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1,208 results on '"Gould, E. A."'

2. Use of Contrave, Naltrexone with Bupropion, Bupropion, or Naltrexone and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Literature Review

Author

Dahlberg S, Chang ET, Weiss SR, Dopart P, Gould E, and Ritchey ME

Subjects
mace, obese, overweight, cardiovascular risk, Specialties of internal medicine, RC581-951
Abstract

Sarah Dahlberg,1 Ellen T Chang,1 Sheila R Weiss,1 Pamela Dopart,1 Errol Gould,2 Mary E Ritchey3 1Exponent, Inc, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA; 2Currax Pharmaceuticals LLC., Brentwood, TN, 37027, USA; 3Med Tech Epi, LLC., Philadelphia, PA, 19147, USACorrespondence: Errol Gould, Currax Pharmaceuticals LLC, 155 Franklin Road, Suite 450, Brentwood, TN, 37027, USA, Email egould@curraxpharma.comAbstract: Naltrexone/Bupropion extended release (ER; Contrave) is an extended-release, fixed-dose combination medication of naltrexone (8 mg) and bupropion (90 mg) for patients with obesity or overweight with at least one weight-related comorbidity. Obese and overweight patients with or without comorbidities are at increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Due to the increased CV risk profile in this patient population, this systematic literature review was conducted to assess human studies reporting major adverse CV events (MACE) and other CV events. A priori eligibility criteria included clinical studies (randomized and observational) published from January 1, 2012, to September 30, 2021, with data comparing users of naltrexone/bupropion ER, naltrexone with bupropion, bupropion without naltrexone, or naltrexone without bupropion versus comparator groups (placebo or other treatments), and with sufficient information to determine the frequency of MACE or other CV adverse events by treatment group. Among 2539 English-language articles identified, 70 articles met the eligibility criteria: seven studies of naltrexone/bupropion ER or naltrexone with bupropion, 32 studies of bupropion, and 31 studies of naltrexone. No studies reported an increased risk of MACE among users of naltrexone/bupropion ER, naltrexone with bupropion, or bupropion or naltrexone individually compared with nonusers. One-half of the available studies (n = 35) reported no (zero) CV events and the other half (n = 35) reported that a non-zero frequency of CV events occurred. Four studies reported data on MACE, including three studies of bupropion and one study of naltrexone/bupropion ER. For composite MACE and its components, the difference in proportions between naltrexone/bupropion ER-, bupropion-, or naltrexone-treated patients compared with active comparators or placebo-treated patients did not exceed 2.5%. In conclusion, the available human evidence does not indicate an increased risk of CV events or MACE following use of naltrexone/bupropion ER, naltrexone with bupropion, or the individual components.Keywords: MACE, obese, overweight, cardiovascular risk

Published
2022

3. A structured approach for building multi-community State and Transition Models to support conservation planning

Author

Good, MK, Rumpff, L, Fraser, H, Gould, E, Jones, CS, Prober, SM, Bourne, M, Butt, N, Byrne, M, Duncan, DH, Gorrod, E, Gosper, CR, Jordan, R, Mcintyre, S, Moore, JL, Nerenberg, S, Pulsford, S, Richards, AE, Rogers, DJ, Sinclair, S, Standish, RJ, Tulloch, A, Travers, SK, Vranjic, J, White, M, Wilson, J, Begley, J, Wright, J, Yates, C, Vesk, PA, Good, MK, Rumpff, L, Fraser, H, Gould, E, Jones, CS, Prober, SM, Bourne, M, Butt, N, Byrne, M, Duncan, DH, Gorrod, E, Gosper, CR, Jordan, R, Mcintyre, S, Moore, JL, Nerenberg, S, Pulsford, S, Richards, AE, Rogers, DJ, Sinclair, S, Standish, RJ, Tulloch, A, Travers, SK, Vranjic, J, White, M, Wilson, J, Begley, J, Wright, J, Yates, C, and Vesk, PA

Abstract

Global declines in ecosystem extent and condition mean there is an increasing demand for recovery and conservation plans. Conservation plans for ecological communities require a management framework with measurable, time‐bound objectives. Efficient and structured processes that facilitate timely and comparable conservation plans are essential, especially where resources are constrained. We describe a process to streamline the development of conservation plans by combining functionally similar community sub‐types into a multi‐community State and Transition Model that can be used to guide conservation planning. We demonstrate this approach in a case study using eucalypt dominated woodlands of southern Australia—an ecosystem which occupies a vast geographical range across temperate Australia and includes many distinct vegetation communities, a growing number of which are endangered or threatened. Australian woodland ecologists (grouped according to their knowledge of three broad woodland sub‐types) were asked to develop causal chains to describe all factors associated with transitions among woodland condition states, and estimate the likelihoods associated with each transition at two time‐scales. The resultant State and Transition Model includes a set of eight general condition states that are common to eucalypt dominated woodlands, and 364 unique causal chains describing the drivers of all plausible transitions. We include an example of how the same information can be presented as a series of decision trees aimed at supporting on‐ground management decisions. The case study demonstrates that it is possible to construct a detailed State and Transition Model that synthesizes knowledge across multiple similar vegetation communities. To date, State and Transition Models focused on single communities or a smaller spatial scale, and this is the first attempt to construct a nationally relevant multi‐community State and Transition Model via a structured and participat

Published
2024

10. The relationships between West Nile and Kunjin viruses.

Author

Scherret, J. H., Poidinger, M., Mackenzie, J. S., Broom, A. K., Deubel, V., Lipkin, W. I., Briese, T., Gould, E. A., and Hall, R. A.

Subjects
yellow-fever virus, nucleotide-sequence, encephalitis-virus, molecular characterization, nonstructural proteins, monoclonal-antibodies, cross-neutralization, secondary structure, genetic-analysis, genomic rna
Abstract

Until recently, West Nile (WN) and Kunjin (KUN) viruses were classified as distinct types in the Flavivirus genus. However, genetic and antigenic studies on isolates of these two viruses indicate that the relationship between them is more complex. To better define this relationship, we performed sequence analyses on 32 isolates of KUN virus and 28 isolates of WN virus from different geographic areas, including a WN isolate from the recent outbreak in New York. Sequence comparisons showed that the KUN virus isolates from Australia were tightly grouped but that the WN virus isolates exhibited substantial divergence and could be differentiated into four distinct groups. KUN virus isolates from Australia were antigenically homologous and distinct from the WN isolates and a Malaysian KUN virus. Our results suggest that KUN and WN viruses comprise a group of closely related viruses that can be differentiated into subgroups on the basis of genetic and antigenic analyses.

Published
2001

11. Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Author

Olsson, M.I., van Grootel, S., Block, K., Schuster, C., Meeussen, L., van Laar, C., Schmader, T., Croft, A., Shuyi Sun, M., Ainsaar, M., Aarntzen, L., Adamus, M., Anderson, J., Atkinson, C., Avicenna, M., Bąbel, P., Barth, M., Benson-Greenwald, T.M., Maloku, E., Berent, J., Bergsieker, H.B., Biernat, M., Bîrneanu, A.G., Bodinaku, B., Bosak, J., Bosson, J., Branković, M., Burkauskas, J., Čavojová, V., Cheryan, S., Choi, E., Choi, I., Contreras-Ibáñez, C.C., Coogan, A., Danyliuk, I., Dar-Nimrod, I., Dasgupta, N., de Lemus, S., Devos, T., Diab, M., Diekman, A.B., Efremova, M., Eisner, L., Eller, A., Erentaite, R., Fedáková, D., Frank, R., Gartzia, L., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., Gecaite-Stonciene, J., Germano, A.L., Giovannelli, I., Gismondi Diaz, R., Gitikhmayeva, L., Menkir Gizaw, A., Gjoneska, B., Martínez González, O., González, R., Grijalva, I.D., Güngör, D., Gustafsson Sendén, M., Hall, W., Harb, C., Hassan, B., Hässler, T., Hawi, D.R., Henningsen, L., Hoppe, A., Ishii, K., Jakšić, I., Jasini, A., Jurkevičienė, J., Kelmendi, K., Kirby, T.A., Kitakaji, Y., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Kozytska, I., Kulich, C., Kundtová-Klocová, E., Kunuroglu, F., Lapytskaia Aidy, C., Lee, A., Lindqvist, A., López-López, W., Luzvinda, L., Maricchiolo, F., Martinot, D., McNamara, R.A., Meister, A., Melka, T.L., Mickuviene, N., Miranda-Orrego, M.I., Mkamwa, T., Morandini, J., Morton, T., Mrisho, D., Nikitin, J., Otten, S., Pacilli, M.G., Page-Gould, E., Perandrés, A., Pizarro, J., Pop-Jordanova, N., Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J., Quta, S., Ramis, T.S., Rani, N., Redersdorff, S., Régner, I., Renström, E.A., Rivera-Rodriguez, A., Rocha, S.T.E., Ryabichenko, T., Saab, R., Sakata, K., Samekin, A., Sánchez-Pachecho, T., Scheifele, C., Schulmeyer, M.K., Sczesny, S., Sirlopú, D., Smith-Castro, V., Soo, K., Spaccatini, F., Steele, J.R., Steffens, M.C., Sucic, I., Vandello, J., Velásquez-Díaz, L.M., Vink, M., Vives, E., Zalalam Warkineh, T., Žeželj, I., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Martiny, S.E., Olsson, M.I., van Grootel, S., Block, K., Schuster, C., Meeussen, L., van Laar, C., Schmader, T., Croft, A., Shuyi Sun, M., Ainsaar, M., Aarntzen, L., Adamus, M., Anderson, J., Atkinson, C., Avicenna, M., Bąbel, P., Barth, M., Benson-Greenwald, T.M., Maloku, E., Berent, J., Bergsieker, H.B., Biernat, M., Bîrneanu, A.G., Bodinaku, B., Bosak, J., Bosson, J., Branković, M., Burkauskas, J., Čavojová, V., Cheryan, S., Choi, E., Choi, I., Contreras-Ibáñez, C.C., Coogan, A., Danyliuk, I., Dar-Nimrod, I., Dasgupta, N., de Lemus, S., Devos, T., Diab, M., Diekman, A.B., Efremova, M., Eisner, L., Eller, A., Erentaite, R., Fedáková, D., Frank, R., Gartzia, L., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., Gecaite-Stonciene, J., Germano, A.L., Giovannelli, I., Gismondi Diaz, R., Gitikhmayeva, L., Menkir Gizaw, A., Gjoneska, B., Martínez González, O., González, R., Grijalva, I.D., Güngör, D., Gustafsson Sendén, M., Hall, W., Harb, C., Hassan, B., Hässler, T., Hawi, D.R., Henningsen, L., Hoppe, A., Ishii, K., Jakšić, I., Jasini, A., Jurkevičienė, J., Kelmendi, K., Kirby, T.A., Kitakaji, Y., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Kozytska, I., Kulich, C., Kundtová-Klocová, E., Kunuroglu, F., Lapytskaia Aidy, C., Lee, A., Lindqvist, A., López-López, W., Luzvinda, L., Maricchiolo, F., Martinot, D., McNamara, R.A., Meister, A., Melka, T.L., Mickuviene, N., Miranda-Orrego, M.I., Mkamwa, T., Morandini, J., Morton, T., Mrisho, D., Nikitin, J., Otten, S., Pacilli, M.G., Page-Gould, E., Perandrés, A., Pizarro, J., Pop-Jordanova, N., Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J., Quta, S., Ramis, T.S., Rani, N., Redersdorff, S., Régner, I., Renström, E.A., Rivera-Rodriguez, A., Rocha, S.T.E., Ryabichenko, T., Saab, R., Sakata, K., Samekin, A., Sánchez-Pachecho, T., Scheifele, C., Schulmeyer, M.K., Sczesny, S., Sirlopú, D., Smith-Castro, V., Soo, K., Spaccatini, F., Steele, J.R., Steffens, M.C., Sucic, I., Vandello, J., Velásquez-Díaz, L.M., Vink, M., Vives, E., Zalalam Warkineh, T., Žeželj, I., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., and Martiny, S.E.

Abstract

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and women's political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in women's (rather than men's) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to men's higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, men's leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.

Published
2023

12. What state of the world are we in? Targeted monitoring to detect transitions in vegetation restoration projects

Author

Jones, CS, Thomas, FM, Michael, DR, Fraser, H, Gould, E, Begley, J, Wilson, J, Vesk, PA, Rumpff, L, Jones, CS, Thomas, FM, Michael, DR, Fraser, H, Gould, E, Begley, J, Wilson, J, Vesk, PA, and Rumpff, L

Abstract

Monitoring vegetation restoration is challenging because monitoring is costly, requires long-term funding, and involves monitoring multiple vegetation variables that are often not linked back to learning about progress toward objectives. There is a clear need for the development of targeted monitoring programs that focus on a reduced set of variables that are tied to specific restoration objectives. In this paper, we present a method to progress the development of a targeted monitoring program, using a pre-existing state-and-transition model. We (1) use field data to validate an expert-derived classification of woodland vegetation states; (2) use these data to identify which variable(s) help differentiate woodland states; and (3) identify the target threshold (for the variable) that signifies if the desired transition has been achieved. The measured vegetation variables from each site in this study were good predictors of the different states. We show that by measuring only a few of these variables, it is possible to assign the vegetation state for a collection of sites, and monitor if and when a transition to another state has occurred. For this ecosystem and state-and-transition models, out of nine vegetation variables considered, the density of immature trees and percentage of exotic understory vegetation cover were the variables most frequently specified as effective to define a threshold or transition. We synthesize findings by presenting a decision tree that provides practical guidance for the development of targeted monitoring strategies for woodland vegetation.

Published
2023

13. Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Author

Work and Organizational Psychology: Occupational Health Psychology, Leerstoel Derks, Social-cognitive and interpersonal determinants of behaviour, Olsson, M.I., van Grootel, S., Block, K., Schuster, C., Meeussen, L., van Laar, C., Schmader, T., Croft, A., Shuyi Sun, M., Ainsaar, M., Aarntzen, L., Adamus, M., Anderson, J., Atkinson, C., Avicenna, M., Bąbel, P., Barth, M., Benson-Greenwald, T.M., Maloku, E., Berent, J., Bergsieker, H.B., Biernat, M., Bîrneanu, A.G., Bodinaku, B., Bosak, J., Bosson, J., Branković, M., Burkauskas, J., Čavojová, V., Cheryan, S., Choi, E., Choi, I., Contreras-Ibáñez, C.C., Coogan, A., Danyliuk, I., Dar-Nimrod, I., Dasgupta, N., de Lemus, S., Devos, T., Diab, M., Diekman, A.B., Efremova, M., Eisner, L., Eller, A., Erentaite, R., Fedáková, D., Frank, R., Gartzia, L., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., Gecaite-Stonciene, J., Germano, A.L., Giovannelli, I., Gismondi Diaz, R., Gitikhmayeva, L., Menkir Gizaw, A., Gjoneska, B., Martínez González, O., González, R., Grijalva, I.D., Güngör, D., Gustafsson Sendén, M., Hall, W., Harb, C., Hassan, B., Hässler, T., Hawi, D.R., Henningsen, L., Hoppe, A., Ishii, K., Jakšić, I., Jasini, A., Jurkevičienė, J., Kelmendi, K., Kirby, T.A., Kitakaji, Y., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Kozytska, I., Kulich, C., Kundtová-Klocová, E., Kunuroglu, F., Lapytskaia Aidy, C., Lee, A., Lindqvist, A., López-López, W., Luzvinda, L., Maricchiolo, F., Martinot, D., McNamara, R.A., Meister, A., Melka, T.L., Mickuviene, N., Miranda-Orrego, M.I., Mkamwa, T., Morandini, J., Morton, T., Mrisho, D., Nikitin, J., Otten, S., Pacilli, M.G., Page-Gould, E., Perandrés, A., Pizarro, J., Pop-Jordanova, N., Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J., Quta, S., Ramis, T.S., Rani, N., Redersdorff, S., Régner, I., Renström, E.A., Rivera-Rodriguez, A., Rocha, S.T.E., Ryabichenko, T., Saab, R., Sakata, K., Samekin, A., Sánchez-Pachecho, T., Scheifele, C., Schulmeyer, M.K., Sczesny, S., Sirlopú, D., Smith-Castro, V., Soo, K., Spaccatini, F., Steele, J.R., Steffens, M.C., Sucic, I., Vandello, J., Velásquez-Díaz, L.M., Vink, M., Vives, E., Zalalam Warkineh, T., Žeželj, I., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Martiny, S.E., Work and Organizational Psychology: Occupational Health Psychology, Leerstoel Derks, Social-cognitive and interpersonal determinants of behaviour, Olsson, M.I., van Grootel, S., Block, K., Schuster, C., Meeussen, L., van Laar, C., Schmader, T., Croft, A., Shuyi Sun, M., Ainsaar, M., Aarntzen, L., Adamus, M., Anderson, J., Atkinson, C., Avicenna, M., Bąbel, P., Barth, M., Benson-Greenwald, T.M., Maloku, E., Berent, J., Bergsieker, H.B., Biernat, M., Bîrneanu, A.G., Bodinaku, B., Bosak, J., Bosson, J., Branković, M., Burkauskas, J., Čavojová, V., Cheryan, S., Choi, E., Choi, I., Contreras-Ibáñez, C.C., Coogan, A., Danyliuk, I., Dar-Nimrod, I., Dasgupta, N., de Lemus, S., Devos, T., Diab, M., Diekman, A.B., Efremova, M., Eisner, L., Eller, A., Erentaite, R., Fedáková, D., Frank, R., Gartzia, L., Gavreliuc, A., Gavreliuc, D., Gecaite-Stonciene, J., Germano, A.L., Giovannelli, I., Gismondi Diaz, R., Gitikhmayeva, L., Menkir Gizaw, A., Gjoneska, B., Martínez González, O., González, R., Grijalva, I.D., Güngör, D., Gustafsson Sendén, M., Hall, W., Harb, C., Hassan, B., Hässler, T., Hawi, D.R., Henningsen, L., Hoppe, A., Ishii, K., Jakšić, I., Jasini, A., Jurkevičienė, J., Kelmendi, K., Kirby, T.A., Kitakaji, Y., Kosakowska-Berezecka, N., Kozytska, I., Kulich, C., Kundtová-Klocová, E., Kunuroglu, F., Lapytskaia Aidy, C., Lee, A., Lindqvist, A., López-López, W., Luzvinda, L., Maricchiolo, F., Martinot, D., McNamara, R.A., Meister, A., Melka, T.L., Mickuviene, N., Miranda-Orrego, M.I., Mkamwa, T., Morandini, J., Morton, T., Mrisho, D., Nikitin, J., Otten, S., Pacilli, M.G., Page-Gould, E., Perandrés, A., Pizarro, J., Pop-Jordanova, N., Pyrkosz-Pacyna, J., Quta, S., Ramis, T.S., Rani, N., Redersdorff, S., Régner, I., Renström, E.A., Rivera-Rodriguez, A., Rocha, S.T.E., Ryabichenko, T., Saab, R., Sakata, K., Samekin, A., Sánchez-Pachecho, T., Scheifele, C., Schulmeyer, M.K., Sczesny, S., Sirlopú, D., Smith-Castro, V., Soo, K., Spaccatini, F., Steele, J.R., Steffens, M.C., Sucic, I., Vandello, J., Velásquez-Díaz, L.M., Vink, M., Vives, E., Zalalam Warkineh, T., Žeželj, I., Zhang, X., Zhao, X., and Martiny, S.E.

Published
2023

14. Implementing code review in the scientific workflow: Insights from ecology and evolutionary biology

Author

Ivimey-Cook, E. R., Pick, J. L., Bairos-Novak, K. R., Culina, A., Gould, E., Grainger, M., Marshall, B. M., Moreau, D., Paquet, M., Royauté, R., Sánchez-Tójar, A., (0000-0003-4850-6193) Simoes Silva, I. M., Windecker, S. M., Ivimey-Cook, E. R., Pick, J. L., Bairos-Novak, K. R., Culina, A., Gould, E., Grainger, M., Marshall, B. M., Moreau, D., Paquet, M., Royauté, R., Sánchez-Tójar, A., (0000-0003-4850-6193) Simoes Silva, I. M., and Windecker, S. M.

Abstract

Code review increases reliability and improves reproducibility of research. As such, code review is an inevitable step in software development and is common in fields such as computer science. However, despite its importance, code review is noticeably lacking in ecology and evolutionary biology. This is problematic as it facilitates the propagation of coding errors and a reduction in reproducibility and reliability of published results. To address this, we provide a detailed commentary on how to effectively review code, how to set up your project to enable this form of review and detail its possible implementation at several stages throughout the research process. This guide serves as a primer for code review, and adoption of the principles and advice here will go a long way in promoting more open, reliable, and transparent ecology and evolutionary biology.

Published
2023

18. Evolution of the Japanese Encephalitis Serocomplex Viruses

Author

Gould, E. A., Compans, R. W., editor, Cooper, M. D., editor, Ito, Y., editor, Koprowski, H., editor, Melchers, F., editor, Oldstone, M. B. A., editor, Olsnes, S., editor, Potter, M., editor, Vogt, P. K., editor, Wagner, H., editor, Mackenzie, John S., editor, Barrett, Alan D. T., editor, and Deubel, Vincent, editor

Published
2002
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19. Phylogeny and Molecular Epidemiology of West Nile and Kunjin Viruses

Author

Scherret, J. H., Mackenzie, J. S., Hall, R. A., Deubel, V., Gould, E. A., Compans, R. W., editor, Cooper, M. D., editor, Ito, Y., editor, Koprowski, H., editor, Melchers, F., editor, Oldstone, M. B. A., editor, Olsnes, S., editor, Potter, M., editor, Vogt, P. K., editor, Wagner, H., editor, Mackenzie, John S., editor, Barrett, Alan D. T., editor, and Deubel, Vincent, editor

Published
2002
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22. Machine Accounting. An Instructor's Guide.

Author

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Occupational and Career Curriculum Development. and Gould, E. Noah

Abstract

Designed to prepare students to operate the types of accounting machines used in many medium-sized businesses, this instructor's guide presents a full-year high school course in machine accounting covering 120 hours of instruction. An introduction for the instructor suggests how to adapt the guide to present a 60-hour module which would be suitable for a one-semester high school course or for an advanced adult course, a 30-hour module, or a 10- to 15-hour module. The introduction also includes statements about objectives for the sections, prerequisites for the course, course credit, and major sequences into which the course would fit. The guide consists of six sections: Orientation to machine accounting, payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable, billing, and age analysis. Objectives are given at the beginning of each section. Within each section, the content outline appears on the left-hand side of the page, and content details and teaching suggestions are given on the right-hand side. Forms and other illustrative material appear throughout the guide. (LMS)

Published
1976

40. Mathematically aggregating experts’ predictions of possible futures

Author

Hanea, A. M., primary, Wilkinson, D. P., additional, McBride, M., additional, Lyon, A., additional, van Ravenzwaaij, D., additional, Singleton Thorn, F., additional, Gray, C., additional, Mandel, D. R., additional, Willcox, A., additional, Gould, E., additional, Smith, E. T., additional, Mody, F., additional, Bush, M., additional, Fidler, F., additional, Fraser, H., additional, and Wintle, B. C., additional

Published
2021
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41. Towards open, reliable, and transparent ecology and evolutionary biology

Author

O’Dea, RE, Parker, TH, Chee, YE, Culina, A, Drobniak, SM ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-6247, Duncan, DH, Fidler, F, Gould, E, Ihle, M, Kelly, CD, Lagisz, M ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6127, Roche, DG, Sánchez-Tójar, A, Wilkinson, DP, Wintle, BC, Nakagawa, S ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7765-5182, O'Dea, Rose ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-5075, O’Dea, RE, Parker, TH, Chee, YE, Culina, A, Drobniak, SM ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8101-6247, Duncan, DH, Fidler, F, Gould, E, Ihle, M, Kelly, CD, Lagisz, M ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3993-6127, Roche, DG, Sánchez-Tójar, A, Wilkinson, DP, Wintle, BC, Nakagawa, S ; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7765-5182, and O'Dea, Rose ; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-5075

Abstract

Unreliable research programmes waste funds, time, and even the lives of the organisms we seek to help and understand. Reducing this waste and increasing the value of scientific evidence require changing the actions of both individual researchers and the institutions they depend on for employment and promotion. While ecologists and evolutionary biologists have somewhat improved research transparency over the past decade (e.g. more data sharing), major obstacles remain. In this commentary, we lift our gaze to the horizon to imagine how researchers and institutions can clear the path towards more credible and effective research programmes.

Published
2021

42. Predicting reliability through structured expert elicitation with repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science)

Author

Fraser, H, Bush, M, Wintle, B, Mody, F, Smith, ET, Hanea, A, Gould, E, Hemming, V, Hamilton, DG, Rumpff, L, Wilkinson, DP, Pearson, R, Singleton Thorn, F, Ashton, R, Willcox, A, Gray, CT, Head, A, Ross, M, Groenewegen, R, Marcoci, A, Vercammen, A, Parker, TH, Hoekstra, R, Nakagawa, S, Mandel, DR, van Ravenzwaaij, D, McBride, M, Sinnott, RO, Vesk, PA, Burgman, M, Fidler, F, Fraser, H, Bush, M, Wintle, B, Mody, F, Smith, ET, Hanea, A, Gould, E, Hemming, V, Hamilton, DG, Rumpff, L, Wilkinson, DP, Pearson, R, Singleton Thorn, F, Ashton, R, Willcox, A, Gray, CT, Head, A, Ross, M, Groenewegen, R, Marcoci, A, Vercammen, A, Parker, TH, Hoekstra, R, Nakagawa, S, Mandel, DR, van Ravenzwaaij, D, McBride, M, Sinnott, RO, Vesk, PA, Burgman, M, and Fidler, F

Abstract

Replication is a hallmark of scientific research. As replications of individual studies are resource intensive, techniques for predicting the replicability are required. We introduce a new technique to evaluating replicability, the repliCATS (Collaborative Assessments for Trustworthy Science) process, a structured expert elicitation approach based on the IDEA protocol. The repliCATS process is delivered through an underpinning online platform and applied to the evaluation of research claims in social and behavioural sciences. This process can be deployed for both rapid assessment of small numbers of claims, and assessment of high volumes of claims over an extended period. Pilot data suggests that the accuracy of the repliCATS process meets or exceeds that of other techniques used to predict replicability. An important advantage of the repliCATS process is that it collects qualitative data that has the potential to assist with problems like understanding the limits of generalizability of scientific claims. The repliCATS process has potential applications in alternative peer review and in the allocation of effort for replication studies.

Published
2021

43. Towards open, reliable, and transparent ecology and evolutionary biology

Author

O'Dea, RE, Parker, TH, Chee, YE, Culina, A, Drobniak, SM, Duncan, DH, Fidler, F, Gould, E, Ihle, M, Kelly, CD, Lagisz, M, Roche, DG, Sanchez-Tojar, A, Wilkinson, DP, Wintle, BC, Nakagawa, S, O'Dea, RE, Parker, TH, Chee, YE, Culina, A, Drobniak, SM, Duncan, DH, Fidler, F, Gould, E, Ihle, M, Kelly, CD, Lagisz, M, Roche, DG, Sanchez-Tojar, A, Wilkinson, DP, Wintle, BC, and Nakagawa, S

Abstract

Unreliable research programmes waste funds, time, and even the lives of the organisms we seek to help and understand. Reducing this waste and increasing the value of scientific evidence require changing the actions of both individual researchers and the institutions they depend on for employment and promotion. While ecologists and evolutionary biologists have somewhat improved research transparency over the past decade (e.g. more data sharing), major obstacles remain. In this commentary, we lift our gaze to the horizon to imagine how researchers and institutions can clear the path towards more credible and effective research programmes.

Published
2021

44. Mathematically aggregating experts' predictions of possible futures

Author

Citi, L, Hanea, AM, Wilkinson, DP, McBride, M, Lyon, A, van Ravenzwaaij, D, Thorn, FS, Gray, C, Mandel, DR, Willcox, A, Gould, E, Smith, ET, Mody, F, Bush, M, Fidler, F, Fraser, H, Wintle, BC, Citi, L, Hanea, AM, Wilkinson, DP, McBride, M, Lyon, A, van Ravenzwaaij, D, Thorn, FS, Gray, C, Mandel, DR, Willcox, A, Gould, E, Smith, ET, Mody, F, Bush, M, Fidler, F, Fraser, H, and Wintle, BC

Abstract

Structured protocols offer a transparent and systematic way to elicit and combine/aggregate, probabilistic predictions from multiple experts. These judgements can be aggregated behaviourally or mathematically to derive a final group prediction. Mathematical rules (e.g., weighted linear combinations of judgments) provide an objective approach to aggregation. The quality of this aggregation can be defined in terms of accuracy, calibration and informativeness. These measures can be used to compare different aggregation approaches and help decide on which aggregation produces the "best" final prediction. When experts' performance can be scored on similar questions ahead of time, these scores can be translated into performance-based weights, and a performance-based weighted aggregation can then be used. When this is not possible though, several other aggregation methods, informed by measurable proxies for good performance, can be formulated and compared. Here, we develop a suite of aggregation methods, informed by previous experience and the available literature. We differentially weight our experts' estimates by measures of reasoning, engagement, openness to changing their mind, informativeness, prior knowledge, and extremity, asymmetry or granularity of estimates. Next, we investigate the relative performance of these aggregation methods using three datasets. The main goal of this research is to explore how measures of knowledge and behaviour of individuals can be leveraged to produce a better performing combined group judgment. Although the accuracy, calibration, and informativeness of the majority of methods are very similar, a couple of the aggregation methods consistently distinguish themselves as among the best or worst. Moreover, the majority of methods outperform the usual benchmarks provided by the simple average or the median of estimates.

Published
2021

48. A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype newport infection linked to mango consumption: impact of water-dip disinfestation technology

Author

Sivapalasingam, Sumathi, Barett, E., Kimura, A., Van Duyne, S., De Witt, W., Ying, M., Frisch, A., Phan, Q., Gould, E., Shillam, P., Reddy, V., Cooper, T., Hoekstra, M., Higgins, C., Sanders, J.P., Tauxe, R.V., and Slutsker, L.

Subjects
Food handling -- Safety and security measures, Foodborne diseases -- Care and treatment, Foodborne diseases -- Development and progression, Mango -- Contamination, Salmonellosis -- Causes of, Health, Health care industry
Published
2003

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