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Due to improved efficiency and reduced cost of viral sequencing, molecular cluster analysis can be feasibly utilized alongside existing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention strategies. The goal of this paper is to elucidate how HIV molecular cluster and social network analyses are being integrated to implement HIV response interventions. We searched PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library databases for studies incorporating both HIV molecular cluster and social network data. We identified 32 articles that combined analyses of HIV molecular sequences and social or sexual networks. All studies were descriptive. Six studies described network interventions informed by molecular and social data but did not fully evaluate their efficacy. There is no current standard for incorporating molecular and social network analyses to inform interventions or data demonstrating its utility. More research must be conducted to delineate benefits and best practices for leveraging molecular data for network-based interventions., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Sexual violence is a significant public health concern in the United States, affecting as many as one in two women and one in four men. However, few medical schools offer education on trauma-informed communication with patients who disclose sexual assault (SA). The goal of this training was to provide medical students with an understanding of how to empathically respond to SA disclosures, collect pertinent medical information while avoiding retraumatization, and empower patients to feel in control of their care., Methods: One hundred forty-nine second-year medical students at Rush Medical College attended a 1-hour didactic lecture discussing the needs of SA survivors followed by small-group sessions during which they practiced trauma-informed communication skills. Students completed anonymous pre- and postsession surveys featuring nine Likert-scale questions that assessed comfort level providing trauma-informed care., Results: Of the 149 attendees, 88 (59%) completed matched pre- and posttraining surveys that demonstrated significant improvement in all assessed metrics of trauma-informed care, including comfort collecting information, empowering survivors, and responding to and normalizing patients' concerns. Two weeks after completing the training, all 149 students also correctly answered a free-response question testing retention of key training takeaways on their Sexuality and Reproduction final exam., Discussion: The training significantly improved medical student comfort in providing trauma-informed care across all collected metrics. The training can be feasibly reproduced at other institutions so that future physicians across specialties can provide trauma-informed care, ideally improving the acute and chronic health outcomes that disproportionately affect SA survivors., (© 2021 Gore et al.)

The distribution of inhaled UO2 particles is described in the upper respiratory tract of rats up to 14 d after inhalation. Delayed neutron analysis was used to determine accurately nanogram quantities of UO2 present in excised tissues. The mass of UO2 in the extrapulmonary bronchi and first bifurcation decreased more slowly over 0--8 d after inhalation than the corresponding mass on the trachea. Between 8 and 14 d neither amount altered significantly. Small but significant quantities of UO2 deposited on the trachea during inhalation, remained until at least 14 d after inhalation.

The distribution and clearance of inhaled UO2 particles in the respiratory tract of the rat has been determined by track counting in histological sections of lung at various times after a single brief inhalation. The results do not agree with the I.C.R.P. lung model. An alternative model is proposed which is more consistent with the data.

In this experiment the relative masses of UO2 particles per unit mass of tissue are determined between intrapulmonary airways and pulmonary tissue in rat lungs. A mean value of 0.57 +/- 0.06 (SE) was determined in tissue sections taken at 3-mm or 5-mm intervals throughout the lobes of animals killed from 2 to 35 days after inhalation. The experimental results are compared with data derived from the ICRP Lung Model for man and indicate that in the rate approximately 4% of the lung burden as opposed to about 0.02% derived for man is associated with the intrapulmonary airways. The 4% figure, if also applicable to man, would have extremely important implications in radiological protection, since the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium are thought to be sensitive to the induction of bronchogenic carcinoma.

An analysis is described of the mass distribution of inhaled UO2 particles in the pulmonary tissue of rats by random sampling of fields in autoradiographs of histological sections. The degree of nonrandomness is compared between fields, between sections, and between lobes and interpreted in terms of the physical distribution of UO2. The error in the estimate of the mean number of charged-particle tracks from UO2 per field in the pulmonary tissue by selective tissue sampling is related to the degree of nonrandomness of the UO2 distribution. Estimates of this error in the lungs from nine animals range from 5.2 to 8.4%. When estimating this error, it is concluded that, in the case of the rat, sections should be taken at intervals of 3 mm or less throughout the lobes.

In a preliminary investigation of 'hot particle' carcinogenesis uranium oxide particles were introduced into the lungs of rats either by intubation of a liquid suspension of the particles or by inhalation of an aerosol. Subsequently the animals were briefly exposed to slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor, resulting in localized irradiation of the lung by fission fragments emitted from 235U atoms in the oxide particles. The uranium used in the intubation experiments was either enriched or depleted in 235U. Squamous cell carcinomas developed at the site of deposition of the enriched uranium oxide in many cases but no lung tumours occurred in the rats with the depleted uranium oxide, in which the lung tissue was exposed to very few fission fragments. Only enriched uranium oxide was used in the inhalation experiments. Pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas occurred after the fission fragment irradiation but were fewer than in the intubation experiments. Adenocarcinomas of the lung were seen in rats exposed to uranium oxide without subsequent irradiation by neutrons in the reactor and in rats irradiated with neutrons but not previously exposed to uranium oxide. It is concluded that (i) fission fragments were possibly implicated in the genesis of the squamous cell carcinomas, which only developed in those animals exposed to enriched uranium oxide and neutrons and (ii) the adenocarcinomas in the rats inhaling enriched uranium oxide only were likely to have been caused by protracted irradiation of the lung with alpha-rays emitted from the enriched uranium.

A technique is described by which the distributions of both fissionable and alpha-emitting radionuclides in histological sections of lung are visualised in the nuclear track recording plastic CR-39. Fission fragments and alpha-particles from radionuclides contained within the section register as tracks in CR-39 and an image of the tissue structure is induced, superimposed upon the track distribution, by means of low-energy (less than 1 MeV) alpha-particles from an external 238Pu source. Thus accurate apposition of the track distribution and tissue structure is achieved. The efficiencies of this system for alpha-particle and fission fragment detection are 0.51 +/- 0.09 (SD) and 0.48 +/- 0.08 (SD) respectively.