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The construction of concrete water tanks is a crucial aspect of water distribution structures, ensuring dependable water supply at predetermined elevations for numerous purposes. Municipalities and corporations closely depend upon these tanks to store water, combustible fluids, and synthetic compounds. However, the safety of these tanks, especially during seismic events, is paramount. To address this, robust support structures inclusive of reinforced concrete (RC) propped outlines, metallic frameworks, RC shafts, and masonry platforms are employed. The RC casing approach could be the most common support system due to its effectiveness and durability. This paper gives a FEM based technique the use of Staad.pro employed inside the construction and evaluation of concrete water tanks.

Context: Due to water scarcity, wastewater is used in agriculture in peri-urban areas. Aims and Settings: We aimed to assess the hazards associated with wastewater farming and develop an incremental improvement plan for the sanitation system of wastewater use for agriculture using Sanitation Safety Planning (SSP) in Bangalore urban district, India. Methods: Interviews and observations were conducted among 100 farmers in the Mugalur Gram Panchayat area. Results: Direct ingestion and ingestion after contact with wastewater due to inadequate hand hygiene are the routes of contact with wastewater. The control measures followed in the community are the cultivation of crops, which do not have direct contact with wastewater, furrow and drip irrigation, and restricted irrigation. Methods to mitigate the hazards are the provision of interval between final irrigation and consumption,washing of produce with freshwater before transportation to market, and hygienic cooking. Conclusion: Occupational hazards and risks associated with wastewater farming can be mitigated through the adoption of locally acceptable preventive measures. Keywords: Agriculture, farmers, occupational hazards, risk mitigation, sanitation, wastewater, Author(s): Nancy A. Gnanaselvam [1]; B. Ramakrishna Goud (corresponding author) [1] INTRODUCTION Wastewater contains municipal waste, which includes domestic effluent consisting of black water (containing human excreta) and gray water [...]

The production of fine particles by green technology like supercritical carbon dioxide requires the assessment of substantial solubility data at high pressures. This study represents the first determination of the solubility of methyldopa in carbon dioxide at pressures and temperatures ranging from 12 to 30 MPa and from 313.2 to 343.2 K, respectively. The mole fractions were obtained under the aforementioned conditions and ranged from 0.805 × 10⁻5 to 11.345 × 10⁻5. Four empirical models (Chrastil, Bartle et al., Mendez-Santiago, & Teja, and Kumar-Johnston) and two equations of state (Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong) were used to correlate drug solubility. The K-J model demonstrated the highest accuracy, with an AARD of 8.38% and a R2 value of 0.988. Furthermore, the enthalpy values for the drug in SC-CO₂ were estimated using the Chrastil and Bartle models, resulting in values of 34.35 and 56.87 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. The results demonstrate that the SRK more pronounced results than the PR model, with an AARD% of 23.03 and a R2 value of 0.903 compared to 26.42 and 0.837. The article's conclusions provide a valuable reference for the application of green method in the production of fine particles of methyldopa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been more than five decades since optimum power flow (OPF) emerged as one of the most famous and frequently used nonlinear optimization problems in power systems. Despite its long-standing existence, the OPF problem continues to be widely researched due to its critical role in electrical network planning and operations. The general formulation of OPF is complex, representing a large-scale optimization model with nonlinear and nonconvex characteristics, incorporating both discrete and continuous control variables. The inclusion of control factors such as transformer taps and shunt capacitors, and the integration of renewable energy sources like wind power further complicates the system's design and solution. To address these challenges, a variety of classical, evolutionary, and improved optimization techniques have been developed. These techniques not only provide new solution pathways but also enhance the quality of existing solutions, contributing to reductions in computational cost and operational efficiency. Multi-objective approaches are frequently employed in modern OPF problems to balance trade-offs between competing objectives like cost minimization, loss reduction, and environmental impact. This article presents an in-depth review of various OPF problems and the wide array of algorithms, both traditional and evolutionary, applied to solve these problems, paying special attention to wind power integration and multi-objective optimization strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the optimization of Distribution Network Structure (DNS) by altering sectionalizing and tie-switches with Reactive Power Injections (RPI) through optimal nodes under three load variations considering five different cases in Electric Distribution Networks (EDNs) to reduce Energy Loss (ELoss), thereby achieving Economic Benefit (EB), which is the first step process. This approach yields EBs only to some extent. To achieve a greater reduction in ELoss, enhancing bus voltage profile and to achieve additional EBs, this study examines the incorporation of Renewable Energy Generations (IREGs) into the optimal EDNs with reactive power support. The optimal energy has been purchased from the Independent Power Producers (IPPs). Besides, the Levy Flight Mechanism (LFM) integrated Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA) has been applied to solve the Economic Based Objective Function. The effectiveness of the developed methodology has been validated using IEEE 33-bus and a real 74-bus Myanmar EDN. The reductions in ELoss achieved by LFM-SOA have been compared with those of other existing methods in the literature for all the cases. The results reveals that the developed methodology efficiently achieves more EBs ($) for all the cases by optimizing DNSA with and without RPIs and IREGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to conduct a numerical examination of the influence of nonlinear chemical reaction and heat source or sink on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transmission nanofluid flow through a shrinking permeable surface. In addition, the investigation considers thermal radiation and the occurrence of viscous dissipation. Ethylene glycol (EG) is used as the primary fluid medium, whilst the nanoparticles consist of nickel–zinc ferrite. The use of nanofluid flow has garnered significant interest as a result of its potential applications across several sectors. Nanofluids possess a notable benefit in comparison to traditional fluids as a consequence of their enhanced heat transfer capabilities. This advantage may be ascribed to the inclusion of nanoparticles, which augment thermal conductivity and therefore lead to enhanced heat dissipation and efficiency. The mathematical flow model, which is formulated using nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), may be transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by the application of suitable similarity conversions. In order to address the complexities of the nonlinear system, the bvp4c and shooting techniques are used inside the MATLAB program, a widely utilized commercial platform, to effectively solve the associated ODEs by numerical means. This study presents a graphical analysis of the effects of flow parameters on several variables of interest. This research paper presents a numerical examination of the impact of non-linear chemical reactions and heat sources or sinks on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) heat and mass transfer in nanofluid flow through a shrinking permeable surface. The fluid motion is induced by a stretching sheet within a porous medium. Results indicate a significant influence of stretching sheet geometry on the flow characteristics. Additionally, a comparative analysis with existing literature highlights the benchmark quality of the proposed numerical approach, showcasing its effectiveness and relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]