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Investigated whether normal children could self-regulate intermittent cycle ergometer exercise using a prescribed target rating of perceived exertion (RPE), discriminate between target RPEs, and produce intermittent target RPEs in ascending and descending sequences. RPE was estimated using the Children's OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion. Overall, children were able to use the OMNI Scale to self-regulate short-duration, intermittent cycle exercise intensity. (SM)

This investigation examined the validity of newly developed Adult OMNI Elliptical Ergometer Ratings of Perceived Exertion Scales. 60 men and women performed a graded exercise test on an elliptical ergometer. Oxygen consumption (V[O.sub.2]), heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded at each stage from the Borg 15 Category scale and two different OMNI scales. One scale employed an elliptical ergometer format of the OMNI Picture System of Perceived Exertion. The second scale modified verbal, numerical, and pictorial descriptors at the low end of the response range. Concurrent and construct validity were established by the positive relation between ratings of perceived exertion from each OMNI scale with V[O.sub.2], HR, and Borg scale ratings of perceived exertion (men, r= .94-.97; women, r = .93-.98). Validity was established for both OMNI scales, indicating either metric can be used to estimate ratings of perceived exertion during partial weight-bearing exercise. DOI 10.2466/05.06.PMS.111.6.848-862

This investigation compared estimated and predicted peak oxygen consumption ([[??]o.sub.2]peak) and maximal heart rate ([HR.sub.max]) among the treadmill, cycle ergometer, and elliptical ergometer. Seventeen women (mean [+ or -] SE: 21.9 [+ or -] 0.3 y) exercised to exhaustion on all modalities. American College of Sports Medicine metabolic equations were used to estimate [[??]o.sub.2]peak. Digital displays on the elliptical ergometer were used to estimate [[??]o.sub.2]peak. Two individual linear regression methods were used to predict Vo2peak: (a) 2 steady state heart rate (HR) responses up to 85% of age-predicted [HR.sub.max] and (b) multiple steady state/nonsteady state HR responses up to 85% of age-predicted [HR.sub.max]. Estimated [[??]o.sub.2]peak for the treadmill (46.3 [+ or -] 1.3 ml x [kg.sup.-1] x [min.sup.-1]) and the elliptical ergometer (44.4 [+ or -] 1.0 ml x [kg.sup.-1] x [min.sup.-1]) did not differ. The cycle ergometer estimated Vo2peak (36.5 [+ or -] 1.0 ml x [kg.sup.-1] x [min.sup.-1]) was lower (p < 0.001) than the estimated [[??]o.sub.2]peak values for the treadmill and elliptical ergometer. Elliptical ergometer [[??]o.sub.2]peak predicted from steady-state (51.4 [+ or -] .8 ml x [kg.sup.-1] x [min.sup.-1]) and steady-state/nonsteady-state (50.3 [+ or -] 2.0 ml x [kg.sup.-1] x [min.sup.-1]) models were higher than estimated elliptical ergometer [[??]o.sub.2]peak, p < 0.01. [HR.sub.max], and estimates of [[??]o.sub.2]peak were similar between the treadmill and elliptical ergometer; thus, crossmodal exercise prescriptions may be generated. The use of digital display estimates of submaximal oxygen uptake for the elliptical ergometer may not be an accurate method for predicting [[??]o.sub.2]peak. Health-fitness professionals should use caution when utilizing submaximal elliptical ergometer digital display estimates to predict [[??]o.sub.2]peak. Key Words ACSM equations, nonsteady-state exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to identify a perceptually based warning zone to anticipate termination of Bruce treadmill tests. Apparently healthy adult women (n = 116) and men (n =55) participated. The time to test termination was measured from the point during the treadmill test at which participants estimated a rating of perceived exertion of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17 using the Borg 6-20 scale to specify the rating of perceived exertion which was less than or equal to one exercise test stage. Women exercised for 141.9 [+ or -] 99.2 sec. after reporting a rating of perceived exertion of 14. Men terminated the treadmill test 120.1 [+ or -] 80.0 sec. after estimating their rating of perceived exertion to be 15, indicating volitional test termination will occur before the next exercise stage is completed. Accurate and timely prediction of test termination using ratings of perceived exertion may enhance the safety of exercise tests administered to apparently healthy adults and facilitate obtaining endpoint measures upon which to prescribe exercise intensity. DOI 10.2466/PMS.110.1.213-223

Whether the translation of verbal descriptors from English to Spanish affects the validity of the Children's OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion is not known, so the validity of a Spanish version of the OMNI was examined with 32 boys and 36 girls (9 to 12 years old) for whom Spanish was the primary language. Oxygen consumption, ventilation, respiratory rate, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion for the overall body (RPE-O) were measured during an incremental treadmill test. All response values displayed significant linear increases across test stages. The linear regression analyses indicated RPE-O values were distributed as positive linear functions of oxygen consumption, ventilation, respiratory rate, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate, and percent of maximal oxygen consumption. All regression models were statistically significant. The Spanish OMNI Scale is valid for estimating exercise effort during walking and running amongst Hispanic youth whose primary language is Spanish.

The purposes of this study were to identify a zone of normality based upon ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and compare the RPE of women with coronary artery disease to this zone. 45 healthy women (34.8 [+ or -] 9.1 yr.) completed a Bruce treadmill test. RPE were estimated during the last minute of each workload. The zone of normality was established as the 95% confidence interval spanning the average line when RPE was regressed against MET. 51 women (66.6 [+ or -] 9.3 yr.) with coronary artery disease completed a symptom-limited treadmill test. 3i of the women with coronary artery disease were taking beta blockers. RPE were compared to the RPE/MET relation of the zone. 57% of the women with coronary artery disease estimated RPE above the zone during the treadmill test. RPE responses above the zone of normality indicate an elevated perceptual strain for a given energy expenditure (i.e., MET). The zone of normality might be used as an aid in discriminating between normal and abnormal RPE responses during graded treadmill tests by women with coronary artery disease.

This investigation developed statistical models to estimate one repetition maximum (1 RM) muscular strength using submaxireal ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) as predictor variables. Ten- to 14-year-old girls (n = 35) and boys (n = 35) performed two sets (10 repetitions) of biceps curl (BC) and knee extension (KE) exercise using weights approximating 30% and 50% 1 RM. RPE was assessed during the final repetition of each set using the children's OMNI Resistance Exercise Scale (0-10). Sex-specific statistical models predicted 1 RM using RPE derived from both sets of BC and KE exercises. For both girls and boys, RPE ranged from 3.7 to 6.6 for BC and 4.1 to 7.2 for KE. Group mean 1 RM was (a) girls: BC, 7.44 kg, KE, 13.25 kg and (b) boys: BC, 9.19 kg, KE, 16.24 kg. One repetition maximum prediction models for girls were significant (P < 0.01 ) for BC (r = 0.87) and KE (r = 0.89). One repetition maximum prediction models for boys were significant (P < 0.01) for BC (r = 0.89) and KE (r = 0.87). The RPE predictors were practical and accurate measures, making the 1 RM models potentially applicable when assessing large numbers of children in short time periods. KEY WORDS perceived exertion, muscle strength, biceps curl, knee extension

Direct kinematic observation was used to measure ratings of perceived exertion at the ventilatory breakpoint (RPE-Vpt) in 10- to 14-yr.-old girls (n = 22) and boys (n = 22). RPE for the overall body, legs, and chest were simultaneously estimated by a trained observer and self-rated by a subject during treadmill exercise using the Children's OMNI-Walk/Run Scale. Subjects' heart rate and oxygen consumption were measured during each minute of exercise. Vpt for the girls and boys, respectively, were 64.2 and 66.5% [VO.sub.2] max. RPE-Vpt ranged from 6.0 to 6.5 Overall, 7.1 to 7.6 Legs, and 5.0 to 5.5 Chest for both the observation and self-rating procedures. Responses indicated (a) RPE-Vpt (Overall, Legs, Chest) did not differ (p > .05) between the observer and self-rating procedures and (b) Observer RPE-Vpt Legs was greater (p

The purposes of this investigation were to identify a zone of normality for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and to compare the RPE responses in patients with coronary artery disease to this zone. The zone was generated from RPE estimated during the last minute of each stage of a Bruce treadmill test in 44 normal adult men. RPE were regressed against the corresponding MET level for each exercise stage. The zone was established as the 95% confidence interval (CI) spanning the average RPE vs MET regression line. RPE estimated during the last 1.0 min. of a Bruce or Modified Balke treadmill test administered to adult men (n = 37) with coronary artery disease were compared to the 95% CI zone. A total of 19 (51%) of the coronary artery disease patients estimated RPE during a progressively incremented treadmill test that were above the zone, indicating a comparatively greater than normal perception of strain for a given metabolic stress. The presently generated zone provides a practical use of RPE in the interpretation of clinical exercise tests.

The purposes of this study were to determine whether acute resistance exercise increases serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels postexercise, and if so, whether resistance exercise training status influences the magnitude of the exercise-induced lipid peroxidation response. Twelve recreationally resistance-trained (RT) and 12 untrained (UT) men who did not have resistance exercise experience in the past year participated in this study. All subjects completed an 8-exercise circuit resistance exercise protocol consisting of 3 sets of 10 repetiions at 10 repetitions maximum for each exercise. Blood samples were obtained pre-exercise, at 5 minutes postexercise, and at 6, 24, and 48 hours postexercise. At pre-exercise, MDA (nmol*[ml.sup.1) averaged 3.41 [+ or 1] 0.25 (RT) and 3.20 [+ or 1] 0.25 (UT) and did not differ (p > 0.05) either between groups or over time. Creatine kinase (IU*[L.sup.-1]) was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated 5 minutes post-exercisse (170.6 [+ or 1] 25.8), 6 hours post exercise (290.3 [+ or 1] 34.4), 24 hours postexercise (365.5 [+ or 1] 49.9), and 48 hours postexercise (247.5 [+ or 1] 38.5) as compared with pre-exercise (126.4 [+ or 1] 20.2) for both groups. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in CK activity between groups. This study indicated that moderate-intensity whole-body resistance exercise had no effect on serum MDA concentration in RT and UT subjects. Key Words. free radicals, muscle damage, oxidative stress, resistance training

This investigation compared percent fat obtained via underwater weighing using measured and predicted residual lung volume (RLV) in euhydrated and hypehydrated collegiate wrestlers (N = 67). RLV was measured using [O.sub.2] rebreathing or [0.sub.2] dilution and predicted using 3 equations--Equation 1:(0.019 x height [cm]) + (0.0115 x age [years])--2.24; Equation 2: (0.017 x age [years]) + (0.06858 x height [in.])--3.477; and Equation 3: (0.0275 age [years]) + (0.0189 height [cm])--2.6139. Percent fat determined using RLV Equation 2 did not differ from the value obtained using measured RLV in the euhydrated (10.9 (+ or -] 5.1 vs. 11.5 [+ or -] 5.6% fat) or hypohydrated (10.8 [+ or -] 5.1 vs. 12.3 [+ or -] 5.6% fat) trials. All other percent fat values differed (p < 0.05) from the value obtained using measured RLV in euhydrated subjects. The use of RLV Equation 2 may be a practical alternative to measured RLV in determining percent fat in euhydrated and hypohydrated collegiate wrestlers. KEY WORDS. percent fat, hydration status, hydrostatic weighing

Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) are commonly used to monitor the intensity of aerobic exercise. Whether ratings of perceived exertion can be used similarly during resistance exercise is unclear. To examine this question, perceived exertion was measured at 30% and 90% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM), while holding work constant between intensities. Ratings for the active muscles and for the overall body were examined during both intensities. 10 male (age = 23.2 [+ or -] 3.6 yr.) and nine female (age = 21.8 [+ or -] 2.7 yr.) volunteers underwent a one-repetition maximum procedure for each of the following exercises: bench press, leg press, latissimus pull down, triceps press, biceps curl, shoulder press, and calf raise. All subjects then completed two experimental trials on separate days. The high-intensity trial consisted of one set of five repetitions at 90% of the one-repetition maximum. The low-intensity trial consisted of one set of 15 repetitions at 30% of the one-repetition maximum. Active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately at termination of each of the seven exercises at both intensities. A two-factor (RPE x Intensity) repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed separately for each exercise. Both active muscle and overall body ratings of perceived exertion were higher (p