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The Community Planning Association of Canada (CPAC) played a key role in advocating for the re-establishment of planning in Canada. The CPAC was remarkably effective, with broad popular support with thousands of citizen members in the late 1950s. The CPAC educated the public about the purpose of community planning and encouraged public participation at local and regional scales across Canada from 1946 until the Association collapsed in 1979. We believe that 1944 to 1947 period was a critical juncture establishing planned suburban development in Canada as a path-dependent process with tremendous momentum into the 21st century. During this period, the federal government set post-war reconstruction objectives, and both Central (now Canada) Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) and the CPAC were formed. It is still yet to be determined whether the formation of the CMHC or CPAC was the critical juncture. Using a historical-institutional approach, the role of CMHC and the influence of the CPAC is examined. An analysis of key events, actors, and themes, relying on extensive archival material from 1944-64, demonstrates that the CPAC gave tremendous push along the path dependent process of suburbanization in post-war Canada., International Planning History Society Proceedings, Vol. 19 No. 1 (2022): City Space Transformation

Bradley D Menz,1 Esmita Charani,2,3 David L Gordon,4,5 Andrew JM Leather,6 S Ramani Moonesinghe,7,8 Cameron J Phillips1,4,9 1SA Pharmacy, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 2Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; 3National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; 4Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 5Division of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; 6Centre for Global Health and Health Partnerships, School of Population Health and Environmental Science, Kings College London, London, UK; 7Centre for Perioperative Medicine, UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, London, UK; 8UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; 9Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaCorrespondence: Cameron J PhillipsCollege of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, AustraliaTel +61 8 8204 4400Email Cameron.Phillips@flinders.edu.auAbstract: The increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a global crisis to healthcare, with longstanding antimicrobial agents becoming less effective at treating and preventing infection. In the surgical setting, antibiotic prophylaxis has long been established as routine standard of care to prevent surgical site infection (SSI), which remains one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. The growing incidence of AMR increases the risk of SSI complicated with resistant bacteria, resulting in poorer surgical outcomes (prolonged hospitalisation, extended durations of antibiotic therapy, higher rates of surgical revision and mortality). Despite these increasing challenges, more data are required on approaches at the institutional and patient level to optimise surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in the era of antibiotic resistance (AR). This review provides an overview of the common resistant bacteria encountered in the surgical setting and covers wider considerations for practice to optimise surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in the perioperative setting.Keywords: antibiotic resistance, perioperative care, surgical antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site infection, antimicrobial stewardship

Refereed/Peer-reviewed The increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents a global crisis to healthcare, with longstanding antimicrobial agents becoming less effective at treating and preventing infection. In the surgical setting, antibiotic prophylaxis has long been established as routine standard of care to prevent surgical site infection (SSI), which remains one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. The growing incidence of AMR increases the risk of SSI complicated with resistant bacteria, resulting in poorer surgical outcomes (prolonged hospitalisation, extended durations of antibiotic therapy, higher rates of surgical revision and mortality). Despite these increasing challenges, more data are required on approaches at the institutional and patient level to optimise surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in the era of antibiotic resistance (AR). This review provides an overview of the common resistant bacteria encountered in the surgical setting and covers wider considerations for practice to optimise surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in the perioperative setting.