: Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) is a useful treatment for hypertonia where non-invasive treatments have been ineffective or poorly tolerated. There is an absence of national guidance on selection criteria and a lack of literature regarding patient characteristics and treatment details for children and young people (CYP) receiving ITB therapy in the UK and Ireland. We aimed to gather patient and treatment characteristics for CYP receiving ITB in the UK and Ireland., Methods: An electronic survey was sent to all paediatric ITB centres in the UK and Ireland. Anonymised data were returned between December 2019 and April 2020. CYP >16 years and those awaiting ITB pump removal were excluded from the dataset., Results: 176 CYP were identified as receiving ITB therapy across the UK and Ireland. The majority of CYP with ITB pumps were non-ambulant (93%) with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy (79%). Median age of ITB insertion was 9 years; median current age was 14 years. 79% of CYP had significant spasticity, 55% had significant dystonia. The most commonly used ITB dosing modes were continuous (73%) and flexible (23%)., Conclusions: ITB pumps were most frequently used for non-ambulant CYP with cerebral palsy and existence of spasticity and/or dystonia in the UK and Ireland. Most CYP were receiving a continuous dose of ITB. There is significant variation in the number of paediatric ITB pumps across UK and Ireland. There is a need for development of nationally accepted paediatric referral criteria and clinical standards for ITB use., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: The human white matter pathway network is complex and of critical importance for functionality. Thus, learning and understanding white matter tract anatomy is important for the training of neuroscientists and neurosurgeons. The study aims to test and evaluate a new method for fiber dissection using augmented reality (AR) in a group which is experienced in cadaver white matter dissection courses and in vivo tractography., Methods: Fifteen neurosurgeons, neurolinguists, and neuroscientists participated in this questionnaire-based study. We presented five cases of patients with left-sided perisylvian gliomas who underwent awake craniotomy. Diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking (DTI FT) was performed and the language-related networks were visualized separated in different tracts by color. Participants were able to virtually dissect the prepared DTI FTs using a spatial computer and AR goggles. The application was evaluated through a questionnaire with answers from 0 (minimum) to 10 (maximum)., Results: Participants rated the overall experience of AR fiber dissection with a median of 8 points (mean ± standard deviation 8.5 ± 1.4). Usefulness for fiber dissection courses and education in general was rated with 8 (8.3 ± 1.4) and 8 (8.1 ± 1.5) points, respectively. Educational value was expected to be high for several target audiences (student: median 9, 8.6 ± 1.4; resident: 9, 8.5 ± 1.8; surgeon: 9, 8.2 ± 2.4; scientist: 8.5, 8.0 ± 2.4). Even clinical application of AR fiber dissection was expected to be of value with a median of 7 points (7.0 ± 2.5)., Conclusion: The present evaluation of this first application of AR for fiber dissection shows a throughout positive evaluation for educational purposes.

Background: Shunt insertion for hydrocephalus is a common paediatric neurosurgery procedure. Shunt complications are frequent with an estimated 20-40% failure rate within the first year, and 4.5% per year subsequently. We have an open-door 'possible shunt malfunction' pathway for children treated with a shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy, providing direct ward access to ensure rapid assessment and timely management of children., Objective: To audit the 'possible shunt malfunction' pathway in terms of clinical outcomes (percentage-confirmed shunt dysfunction and number of re-attendances) and costs., Methods: Clinical data for patients attending the triage service were prospectively recorded over 7 months-including the number of attendances, previous shunt revisions, shunt type, investigations performed (CT, x-rays), and outcome. Costings (e.g. costs of physician, inpatient stay, investigations) were obtained from the hospital's procurement department., Results: In the study period, there were 81 attendances by 62 patients and only 16% of attendances resulted in surgical management (either shunt revision or ETV). Approximately 17% of patients re-attended at least once. The average cost per attendance in our pathway was £765.57 ($969.63; €858.73). The total expenditure for the pathway over 7 months was £62,011.03 ($78,540.07; €69,556.81), with inpatient stay making up the biggest percentage of cost (49.2%)., Conclusion: Only 16% (13 attendances) of those attending through our pathway required neurosurgical intervention. Investigations for possible blocked shunt come at significant health, social, and financial cost. High rates of shunt failure, re-attendance, investigations, and inpatient stays incur a sizable financial burden to the healthcare system.

Objectives: Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) has gained interest as an intervention to reduce spasticity and pain, and improve quality of life and mobility in children with cerebral palsy mainly affecting the legs (diplegia). We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of SDR in England., Methods: Cost-effectiveness was quantified with respect to Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and the pain dimension of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life questionnaire for Children (CPQOL-Child). Data on outcomes following SDR over two years were drawn from a national evaluation in England which included 137 children, mean age 6.6 years at surgery. The incremental impact of SDR on GMFM-66 was determined through comparison with data from a historic Canadian cohort not undergoing SDR. Another single centre provided data on hospital care over ten years for 15 children undergoing SDR at a mean age of 7.0 years, and a comparable cohort managed without SDR. The incremental impact of SDR on pain was determined using a before and after comparison using data from the national evaluation. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation. Incremental costs of SDR were determined as the difference in costs over 5 years for the patients undergoing SDR and those managed without SDR. Uncertainty was quantified using bootstrapping and reported as the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve., Results: In the base case, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for SDR are £1,382 and £903 with respect to a unit improvement in GMFM-66 and the pain dimension of CPQOL-Child, respectively. Inclusion of data to 10 years indicates SDR is cheaper than management without SDR. Incremental costs and ICERs for SDR rose in sensitivity analysis applying an alternative regression model to cost data., Conclusions: Data on outcomes from a large observational study of SDR and long-term cost data on children who did and did not receive SDR indicates SDR is cost-effective., Competing Interests: CV has received payments or expenses for acting as the clinical chair for NHS England Commissioning through Evaluation for SDR. MP has received personal fees from Merck. The other authors declare no competing interests. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Background: Awake surgery has become a key treatment of diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGG) and is divided in three main phases: opening, tumor resection - during which the patient needs to be fully awake - and closure. The anesthetic management of awake neurosurgery is a challenge, and there are currently no guidelines., Objective: The objective of the survey was to explore differences and commonalities regarding the anesthetic management of awake DLGG surgery within the European Low-Grade Glioma Network (ELGGN) centers., Methods: A form that contained 14 questions about the anesthetic management was sent to 28 centers in May 2015., Results: Twenty centers responded. During the opening and closing non-awake periods, 56% of teams chose general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation for at least one period (asleep-awake-asleep, SAS protocol), and 44% monitored anesthesia care including sedation without mechanical ventilation (MAC protocol). In case of SAS, all the teams chose intravenous anesthesia, 82% used laryngeal mask instead of endotracheal intubation during the opening sequence, and 71% during closure. Local and regional anesthesia was practiced by all the teams. The most frequently reported cause of pain was dural and cerebral vessels manipulation (77%). Pain management was mostly based on paracetamol (70%) and remifentanil (55%)., Conclusion: Our survey showed that there was an equivalent proportion of centers using SAS or MAC protocols in the anesthetic management of awake surgery in ELGGN centers. The advantages and disadvantages of each anesthesia protocol were reviewed.

Primary tumours of the meninges are rare accounting for only 0.4-4.6% of all paediatric tumours of the central nervous system. Due to the rarity of these tumours in children, and the consequent absence of collaborative prospective trials, there is no clear consensus on how the unique characteristics of paediatric meningiomas impact clinical status, management approach, and survival. Much of the evidence and treatment recommendations for paediatric meningiomas are extrapolated from adult data. Translating and adapting adult treatment recommendations into paediatric practice can be challenging and might inadvertently lead to inappropriate management. In 2009, Traunecker et al. published guidelines for the management of intracranial meningioma in children and young people on behalf of UK Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG). Ten years later we have developed the updated guidelines following a comprehensive appraisal of the literature. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice for symptomatic meningiomas, while radiotherapy remains the only available adjuvant therapy and may be necessary for those tumours that cannot be completely removed. However, significant advances have been made in the identification of the genetic and molecular alterations of meningioma, which has not only a potential value in the development of therapeutic agents but also in surveillance of childhood meningioma survivors. This guideline builds upon the CCLG 2009 guideline. We summarise recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, surveillance and long-term follow-up of children and adolescents with meningioma.

Introduction: The prognosis of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is poor. The role of biopsy in DIPG remains controversial since the diagnosis may be established with imaging alone. Recent advances in understanding molecular biology and targeting of brain tumors have created a renewed interest in biopsy for DIPG. The Neurosurgery Working Group (NWG) of the SIOP-Europe Brain Tumor Group (BTG) undertook a survey among international pediatric neurosurgeons to define their current perceptions and practice regarding DIPG biopsy., Methods: The NWG developed a 20-question survey which was emailed to neurosurgeons in the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN). The questionnaire included questions on diagnosis, indications, and techniques for biopsy, clinical trials, and healthcare infrastructure., Results: The survey was sent to 202 neurosurgeons and 73 (36%) responded. Consensus of > 75% agreement was reached for 12/20 questions, which included (1) radiological diagnosis of DIPG is sufficient outside a trial, (2) clinical trial-based DIPG biopsy is justified if molecular targets are investigated and may be used for treatment, and (3) morbidity/mortality data must be collected to define the risk:benefit ratio. The remaining 8/20 questions proved controversial and failed to reach consensus., Conclusions: Routine DIPG biopsy continues to be debated. Most neurosurgeons agreed that DIPG biopsy within a clinical trial should be supported, with the aims of defining the procedure risks, improving understanding of tumor biology, and evaluating new treatment targets. Careful family counseling and consent remain important.

Background: Diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGGs) are rare and incurable tumors. Whereas maximal safe, functional-based surgical resection is the first-line treatment, the timing and choice of further treatments (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combined treatments) remain controversial., Methods: An online survey on the management of DLGG patients was sent to 28 expert centers from the European Low-Grade Glioma Network (ELGGN) in May 2015. It contained 40 specific questions addressing the modalities of use of chemotherapy in these patients., Results: The survey demonstrated a significant heterogeneity in practice regarding the initial management of DLGG patients and the use of chemotherapy. Interestingly, radiation therapy combined with the procarbazine, CCNU (lomustine), and vincristine regimen has not imposed itself as the gold-standard treatment after surgery, despite the results of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9802 study. Temozolomide is largely used as first-line treatment after surgical resection for high-risk DLGG patients, or at progression., Conclusions: The heterogeneity in the management of patients with DLGG demonstrates that many questions regarding the postoperative strategy and the use of chemotherapy remain unanswered. Our survey reveals a high recruitment potential within the ELGGN for retrospective or prospective studies to generate new data regarding these issues.

Background: Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is an irreversible surgical procedure involving the division of selected sensory nerve roots, followed by intensive physiotherapy. The aim is to improve function and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy and a Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level of II or III (walks with or without assistive devices, respectively). We assessed gross motor function before and after SDR and postoperative quality of life in a study commissioned by NHS England., Methods: We did a prospective observational study in five hospitals in England who were commissioned to perform SDR on children aged 3-9 years with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. The primary outcome was score changes in the 66-item Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66) and seven domains of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire ([CP-QoL] social wellbeing and acceptance, feelings about functioning, participation and physical health, emotional wellbeing and self-esteem, access to services, family health, and pain and impact of disability) from before to 24 months after SDR., Findings: From Sept 4, 2014, to March 21, 2016, 137 children underwent SDR. The mean age was 6·0 years (SD 1·8). The mean GMFM-66 score increased after SDR with an annual change of 3·2 units (95% CI 2·9 to 3·5, n=137). Of the seven CP-QoL domains, five showed significant improvements over time: feelings about functioning mean annual change 3·0 units (95% CI 2·0 to 4·0, n=133), participation and physical health 3·9 units (2·5 to 5·3, n=133), emotional wellbeing and self-esteem 1·3 units (0·2 to 2·3, n=133), family health 2·0 units (0·7 to 3·3, n=132), and pain and impact of disability -2·5 units (-3·9 to -1·2, n=133). 17 adverse events were reported in 15 children, of which none were severe and 15 (88%) resolved., Interpretation: SDR improved function and quality of life in the 24 months after surgery in children with cerebral palsy classified as GMFCS levels II and III. On the basis of these findings, an interim national policy decision was made that SDR would be funded for eligible children in England from 2018., Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, NHS England., (Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Imaging studies in diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGG) vary across centers. In order to establish a minimal core of imaging necessary for further investigations and clinical trials in the field of DLGG, we aimed to establish the status quo within specialized European centers., Methods: An online survey composed of 46 items was sent out to members of the European Low-Grade Glioma Network, the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies, the German Society of Neurosurgery and the Austrian Society of Neurosurgery., Results: A total of 128 fully completed surveys were received and analyzed. Most centers (n = 96, 75%) were academic and half of the centers (n = 64, 50%) adhered to a dedicated treatment program for DLGG. There were national differences regarding the sequences enclosed in MRI imaging and use of PET, however most included T1 (without and with contrast, 100%), T2 (100%) and TIRM or FLAIR (20, 98%). DWI is performed by 80% of centers and 61% of centers regularly performed PWI., Conclusion: A minimal core of imaging composed of T1 (w/wo contrast), T2, TIRM/FLAIR, PWI and DWI could be identified. All morphologic images should be obtained in a slice thickness of ≤ 3 mm. No common standard could be obtained regarding advanced MRI protocols and PET., Importance of the Study: We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because we were able to determine similarities in numerous aspects of LGG imaging. Using the proposed "minimal core of imaging" in clinical routine will facilitate future cooperative studies.