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24 results on '"Gough, William T."'

2. Contributors

Author

Adamczak, Stephanie K., primary, Adams, Danielle S., additional, Atkinson, Shannon, additional, Blawas, Ashley M., additional, Chris McKnight, J., additional, Cook, Peter F., additional, Costa, Daniel P., additional, Cozzi, Bruno, additional, Davis, Randall W., additional, De Guise, Sylvain, additional, Dujic, Zeljko, additional, Fahlman, Andreas, additional, Favilla, Arina B., additional, Fish, Frank E., additional, Gough, William T., additional, Hanke, Frederike D., additional, Hooker, Sascha K., additional, Huggenberger, Stefan, additional, Janik, Vincent M., additional, Kooyman, Gerald L., additional, Levin, Milton, additional, McDonald, Birgitte I., additional, Mooney, T. Aran, additional, Ortiz, Rudy M., additional, Patrician, Alexander, additional, Piscitelli-Doshkov, Marina, additional, Ponganis, Paul J., additional, Romano, Tracy A., additional, Somarelli, Jason A., additional, Suzuki, Miwa, additional, Thompson, Laura A., additional, Wells, Randall S., additional, and Williams, Terrie M., additional

Published
2024
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4. Baleen whale prey consumption based on high-resolution foraging measurements

Author

Savoca, Matthew S., Czapanskiy, Max F., Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., Gough, William T., Fahlbusch, James A., Bierlich, K. C., Segre, Paolo S., Di Clemente, Jacopo, Penry, Gwenith S., Wiley, David N., Calambokidis, John, Nowacek, Douglas P., Johnston, David W., Pyenson, Nicholas D., Friedlaender, Ari S., Hazen, Elliott L., and Goldbogen, Jeremy A.

Published
2021
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8. High-speed chases along the seafloor put Bryde's whales at risk of entanglement

Author

Segre, Paolo S., di Clemente, Jacopo, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., Gough, William T., Meÿer, Michael A., Lombard, Amanda T., Goldbogen, Jeremy A., Penry, Gwenith S., Segre, Paolo S., di Clemente, Jacopo, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., Gough, William T., Meÿer, Michael A., Lombard, Amanda T., Goldbogen, Jeremy A., and Penry, Gwenith S.

Abstract

Recent changes in the South African marine ecosystem and the introduction of an experimental octopus fishery have resulted in an unsustainably high rate of fatal Bryde's whale entanglements. Using suction-cup attached bio-loggers, we identified a previously undescribed feeding behavior used by Bryde's whales to catch prey, and this behavior may make them susceptible to entanglement and mortality in bottom-mounted fishing gear. As they chase down their prey, inshore Bryde's whales sprint and maneuver along the seafloor for extended periods of time, making multiple direction changes, and reaching extraordinarily high swimming speeds. These findings assisted in the implementation of mandatory changes to octopus fishing gear that have drastically reduced the number of entanglements. The novel finding that Bryde's whales use high-speed chases near the seafloor to catch their prey highlights the value of using species-specific, behavioral information for making conservation recommendations.

Published
2022

9. Scaling of maneuvering performance in baleen whales:larger whales outperform expectations

Author

Segre, Paolo S., Gough, William T., Roualdes, Edward A., Cade, David E., Czapanskiy, Max F., Fahlbusch, James, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., Oestreich, William K., Bejder, Lars, Bierlich, K. C., Burrows, Julia A., Calambokidis, John, Chenoweth, Ellen M., di Clemente, Jacopo, Durban, John W., Fearnbach, Holly, Fish, Frank E., Friedlaender, Ari S., Hegelund, Peter, Johnston, David W., Nowacek, Douglas P., Oudejans, Machiel G., Penry, Gwenith S., Potvin, Jean, Simon, Malene, Stanworth, Andrew, Straley, Janice M., Szabo, Andrew, Videsen, Simone K. A., Visser, Fleur, Weir, Caroline R., Wiley, David N., Goldbogen, Jeremy A., Segre, Paolo S., Gough, William T., Roualdes, Edward A., Cade, David E., Czapanskiy, Max F., Fahlbusch, James, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., Oestreich, William K., Bejder, Lars, Bierlich, K. C., Burrows, Julia A., Calambokidis, John, Chenoweth, Ellen M., di Clemente, Jacopo, Durban, John W., Fearnbach, Holly, Fish, Frank E., Friedlaender, Ari S., Hegelund, Peter, Johnston, David W., Nowacek, Douglas P., Oudejans, Machiel G., Penry, Gwenith S., Potvin, Jean, Simon, Malene, Stanworth, Andrew, Straley, Janice M., Szabo, Andrew, Videsen, Simone K. A., Visser, Fleur, Weir, Caroline R., Wiley, David N., and Goldbogen, Jeremy A.

Abstract

Despite their enormous size, whales make their living as voracious predators. To catch their much smaller, more maneuverable prey, they have developed several unique locomotor strategies that require high energetic input, high mechanical power output and a surprising degree of agility. To better understand how body size affects maneuverability at the largest scale, we used bio-logging data, aerial photogrammetry and a high-throughput approach to quantify the maneuvering performance of seven species of free-swimming baleen whale. We found that as body size increases, absolute maneuvering performance decreases: larger whales use lower accelerations and perform slower pitch-changes, rolls and turns than smaller species. We also found that baleen whales exhibit positive allometry of maneuvering performance: relative to their body size, larger whales use higher accelerations, and perform faster pitchchanges, rolls and certain types of turns than smaller species. However, not all maneuvers were impacted by body size in the same way, and we found that larger whales behaviorally adjust for their decreased agility by using turns that they can perform more effectively. The positive allometry of maneuvering performance suggests that large whales have compensated for their increased body size by evolving more effective control surfaces and by preferentially selecting maneuvers that play to their strengths.

Published
2022

11. Scaling of maneuvering performance in baleen whales: larger whales outperform expectations

Author

Segre, Paolo S., primary, Gough, William T., additional, Roualdes, Edward A., additional, Cade, David E., additional, Czapanskiy, Max F., additional, Fahlbusch, James, additional, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., additional, Oestreich, William K., additional, Bejder, Lars, additional, Bierlich, K. C., additional, Burrows, Julia A., additional, Calambokidis, John, additional, Chenoweth, Ellen M., additional, di Clemente, Jacopo, additional, Durban, John W., additional, Fearnbach, Holly, additional, Fish, Frank E., additional, Friedlaender, Ari S., additional, Hegelund, Peter, additional, Johnston, David W., additional, Nowacek, Douglas P., additional, Oudejans, Machiel G., additional, Penry, Gwenith S., additional, Potvin, Jean, additional, Simon, Malene, additional, Stanworth, Andrew, additional, Straley, Janice M., additional, Szabo, Andrew, additional, Videsen, Simone K. A., additional, Visser, Fleur, additional, Weir, Caroline R., additional, Wiley, David N., additional, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A., additional

Published
2022
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12. Fast and Furious: Energetic Tradeoffs and Scaling of High-Speed Foraging in Rorqual Whales

Author

Gough, William T, primary, Cade, David E, additional, Czapanskiy, Max F, additional, Potvin, Jean, additional, Fish, Frank E, additional, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R, additional, Savoca, Matthew S, additional, Bierlich, K C, additional, Johnston, David W, additional, Friedlaender, Ari S, additional, Szabo, Andy, additional, Bejder, Lars, additional, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A, additional

Published
2022
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13. Scaling of oscillatory kinematics and Froude efficiency in baleen whales

Author

Gough, William T., primary, Smith, Hayden J., additional, Savoca, Matthew S., additional, Czapanskiy, Max F., additional, Fish, Frank E., additional, Potvin, Jean, additional, Bierlich, K. C., additional, Cade, David E., additional, Di Clemente, Jacopo, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Segre, Paolo, additional, Stanworth, Andrew, additional, Weir, Caroline, additional, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A., additional

Published
2021
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14. Scaling of oscillatory kinematics and Froude efficiency in baleen whales

Author

Gough, William T., Smith, Hayden J., Savoca, Matthew S., Czapanskiy, Max F., Fish, Frank E., Potvin, Jean, Bierlich, K. C., Cade, David E., Di Clemente, Jacopo, Kennedy, John, Segre, Paolo, Stanworth, Andrew, Weir, Caroline, Goldbogen, Jeremy A., Gough, William T., Smith, Hayden J., Savoca, Matthew S., Czapanskiy, Max F., Fish, Frank E., Potvin, Jean, Bierlich, K. C., Cade, David E., Di Clemente, Jacopo, Kennedy, John, Segre, Paolo, Stanworth, Andrew, Weir, Caroline, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A.

Abstract

High efficiency lunate-tail swimming with high-aspect-ratio lifting surfaces has evolved in many vertebrate lineages, from fish to cetaceans. Baleen whales (Mysticeti) are the largest swimming animals that exhibit this locomotor strategy, and present an ideal study system to examine how morphology and the kinematics of swimming scale to the largest body sizes. We used data from whale-borne inertial sensors coupled with morphometric measurements from aerial drones to calculate the hydrodynamic performance of oscillatory swimming in six baleen whale species ranging in body length from 5 to 25 m (fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus; Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni; sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis; Antarctic minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis; humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae; and blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus). We found that mass-specific thrust increased with both swimming speed and body size. Froude efficiency, defined as the ratio of useful power output to the rate of energy input (Sloop, 1978), generally increased with swimming speed but decreased on average with increasing body size. This finding is contrary to previous results in smaller animals, where Froude efficiency increased with body size. Although our empirically parameterized estimates for swimming baleen whale drag were higher than those of a simple gliding model, oscillatory locomotion at this scale exhibits generally high Froude efficiency as in other adept swimmers. Our results quantify the finescale kinematics and estimate the hydrodynamics of routine and energetically expensive swimming modes at the largest scale.

Published
2021

17. Energetic and physical limitations on the breaching performance of large whales

Author

Segre, Paolo S, primary, Potvin, Jean, additional, Cade, David E, additional, Calambokidis, John, additional, Di Clemente, Jacopo, additional, Fish, Frank E, additional, Friedlaender, Ari S, additional, Gough, William T, additional, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R, additional, Oliveira, Cláudia, additional, Parks, Susan E, additional, Penry, Gwenith S, additional, Simon, Malene, additional, Stimpert, Alison K, additional, Wiley, David N, additional, Bierlich, KC, additional, Madsen, Peter T, additional, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A, additional

Published
2020
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18. Author response: Energetic and physical limitations on the breaching performance of large whales

Author

Segre, Paolo S, primary, Potvin, Jean, additional, Cade, David E, additional, Calambokidis, John, additional, Di Clemente, Jacopo, additional, Fish, Frank E, additional, Friedlaender, Ari S, additional, Gough, William T, additional, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R, additional, Oliveira, Cláudia, additional, Parks, Susan E, additional, Penry, Gwenith S, additional, Simon, Malene, additional, Stimpert, Alison K, additional, Wiley, David N, additional, Bierlich, KC, additional, Madsen, Peter T, additional, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A, additional

Published
2019
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19. Scaling of swimming performance in baleen whales

Author

Gough, William T., primary, Segre, Paolo S., additional, Bierlich, K. C., additional, Cade, David E., additional, Potvin, Jean, additional, Fish, Frank E., additional, Dale, Julian, additional, di Clemente, Jacopo, additional, Friedlaender, Ari S., additional, Johnston, David W., additional, Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Long, John H., additional, Oudejans, Machiel, additional, Penry, Gwenith, additional, Savoca, Matthew S., additional, Simon, Malene, additional, Videsen, Simone K. A., additional, Visser, Fleur, additional, Wiley, David N., additional, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A., additional

Published
2019
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22. Spin-leap performance by cetaceans is influenced by moment of inertia

Author

Fish, Frank E., Nicastro, Anthony J., Cardenas, Kaitlyn L., Segre, Paolo S., Gough, William T., Kahane-Rapport, Shirel R., St. Leger, Judy, and Goldbogen, Jeremy A.

Abstract

Cetaceans are capable of extraordinary locomotor behaviors in both water and air. Whales and dolphins can execute aerial leaps by swimming rapidly to the water surface to achieve an escape velocity. Previous research on spinner dolphins demonstrated the capability of leaping and completing multiple spins around their longitudinal axis with high angular velocities. This prior research suggested the slender body morphology of spinner dolphins together with the shapes and positions of their appendages allowed for rapid spins in the air. To test whether greater moments of inertia reduced spinning performance, videos and biologging data of cetaceans above and below the water surface were obtained. The principal factors affecting the number of aerial spins a cetacean can execute were moment of inertia and use of control surfaces for subsurface corkscrewing. For spinner dolphin, Pacific striped dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, minke whale and humpback whale, each with swim speeds of 6–7 m s−1, our model predicted that the number of aerial spins executable was 7, 2, 2, 0.76 and 1, respectively, which was consistent with observations. These data implied that the rate of subsurface corkscrewing was limited to 14.0, 6.8, 6.2, 2.2 and 0.75 rad s−1 for spinner dolphins, striped dolphins, bottlenose dolphins, minke whales and humpback whales, respectively. In our study, the moment of inertia of the cetaceans spanned a 21,000-fold range. The greater moments of inertia for the last four species produced large torques on control surfaces that limited subsurface corkscrewing motion and aerial maneuvers compared with spinner dolphins.

Published
2024
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23. Aquatic burst locomotion by hydroplaning and paddling in common eiders (Somateria mollissima).

Author

Gough, William T., Farina, Stacy C., and Fish, Frank E.

Subjects
*EIDER, *ANIMAL swimming, *KINETIC energy, *WAVELENGTHS, *SPEED
Abstract

Common eiders (Somateria mollissima) are heavy sea-ducks that spend a large portion of their time swimming at the water surface. Surface swimming generates a bow and hull wave that can constructively interfere and produce wave drag. The speed at which the wavelengths of these waves equal the waterline length of the swimming animal is the hull speed. To increase surface swimming speed beyond the hull speed, an animal must overtake the bow wave. This study found two distinct behaviors that eider ducks used to exceed the hull speed: (1) 'steaming', which involved rapid oaring with the wings to propel the duck along the surface of the water, and (2) 'paddle-assisted flying', during which the ducks lifted their bodies out of the water and used their feet to paddle against the surface while flapping their wings in the air. An average hull speed (0.732±0.046 m s-1) was calculated for S. mollissima by measuring maximum waterline length from museum specimens. On average, steaming ducks swam 5.5 times faster and paddle-assisted flying ducks moved 6.8 times faster than the hull speed. During steaming, ducks exceeded the hull speed by increasing their body angle and generating dynamic lift to overcome wave drag and hydroplane along the water surface. During paddle-assisted flying, ducks kept their bodies out of the water, thereby avoiding the limitations of wave drag altogether. Both behaviors provided alternatives to flight for these ducks by allowing them to exceed the hull speed while staying at or near the water surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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24. A 60:40 split: Differential mass support in dogs.

Author

Fish FE, Sheehan MJ, Adams DS, Tennett KA, and Gough WT

Subjects
Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena physiology, Dogs, Species Specificity, Weight-Bearing, Body Size physiology, Locomotion physiology, Posture physiology
Abstract

Dogs have been bred for different sizes and functions, which can affect their locomotor biomechanics. As quadrupeds, dogs must distribute their mass between fore and hind legs when standing. The mass distribution in dogs was studied to determine if the proportion of supported mass on each limb couplet is dependent on body size. A total of 552 dogs from 123 breeds ranging in size from Chihuahua to Mastiff were examined. Each dog was weighed on a digital scale while standing, alternating foreleg, and hind leg support. The overall "grand" mean proportion of mass on the forelegs to the total mass was 60.4% (range: 47.6-74.4%). The data set indicated no significant change in the ratio with total mass but there was a significant difference by sex. When separated into American Kennel Club categories, no group was notably different from the grand mean or from each other, but when sex was also considered, there was a significant difference that was not specifically discerned by post hoc analysis. The mean for female Hounds was notably below the grand mean. For clades based on genetics, the mean for European origin mastiffs was notably greater than the grand mean and significantly different from UK origin herders and coursers. The mass of the head, chest, and musculature for propulsion could explain the mass support differential. Mass distribution and terrestrial locomotion in dogs shows substantial variation among breeds., (© 2020 American Association for Anatomy.)

Published
2021
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