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With the rapid development of China’s highway construction, the huge demand for funds and the lack of financial strength of the contradiction is increasingly obvious, can effectively control the maintenance costs, highway operators to obtain sustainable development advantages of the key factors. This paper measures the highway maintenance and management costs including carbon emission costs based on the perspective of life cycle cost analysis. Based on the perspective of life cycle cost analysis, prediction models are developed for each component cost of highway maintenance and management costs. The carbon emission costs generated during the operation duration of highways are also included in the life-cycle costs, and the calculation model is proposed for the strategy of “30∙60 carbon target” in China. In the example analysis, the carbon emission cost of new energy vehicles is only 3/4 of that of fuel vehicles in the driving phase; more than 90% of the carbon emission is generated by the driving vehicles.

The clinical trials of CAR T‐cell therapy are growing fast in recent years, and most of the trials are initiated by sponsors from the United States and China. Exhibiting the distinctions between the clinical trials in the two countries is of great value for understanding the panorama of CAR T‐cell clinical trials and forecasting the future of this promising therapy. We analyzed the critical elements of 289 clinical trials posted on the clinicaltrials.gov website by sponsors from the two countries and evaluated the efficacy data in available 50 published CAR T‐cell studies. Our analysis shows that China has become the country with the largest number of CAR‐T cell clinical trials by the end of 2017, while overall subject sample size and study center numbers are still larger, and the design of the clinical trials is more cautious in the United States. There are obvious differences between the two countries in CAR‐targeted antigens in solid tumors and genetic modifications besides CARs for enhancing the potency of CAR T‐cells. Although the currently available response rates are promising in both countries, it is inexpedient to conclude that the clinical efficacy is comparable between the two countries considering the smaller patient sample sizes and discrete distribution of median cell doses in China. And finally, the flexible regulatory regime of cell therapy in China, which expedites the bursting of CAR T‐cell therapy, is also firstly introduced in our study. What's new? China is outperforming the US in the numbers of clinical trials initiated for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy. This is facilitated by a more flexible regulatory regime in China, which allows the initiation of clinical research on cell‐based therapies without investigational new drug (IND) approval. However, after examining 289 clinical trials on the clinicaltrials.gov website, the authors find the results from the U.S. more compelling due to larger subject sample size, more cautious study design and established cell dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]