Search

Seed deterioration is an unavoidable process to which seeds of oilseed plant species such as sunflower are especially sensitive. This study aimed to determine whether different invigoration techniques can improve the attributes of germination in sunflower and alleviate the effects of seed ageing. Both aged and non-aged seeds were subjected to invigoration by pre-soaking with distilled water and with 3% of KH2PO4 for 24 hours at 25°C. Germination performance, seedling growth and SDS-PAGE protein profile were determined. The outcome of invigoration depended on the condition of the seeds: invigoration of seeds with both water and KH2PO4 reduced the percentage of germination in non-aged seeds, while in aged seeds there was an increase in germination compared to the control. The SDS-PAGE seed protein profiles revealed that the low molecular weight proteins produced high-intensity bands and the high molecular weight proteins were in low concentrations. After accelerated ageing followed by H2O treatment, some bands of proteins appeared in the region of 2S albumins and were associated with a higher percentage of germination. Our results point out that invigoration treatments were more effective in low vigour seeds which can provide wide practical benefits.

Cabbage is one of the most commonly produced vegetable crops worldwide due to its ability to adapt to a range of climatic conditions and soil types. As an intensive vegetable crop, cabbage can be produced all year round. Regarding the fact that cabbage needs optimum agroclimatic conditions during growing period for better yielding results, the paper aims to clarify and define the specific agroclimatic requirements, such as temperature, water, light and soil, suitable for cabbage production. Cabbage production should take place on a seasonal basis, as an early, summer, autumn, or winter production. Production goals should take into consideration whether the cabbage is intended for fresh consumption, pickling, storage or another specific method of consumption or processing. Growing the same cultivar in two different temperatures during one year should be avoided. The combination of suitable production conditions, intensive cultivation practices and mechanisation, can boost the genetic potential of the cabbage cultivars. Local climate conditions greatly affect cabbage production, primarily plant growth, occurrence and development of diseases, harmful insects, and weeds. Production planning must take into consideration both the regional (mean annual temperatures and precipitation) and the local climate conditions (frost occurrence). Cabbage is currently produced in the open field throughout the year, but we may be forced to change the course of cabbage production due to the increase of extreme local climate change. For this reason, the aim of this paper was to give recommendations of agricultural practices that could minimize the detrimental effects of climate change in cabbage production. Kupus je jedno od najpopularnijih povrća na svetu zbog prilagodljivosti širokom rasponu klimatskih uslova i vrsti zemljišta. Predstavlja povrtarsku vrstu koja može da se proizvodi tokom cele godine. Da bi se ostvarili što veći prinosi, kupus mora imati optimalne agroklimatske uslove tokom vegetacione sezone. Iz tog razloga u radu smo hteli da približimo i definišemo potrebe kupusa za agroklimatskim uslovima proizvodnje, kao što su temperatura, voda, svetlost i zemljište. Proizvodnja kupusa treba da se odvija po principu sezonskog karaktera, kao rana, letnja, jesenja, ili zimska. Sledeći kriterijum treba da bude cilj proizvodnje, tj. da li je kupus namenjen svežoj potrošnji, kišeljenju, lagerovanju ili određenom načinu potrošnje/prerade. Trebalo bi izbegavati proizvodnju jedne iste sorte u dve temperaturno različite sezone tokom godine. Uspešnost proizvodnje u određenim agro-klimatskim uslovima u velikoj meri zavisi upravo od pravilnog odabira sorte. Pravilnom kombinacijom uslova proizvodnje, intenzivne agrotehnike i odgovarajuće mehanizacije možemo doprineti boljem ostvarivanju genetskog potencijala sorte kupusa. Lokalni klimatski faktori su bitan činilac u proizvodnji kupusa, kako sa aspekta razvića samih biljaka, tako i sa apekta pojave i razvoja bolesti, štetnih insekata i korova. Prilikom planiranja proizvodnje potrebno je uzeti u obzir regionalne (srednja godišnja temperatura i količina padavina) i lokalne (opasnost od mraza) klimatske uslove. Kupus se trenutno proizvodi na otvorenom polju tokom cele godine, ali zbog sve većih ekstremnih lokalnih klimatskih promena možemo biti primorani da koriujemo određeni deo proizvodnje kupusa. Iz tog razloga, cilj ovog rada bio je da ukaže na preporuke poljoprivredne prakse koje bi mogle da minimiziraju štetne efekte klimatskih promena u proizvodnji kupusa.

Seed vitality and vigour are the two most common parameters related to seed quality. It is crucial to have reliable methods and tests for seed quality and seed vigour testing. The standard germination test can be used to predict field emergence, but laboratory seed testing conditions are often in conflict with field conditions. Validated tests for vigour evaluation in legumes are the conductivity test, the accelerated ageing test and the tetrazolium test. Also, other types of vigour tests have been used to solve different problems in the seed sector. The modern approach, the computerised image analysis of legume seeds and sprouts, based on interactive and traditional methods, is a promising alternative for vigour determination. Vitalnost semena i vigor su dva najčešća parametra u vezi sa kvalitetom semena. Veoma je važno imati pouzdane metode i testove za ispitivanje kvaliteta i vigora semena. Standardni test klijavosti se može koristiti za predviđanje nicanja u polju, ali uslovi u kojima se nalazi seme tokom ispitivanja često su u suprotnosti sa uslovima na polju. Validovani testovi za procenu vigora leguminoza su test provodljivosti, test ubrzanog starenja i tetrazolijum test. U proučavanju životne sposobnosti semena leguminoza, zavisno od problema koji bi trebalo rešiti, koriste se i drugi vigor testovi. Savremeni pristup, zasnovan na interaktivnim i tradicionalnim metodama mašinskog učenja, omogućava pouzdanu ocenu semena i ponika leguminoza i predstavlja dobru alternativu za objektivno određivanje vigora.

Over 200 diseases with different etiologies have been determined in dry beans and green beans. However, viral diseases seem to cause the greatest economic da-mage to legume production in most parts of the world. Dry beans can be infected by 44 different viruses including Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Transmission through seeds and/or spread by aphids in non-persistent manner play important role in worldwide distribution of bean viruses. Viral diseases on dry and green beans can have an array of symptoms. The most common symptoms are the mosaic pattern, variegation or deformation of leaves and pods, resulting in reduced plant growth and yield.

Good crop establishment is essential for achieving high yield and constraints to good establishment include untimely sowing and low seed quality combined with various adverse growing conditions after sowing. Seed priming is a pre-sowing technique used for the improvement of germination, reduction of the time from sowing to emergence and improvement of emergence uniformity. Various seed priming techniques, such as hydropriming and priming with zinc, are used nowadays to improve crop establishment. The importance of seed priming with zinc for better germination, improved stand establishment, and higher maize yield are well documented. However, there is still a lack of results on the effects of seed priming with water and zinc on seed quality and viability, given that maize seed can be kept in storage for many years without a significant reduction in germination. The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming with water and Zn on the quality and viability of the maize seed. In order to evaluate the response of four maize hybrids to priming with water (hydropriming) and 4 mM zinc sulphate, primed seeds were subjected to laboratory tests, namely to the germination test, the cold test, and the accelerated aging test. Both priming treatments increased the seed quality, but the beneficial effect of Zn-priming maintained to a larger extent than hydropriming in cold-treated and aged seeds. The negative effects of hydropriming on the viability o f the aged seed of hybrid NS 4023 imply a possible limitation to deferred sowing of primed maize seed. U današnje vreme, različite tehnike prajminga semena, kao što su hidroprajming i prajming semena cinkom, koriste se u cilju poboljšanja useva. Značaj tehnika prajminga u postizanju bolje klijavosti semena, poboljšanju useva i postizanju visokog prinosa kukuruza dobro je dokumentovana. Međutim, još uvek nedostaju rezultati o uticaju prajminga semena vodom i cinkom na kvalitet i životnu sposobnost semena, s obzirom da se seme kukuruza može čuvati u skladištu duži niz godina bez značajnog smanjenja klijavosti. Ovo istraživanje je sprovedeno sa ciljem da se ispita uticaj prajminga semena vodom i cinkom na kvalitet i životnu sposobnost semena kukuruza. Za procenu odgovora četiri hibrida kukuruza na prajming semena vodom i 4mM rastvorom cink-sulfata, seme je nakon prajminga podvrgnuto laboratorijskim testovima, testu klijavosti, hladnom testu i testu ubrzanog starenja. Oba tretmana prajminga semena su uticala na povećanje kvaliteta semena kukuruza, ali blagotvorni efekat prajminga semena cinkom se ispoljio u većem stepenu od hidroprajminga u stresnim uslovima hladnog testa i testa ubrzanog starenja. Negativni efekti hidroprajminga na životnu sposobnost semena hibrida NS 4023 ukazuju na moguće ograničenje za odloženu setvu semena kukuruza nakon prajminga.

Highlights • Seed priming with Zn resulted in an average increase of maize grain yield by about 18% compared to control, and by about 8.4 % compared to water priming. • Zn-priming promoted plant growth and increased final plant height of three maize hybrids. • Overall experiment plant growth parameters were correlated with grain yield components and grain yield • Overall effect of seed priming on grain Zn concentration was significant, but it was increased by Zn-priming in two hybrids. • Using the seeds with elevated Zn content can improve overall field performance of maize grown on calcareous chernozem. Abstract Delivery of micronutrients to plants through seed priming improves seedling vigour and increase crops yields. Two-year filed trial was conducted in Pančevo, Serbia, with aim to study the effect of seed priming with zinc (Zn) on field performance of three maize hybrids on calcareous chernozem deficient in plant available Zn. Seed priming treatments were: control (without priming), water priming and priming with 4 mM zinc sulphate water solution . Seed priming had significant effect on early plant growth, plant height, yield components, grain yield and grain Zn concentration. Zn-priming promoted plant growth and increased final plant height. Across two growing seasons with contrasting precipitation and three tested maize hybrids, Zn-priming resulted in an average increase of grain yield by about 18% compared to control, and by about 8.4 % compared to water priming. A significant relationship between plant growth parameters, grain yield components and grain yield was detected. Grain Zn concentration was increased by Zn-priming in two hybrids in the season with less precipitation and in one hybrid in the second season.. The results imply that using the seeds with elevated Zn content can improve overall field performance of maize grown on calcareous chernozem.

Wheat grain Zn concentration has important implications for Zn dietary intake in humans. Zn biofortification of wheat by Zn foliar application has been recognized as an efficient tool to enhance grain Zn level. In Serbia, wheat is a staple crop, and no attention is paid to wheat grain as a source of Zn. For the first time, we investigated the effect of Zn foliar application on grain Zn concentration and yield of high-yielding local bread wheat cultivars in Serbia as potential to improve Zn intake in local population. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons at two sites located in Vojvodina Province. Zn was applied by spraying of 0.5% water solution of ZnSO4 at the end of flowering stage. Zn foliar application had no significant effect on grain yield. Significant increases of Zn grain concentration resulted from Zn treatment in all of five cultivars tested, ranging from 15 to 49%. No significant difference between the two sites was found in the mean increase in grain Zn concentration by Zn foliar application compared with the control. No correlation was found between grain yield and grain Zn concentration, implying that high grain yields common in intensive wheat production in Serbia do not limit Zn biofortification of grain by Zn foliar application. Zn biofortification of wheat grain by a single foliar spray at the end of the flowering stage can be recommended as an efficient tool to increase Zn intake in human population and prevent low dietary Zn intake.

In the 2018–19 growing season, a total of 51 leaves of eggplant plants grown under field conditions were collected randomly from nine private gardens at four different localities in the Province of Vojvodina. Eggplants with nearly 40% of plants showing bright yellow to white mosaic or mottling of leaves were found throughout the inspected fields (gardens). The collected samples were analyzed for the presence of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and potato virus Y (PVY) using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. Serological analysis of eggplant samples revealed the presence of AMV in 80.39% collected samples. None of the analyzed samples was positive for CMV and PVY. The virus was successfully mechanically transmitted to test plants including Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, as well as eggplant seedlings, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. The presence of AMV in eggplants was further verified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing, using the primers CP AMV1 and CP AMV2 that amplify part of the coat protein (CP) gene. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Serbian AMV isolates grouped into a separate well-supported group together with AMV isolates from Italy, Croatia and previously characterized isolates from Serbia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AMV infection of eggplant in Serbia. Tokom 2018. i 2019. godine, prikupljen je 51 uzorak biljaka plavog patlidžana iz devet useva sa četiri različita lokaliteta gajenja ove biljne vrste u Vojvodini. Tokom pregleda, na blizu 40% biljaka plavog patlidžana mogli su se uočiti simptomi u vidu žućkastobeličastih pega raspoređenih po čitavoj površini liske. Prikupljeni uzorci analizirani su na prisustvo virusa mozaika lucerke (alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV), virusa mozaika krastavca (cucumber mosaic virus, CMV) i Y virusa krompira (potato virus Y, PVY) korišćenjem komercijalno dostupnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. Serološkim analizama utvrđeno je prisustvo AMV u 80,39% prikupljenih uzoraka. Prisustvo CMV i PVY nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Virus je uspešno prenet mehaničkim inokulacijama test biljaka Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, kao i na klijance plavog patlidžana, čime je potvrđena infe ktivna priroda oboljenja. Prisustvo AMV u biljkama plavog patlidžana je dalje potvrđeno primenom RT-PCR metode (reverzna transkripcija praćena lančanom reakcijom polimeraze) i sekvencioniranjem odabranih izolata korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera CP AMV1 i CP AMV2, koji omogućavaju umnožavanje gena za protein omotača. Filogenetska analiza pokazala je grupisanje srpskih AMV izolata u jasno odvojenu grupu zajedno sa AMV izolatima iz Italije, Hrvatske i prethodno okarakterisanim izolatima iz Srbije. Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvi izveštaj o prisustvu virusa mozaika lucerke na plavom patlidžanu u Srbiji.

Fusarium spp. are important soil- and seed-borne pathogens of many field and vegetable crops, including orchards and medicinal plants (Leslie and Summerell 2006). Fusarium proliferatum is the most common pathogen infecting numerous crop plants and occurring in various climatic zones. In Serbia, this species is well-known as a pathogen of wheat, maize, bean, and recently, garlic and onion (Levic et al. 2009; Stankovic et al. 2007). Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) is grown in Serbia as a member of the Lamiaceae family for the needs of pharmaceutical companies and tea production, because of its medicinal and aromatic properties. In Serbia, production takes place on about 500 ha (no official data). During a routine quality control of hyssop seeds collected from Rumenka (Vojvodina Province), in 2018, fungal infection followed by seed rot was noticed on an average of 22%. White mycelium covered infected seeds with violet pigmentation occurring under the seeds. Microscopic observation confirmed the presence of Fusarium spp. Prior to isolation, seeds were surface disinfected in 1% NaOCl for 3 min, rinsed, dried, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated at 25°C under ultraviolet light (“black light”) with a 12-h photoperiod (Mathur and Kongsdall 2003). Seven days later, 12 Fusarium spp. isolates (JBL 4003/1 to 4003/12) were single spored and subcultured on both PDA and carnation leaf agar. Pathogenicity testing was performed in vitro using a modified agar slant method in the test tube with PDA amended (Porter et al. 2015). A piece of mycelium of each isolate grown on PDA for 7 days was placed at the bottom of the tube, and 2 cm above the inoculum, dried hyssop seed was carefully placed. After 10 days, fungal mycelia of 12 isolates caused seed rot and seedling decay. All the tested isolates were reisolated and used for further analysis. The isolate JBL 4003/2 formed white, aerial, and abundant colonies, with light violet to brown pigmentation in agar. Within 5 days, microconidia were formed in the aerial mycelium, in long chains or cohering in false heads. Slightly curved rather straight macroconidia were formed, with a distinct foot cell, mostly three to five septate, with average dimensions of 31 to 53 × 3.4 to 4.1 µm. No chlamydospores were observed. Based on the description given by Gerlach and Nirenberg (1982), cultural and morphological characteristics indicated that the isolate JBL 4003/2 belongs to F. proliferatum. To obtain a DNA sequence-based identification, total DNA was extracted directly from the mycelium with a DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Following DNA extraction, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha region was amplified by PCR using the primer pair EF1 and EF2 (Geiser et al. 2004). Sequences were analyzed and BLAST searched against GenBank (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and FUSARIUM-ID (http://fusariumdb.org/). Isolate designated as JBL 4003/2 was deposited in the NCBI GenBank database under the accession number MK061541.1. BLASTn queries of GenBank and the Fusarium-ID database showed 100% identity to accession numbers KY801934.1 and MK507798.1, which belong to F. proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg. Based on Koch’s postulates and sequence analysis, to our knowledge this is the first report of F. proliferatum as the causal agent of H. officinalis seed rot in Serbia.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important oilseed crop belonging to the family Asteraceae. A total of 46 safflower samples were collected from Srbobran locality (South Bačka District) in Serbia in 2015 and analysed for the presence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), using commercial double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA kits. Both viruses, CMV and AMV, were detected serologically in the collected samples. None of the analysed samples was found to be positive for LMV. The presence of CMV was further confirmed by mechanical transmission to test the plants including Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotiana glutinosa, and Datura stramonium as well as C. tinctorius, confirming the infectious nature of the disease. Molecular detection of CMV was performed by amplification of a 871 bp fragment in all the tested samples, using the specific primers CMVCPfwd/CMVCPrev that amplify the entire coat protein (CP) gene and part of 3'and 5'-UTRs of CMV RNA 3. The RT-PCR products derived from the isolates 290Saff and 294Saff were sequenced (MH577791 and MH577792, respectively) and compared with the CMV sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on CP gene sequences showed clustering of the selected isolates into three subgroups: IA, IB and II. Serbian CMV isolates found in safflower belong to subgroup II. To our knowledge, this is the first report on CMV infection of safflower in Serbia, which has the potential to cause substantial damage to safflower production and pose a threat to other economic crops grown in Serbia. Šafranika (Carthamus tinctorius L.) predstavlja jednu od važnih uljanih kultura koja pripada familiji Asteraceae. Tokom 2015. godine, prikupljeno je 46 uzoraka biljaka šafranike poreklom iz Srbobrana koji su serološki testirani na prisustvo virusa mozaika krastavca (cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virusa mozaika lucerke (alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV) i virusa mozaika salate (lettuce mosaic virus, LMV) korišćenjem komercijalnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. U prikupljenim uzorcima dokazano je prisustvo CMV i AMV, dok prisustvo LMV nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Prisustvo CMV je dalje potvrđeno mehaničkim inokulacijama test biljaka Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor, Nicotianaglutinosa i Datura stramonium kao i na C. tinctorius, čime je potvrđena infektivna priroda oboljenja. Molekularna detekcija CMV obavljena je amplifikacijom fragmenta dužine 871 bp kod svih ispitivanih izolata korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera CMVCPfwd/CMVCPrev koji omogućavaju umnožavanje celog CP gena kao i delove 5' i 3' UTR. U cilju dalje identifikacije, RT-PCR produkti izolata 290Saff i 294Saff su sekvencionisani (MH577791 i MH577792) i upoređeni sa CMV sekvencama dostupnim u GenBank bazi podataka. Filogenetska analiza na osnovu sekvence CP gena pokazala je grupisanje odabranih izolata u tri podgrupe, IA, IB i II. Izolati CMV iz šafranike poreklom iz Srbije grupisali su se u podgrupu II. Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvi izveštaj o prisustvu CMV na biljkama šafranike u Srbiji koji može da nanese veliku štetu u proizvodnji ove biljne vrste, a takođe predstavlja pretnju drugim ekonomski značajnim gajenim biljnim vrstama u Srbiji.

Protease inhibitor activity is frequently measured in legume seeds as protease inhibitors are thought to have anti-nutritional as well as anti-carcinogenic properties. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) can be measured using different methods. The microtiter plate method is very convenient and routinely used; therefore, in this study, we analyzed the measurement uncertainty of the microtiter plate method to understand what affects the measurement results, as well as to compare TIA values obtained by similar and different methods. For uncertainty analysis of TIA measurement, we used the soybean variety 'Vojvodjanka,' which is known to have TIA greater than 80 trypsin units inhibited (TUI) per mg of seed. We followed the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) for our uncertainty analysis of the microtiter plate method for TIA testing, which we present in the form of an uncertainty budget. Absorbance measurement and preparation of sample reaction mixture took the largest percent (71 %) of overall uncertainty of TIA value. The TIA of soybean variety 'Vojvodjanka' was (94.1 +/- A 8.4) TUI/mg, and this result is consistent with those obtained by other authors. The microtiter plate method is a reliable method for TIA measurement, making seed quality testing more efficient.

The most critical aspect of plant survival and reproduction is seed germination. Considering the specificity of the Cannabis sativa production, obtaining high-quality hemp seed is not an easy task. Germination testing is often the most reliable way of assessing viability, but the selection of appropriate methods is complex. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different conditions (i.e. various methods of germination testing) on the successful process of hemp seed germination, achieving maximum germination potential. Our results showed that C. sativa seeds germinated well in different methods, such as between filter papers, top of filter papers and sand, but there were significant differences between the applied methods. This means that the hemp seeds may have different requirements for germination than conditions covered by the Rules recommended methods. Further, the results show that hemp seed may have certain residual dormancy that needs to be investigated in detail. Najkritičnija faza preživljavanja i razmnožavanja biljaka je klijanje semena. S obzirom na specifičnost proizvodnje industrijske konoplje (Cannabis sativa), dobijanje visokokvalitetnog semena konoplje nije jednostavno. Ispitivanje klijavosti je često najpouzdaniji način procene vitalnosti, ali je odabir odgovarajućih metoda složen. Ovo istraživanje je sprovedeno kako bi se procenio efekat različitih uslova tj. različitih metoda testiranja klijavosti, na proces klijanja semena konoplje uz postizanje maksimalnog potencijala za klijanje. Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da seme C. sativa dobro klija primenom različitih metoda (između filter papira, na filter papiru, pesak), ali postoje značajne razlike između primenjenih metoda. Ovo praktično znači da seme konoplje može imati zahteve za klijavost različite od onih koje su obuhvaćene preporučenim metodama. Takođe, rezultati pokazuju da kod semena konoplje možda postoji neki vid zaostale dormantnosti što je potrebno dodatno istražiti.

Global resources are being invested heavily for research and development involving new genetic modification technologies. Growing genetically modified (GM) crops has opened up a debate on the safety of GM crops and the potential long-term harmful effects on the environment, human health and sustainability of new technologies. Food that contains some of the GM ingredients is progressively present on the world market. National legislations differ in countries around the world, from the complete ban on GM foods, to propaganda and acceptance without marking. In our country, according to current regulations, import raw materials for the food industry are controlled for the presence of genetic modification. In order to protect consumers and food safety, it is necessary to monitor the presence of genetic modification at key points in production, from primary production, through processing to market placement. Za istraživanja i razvoj novih tehnologija proizvodnje genetičkih modifikacija se na globalnom nivou ulažu ogromna sredstva. Gajenje genetički modifikovanih (GM) biljaka otvorilo je veliku debatu o bezbednosti GM useva i mogućih dugoročnih štetnih uticaja na životnu sredinu, zdravlje ljudi i održivost novih tehnologija. Hrana koja sadrži neki od sastojaka koji je GM je sve više prisutna na svetskom tržištu. Nacionalna zakonodavstva se razlikuju u zemljama u svetu, od potpune zabrane GM hrane, do propagiranja i prihvatanja bez obeležavanja. U našoj zemlji se, prema važećim propisima, uvozne sirovine za prehrambenu industriju kontrolišu na prisustvo genetičke modifikacije. U cilju zaštite potrošača i bezbednosti hrane neophodan je monitoring na prisustvo genetičke modifikacije na ključnim tačkama u proizvodnji, od primarne proizvodnje, preko prerade do plasmana na tržištu.

In 2018, a total of 58 mustard samples from two different localities in Serbia (Rimski Šančevi and Senta) were collected and tested for the presence of Turnip yellow virus (TuYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) by DAS-ELTSA. TuYV was serologically detected in 42 tested samples while all collected samples were negative for CaMV and TuMV. By using aphid transmission tests, five test plants were inoculated with two ELTSApositive TuYV samples of naturally infected mustard plants. Virus species identification was performed by amplification of a 780 bp fragment in all tested samples using the specific primers TuYVorf0F/TuYVorf0R. The RTPCR products from two isolates 88Sal (MK144816) and 98Bni (MK144817) were sequenced and compared with the GenBank sequences of TuYV. Serbian isolates showed the highest identity with Poland TuYV isolate (EU022489). Phylogenetic analysis showed that TuYV isolates from Serbia were clustered with other TuYV sequences retrieved from the GenBank. Tokom 2018. godine, sa dva lokaliteta gajenja slačice, ukupno je sakupljeno 58 uzoraka koji su serološki testirani na prisustvo Turnip yellow virus (TuYV), Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) i Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) korišćenjem komercijalno dostupnih kitova za DAS-ELISA test. Prisustvo TuYV serološki je dokazano u 42 sakupljena uzorka slačice, dok prisustvo CaMV i TuMV nije dokazano ni u jednom od testiranih uzoraka. Za dalja istraživanja odabrana su dva izolata TuYV prirodno zaraženih biljaka slačice, koji su uspešno preneti vašima na pet različitih test biljaka, čime je potvrđena infektivna priroda oboljenja. Molekularna detekcija obavljena je amplifikacijom fragmenta dužine 780 bp kod četiri ispitivana izolata korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera TuYVorf0F i TuYVorfOR. RT-PCR produkti izolata 88Sal i 98Bni su sekvencirani (MK144816 i MK144817) i upoređeni sa TuYV sekvencama dostupnim u GenBank bazi podataka. Izolati iz Srbije su pokazali najviši stepen nukleotidne sličnosti od 98,9% i 99% (100% aminokiselinska sličnost) sa izolatom TuYV Br iz Poljske (EU022489). Filogenetska analiza pokazala je grupisanje TuYV izolata iz Srbije zajedno sa ostalim TuYV izolatima iz GenBank baze podataka.

During the routine quality control analysis on bean seeds in 2015, Fusarium fungal infection was observed on an average of 17% of the bean seed. The objective of this paper was isolation and identification of Fusarium sp. based on the pathogen's morphological and molecular characteristics. Morphological identification of Fusarium isolates was performed on PDA and CLA. DNA of 14 Fusarium sp. isolates was extracted directly from the mycelium (~ 100 mg wet weight), with a Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Following DNA extraction, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha region was amplified by PCR with the primer pair EF1 and EF2. An amplicon of 700 bp was amplified in all tested isolates. Identification of one isolate was performed by sequencing the translation elongation factor EF-1a gene. Completed morphological and molecular characteristics of isolates, as well as the results of sequencing confirmed that Fusarium proliferatum was the causal agent of bean seed rot. Tokom rutinske kontrole kvaliteta semena pasulja (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) u 2015. godini ustanovljeno je prisustvo Fusarium sp. u visokom procentu, u proseku 17%. Cilj ovog rada bio je izolacija i identifikacija prouzrokovača truleži semena pasulja, na osnovu morfoloških i molekularnih karakteristika patogena. Odgajivačke karakteristike 14 odabranih izolata ocenenjene su na PDA i CLA podlogama. Ekstrakcija DNK 14 odabranih izolata obavljena je direktno iz 100 mg sveže micelije, korišćenjem Dneasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Nemačka). Amplifikacija DNK obavljena je pomoću PCR korišćenjem para prajmera EF1 i EF2. U svim proučavanim izolatima formirani su amplikoni veličine 700 bp. Identifikacija jednog odabranog izolata izvršena je sekvenciranjem translacionog faktora EF-1 a gena. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata ustanovljeno je da je prouzrokovač truleži semena pasulja Fusarium proliferatum.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of different neonicotinoid seed treatments on viability and vigour of maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines. The trial included three maize inbred lines (207 x 312/5 DNS, 7-1 NS, and 312/5 DNS) treated with recommended doses of three commercial formulations of systemic insecticides (Poncho 600-FS, Gaucho 600-FS, and Cruiser 350-FS). Generally, formulation Gaucho 600-FS can be considered the most harmful regarding the impact on the reduction of germination in all tested maize inbred lines. A significant reduction of germination in maize inbred line 7-1 NS was observed after seed treatment with Cruiser 350-FS, using the standard germination test and cold test. A significant increase in seedlings root and shoot growth of maize inbred line 312/5 DNS treated with Poncho 600-FS and Cruiser 350-FS was noted using the cold test. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita uticaj različitih tretmana semena neonikotinoidima na životnu sposobnost i vigor semena inbred (Zea mays L.) linija kukuruza. Eksperimentalni objekti su bile tri različite inbred linije kukuruza (207 x 312/5 DNS, 7-1 NS i 312/5 DNS) tretirane sa tri komercijalne formulacije (Poncho 600-FS, Gaucho 600-FS i Cruiser 350-FS) u preporučenim dozama. Generalno se Gaucho 600-FS može smatrati štetnim pošto utiče na smanjenje klijavosti semena kod svih ispitivanih inbred linija. Značajno smanjenje klijavosti semena inbred linije 7-1 NS primećeno je nakon tretmana sa Cruiser 350-FS kod standarnog testa klijavosti i hladnog testa. Značajan porast korena i nadzemnog dela izdanaka inbred linije 312/5 DNS tretirane formulacijama Poncho 600-FS i Cruiser 350-FS je uočen primenom hladnog testa.