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Nos ecossistemas de florestas alagáveis, a abundância de açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.), superalimento mundialmente consumido, demandou a expansão das áreas produtivas, colocando em risco a existência de espécies nativas do bioma. Como alternativa, tem-se o manejo de mínimo impacto que consiste na retirada planejada das árvores mais abundantes, sem prejudicar a diversidade de espécies. A realização de pesquisas sobre o tema é indispensável para a comprovação da viabilidade ambiental da técnica. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do manejo de mínimo impacto voltado para a produção de açaí em ecossistemas de floresta alagável na Amazônia. Para isso, a área de 4 ha foi dividida em 16 subparcelas (25 m x 25 m), onde após inventário 100% (DAP ≥ 10 cm), suprimiu-se os indivíduos de menor circunferência e anelou-se aqueles com DAP até 40 cm. Os resultados demonstraram que o manejo não implicou na alteração da ordem de importância das espécies e do padrão de distribuição diamétrica. SomenteParkia ulei, Pouteriasp. e Unonopsis guatterioides tiveram o grau de conservação de suas populações alterados de abundante (A) para comum (C), após a intervenção silvicultural. Os índices de equabilidade de Pielou e dominância de Simpson mantiveram-se semelhantes após o manejo. Não houve diferença estatística significativa de remoção de biomassa. Sendo assim, este estudo demonstrou que o manejo de mínimo impacto voltado para a produção de açaí na Amazônia não ocasiona alterações em termos de diversidade de espécies, desde que seja realizado seguindo adequadamente a metodologia correta.

No mundo moderno e globalizado, onde a qualificação deve ser constante, os variados meios de agregar conhecimento são importantes para o aperfeiçoamento profissional. Diante disso, O PET Florestal, da UFRA desenvolveu o projeto “Aprimoramento profissional” como uma oportunidade aos discentes da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia aprimorarem os conteúdos já trabalhados na matriz curricular do curso de engenharia florestal, e, dessa forma, proporcionar aprofundamento nas principais áreas de atuação da profissão. Os cursos foram ofertados atendendo as principais áreas de atuação da Engenharia Florestal com foco no aprimoramento profissional alinhado com o mercado de trabalho. Os cursos foram realizados ao longo ano de 2019 com apoio de docentes e alunos de programas de pós-graduação da UFRA e, outros profissionais atuantes no estado do Pará.

Forest restoration is a strategy to reverse forest loss and degradation. We overviewed deforestation in the period 1975&#-2018 in the Brazilian Amazon and the projects, techniques, and scientific publications conducted to recover forest in the area by 2019. We used GIS to assess forest loss and a systematic data collection gathered from 12 universities, five major environmental agencies, and an ad-hoc bibliographic survey that rendered information from 405 restoration projects and 152 published studies. The Brazilian Amazon has undergone an accelerated deforestation in the last 43 years, resulting in 20% (788,353 km2) of its territory deforested by 2018. Deforestation rate was 27,033 km2 yr&;8722#1 between 1975 and 1987 and 14,542 km2 yr−1 between 1988 and 2018 (1.97% yr−1 of forest loss between 1975 and 2018). In 2018, 41 Amazonian municipalities were classified as priority areas for monitoring and control deforestation and 21 additional municipalities were deemed as areas with controlled deforestation. Our survey identified 405 projects of forest restoration in 191 municipalities between 1950 and 2017. The majority (229) of these projects used seedling planting as the main forest restoration technique. Forest restoration projects based upon agroforestry systems (144), assisted natural regeneration (27), and natural regeneration (5) were also identified. Despite a considerable number of projects and publications, the region still lacks scientific studies that reinforce the choice of best practices for forest restoration, and the information currently available is not enough to quantify what has already been recovered or the potential area to be restored., National Council for Scientific and Technological Development of Brazil, REMEDINAL, Gobierno de Madrid

Este estudo teve como objetivo testar o efeito da fertilização do solo com extrato vegetal de curauá (Ananas erectifolius) sobre o crescimento de indivíduos de curauá e paricá (Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum) plantados em consórcio. O trabalho foi conduzido no campo experimental da empresa Tramontina Belém, município de Aurora do Pará, PA, Brasil. O experimento seguiu um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições por tratamento, totalizando 20 parcelas experimentais. O espaçamento adotado foi de 4,0 m x 3,0 m entre indivíduos de paricá e 0,80 m x 0,80 m entre as plantas de curauá. Os cinco tratamentos consistiram em diferentes concentrações de extrato vegetal de curauá: 100% extrato; 75% extrato e 25% água; 50% extrato e 50% água; 25% extrato e 75% água e uma testemunha com 100% água. O extrato vegetal de curauá foi aplicado mensalmente por um período de seis meses e as variáveis analisadas foram: número e comprimento de folhas de curauá e altura e diâmetro de paricá. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que houve efeito positivo da fertilização do solo quando utilizou o extrato vegetal de curauá na concentração de 25% em relação ao número e comprimento de folhas de curauá, assim como também pode inferir que ocorreram resultado positivo na concentração de 75% para o crescimento em altura e diâmetro de paricá. O residuo de curauá pode ser usado como adubo orgânico em plantações consorciadas, no entanto estudos em mais detalhes são necessários para permitir indicações de concentrações mais eficientes para o crescimento das plantas de curauá e paricá. Made available in DSpace on 2020-02-29T00:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6515369951PB.pdf: 646917 bytes, checksum: ed2ccfc35bf2a1354c5a57ba06342974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019

As florestas têm dominado o trópico, e estas alterações, seja pela extração madeireira, pastagem e/ou agricultura, acarreta alterações nas composições químicas e físicas do solo e consequentemente na composição florística da área. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos fatores edáficos e altitudinais na composição florística de florestas alterados antropicamente na mesorregião do Sudeste Paraense. O levantamento da composição florística e estrutural e a coleta das variáveis ambientais foram conduzidos em 63 parcelas de 10m x 250 m, para quantificar os indivíduos com (DAP) ≥10 cm do estrato superior e, no interior destas parcelas de 10m x 10m para os indivíduos do estrato médio com 10cm < DAP > 2 cm. Foram coletadas, em cada parcela, variáveis ambientais relacionadas às características químicas e físicas dos solos e atitudinais em florestas degradadas e secundárias em estágio inicial e intermediário de sucessão classificadas conforme a Instrução Normativa 08 de 28/10/2015. O solo em floresta primária degradada apresentou baixa fertilidade de nutrientes, acidez muito elevada, presença de alto teor de alumínio trocável e baixos teores de matéria orgânica em relação às florestas secundárias. Para os três tipos de florestas, em geral, houve mudança nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo, especialmente na camada superficial (0-10 cm) em relação às camadas mais profundas. A composição florística foi influenciada pelo teor de potássio no solo no estrato médio da floresta secundária e sódio, areia grossa e topografia no estrato superior.

The bark of the Astronium lecointei Ducke tree, a species native to the Brazilian Amazon, was characterized in relation to anatomical and chemical features. The chemical composition was studied for the first time. The bark of A. lecointei has a periderm with thick phellem layer and the phloem has abundant sieve tube members and a conspicuous presence of sclerified nodules of sclereids. The mean chemical composition of A. lecointei bark was 5.8% ash, 12.9% total extractives that were principally polar compounds soluble in water and ethanol, 32.7% lignin, 1.8% suberin, and 46.9% polysaccharides. The ethanol and water extracts contained phenolics compounds (77.1 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract), flavonoids (58.7 mg catechin equivalents/g extract) and tannins (7.3 mg catechin/g extract) and showed moderate antioxidant capacity. Extractives were present preferentially in the finest fraction with enrichment in the water-soluble portion. The main phenolic constituents found in the bark extract are chlorogenic acid (49.1%), gallic acid (46.8%), o-coumaric acid (2.7%) and trans-cinnamic acid (1.4%). The bark showed high calcium concentration (267 mg/g) and had 103 mg/g nitrogen and 46 mg/g potassium. Based on the potential use of polar extractives, polysaccharides and lignin, bark from A. lecointei is suggested as a valuable resource of raw material for production of high-value products.

Although its economic importance, bauxite mining causes the loss of natural ecosystems. In this sense, the Technosols building from materials made or modified by man, such as mine tailings, is necessary for recovering degraded areas. Additionally, the Technosols management, such as subsoiling and liming, increases chances of plants establishment and growth. In this study, a degraded area by bauxite mining with constructed Technosol in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil, was tested under three different soil management treatments: Technosol-1 (Tech-1), Liming only; Technosol-2 (Tech-2), Subsoiling + 200 g of NPK in the pit; Technosol-3 (Tech-3), Scarification + liming + all Tech-2 procedures. In every treatment and in a reference forest (R-forest), 8 years after the initial seedling planting, three types of indicators were assessed: structural (horizontal vegetation structure, density of natural regeneration, and soil cover), compositional (species diversity, ecological groups, and dispersal syndromes), and functional (chemical properties of Technosols and dry matter and nutrients from the litter stock). The most representative species in all treatments were Croton matourensis and Vismia guianensis, both coming from the natural regeneration and common in early successional stages. Coverage rates in all treatments showed less than 5% of exposed Technosol and the diversity, ecological group, and dispersal syndrome indexes followed a successful trajectory along 8 years. Tech-2 and Tech-3 presented the best chemical attributes and nutrients in the litter stock, but they would probably last several decades to reach the R-forest attributes. Thus, subsoiling alone or with liming provided the best chemical results for soil, litter, and vegetation performance, being recommended to speed up restoration of degrades areas by bauxite mining in the Amazon.

Many personal cleansing products contain microplastics threatening coastal habitats, deep sea, as well as freshwater lakes. Non-pollutant biomasses with natural abrasiveness are potential substitutes for scrub-type cosmetics. This study sought to explore the potential of applying crabwood seed bagasse from Amazonia as an exfoliating agent of skincare soaps. The raw feedstock was characterized by chemical composition and particle size distribution. The morphologies of the crabwood particles and commercial exfoliating agents were compared. Thermal pretreatments were carried out in an attempt to make the particles inert. It was verified that crabwood particles contain above 50% of non-structural organic components in their mass. The high heterogeneity of particle size allowed selecting portions with dimensions comparable to commercial products, between 0.3 and 0.4 mm. The rough surface of crabwood particles was similar to those of other natural plant exfoliating agents suitable for intense skin exfoliation. Thermal pretreatments only partially volatilized non-structural components. The release of oil traces, which contains mainly palmitic and oleic acids, led the pH of the water to an unacceptable level (≤ 5.0), discouraging the direct application of crabwood bagasse in the skin. Nevertheless, when added to non-ionic surfactant based-soaps, pH remains adequate for skincare (≈ 6.0). The smaller particles (average diameter of 0.3 mm) submitted to the most drastic thermal pretreatment, 140 °C for 48 h of exposure, resulted in liquid skincare soaps with better properties. The crabwood particles’ potential to be added as an exfoliating agent in skincare soaps was confirmed.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as modificações de propriedades físicas das madeiras de três espécies tropicais de interesse comercial por tratamentos térmicos conduzidos com diferentes temperaturas e tempos de exposição ao calor. Amostras de madeira de Pouteria caimito, Protium altissimum e Jacaranda copaia foram submetidas a modificações térmicas a 180 e 240 °C, ambas por 1 e 2 h. Foram avaliadas redução de massa, densidade básica e contração volumétrica das madeiras. O tratamento de 2 h a 240 °C causou maior redução de massa para todas as espécies. Pouteria caimito e Protium altissimum não apresentaram diferença significativa na densidade básica e contração volumétrica entre os tratamentos térmicos. A redução de massa, que confirma a efetividade dos tratamentos térmicos, aliada à manutenção da densidade é básica, é benéfica para a qualidade das madeiras. Jacaranda copaia apresentou maior estabilidade dimensional, mas foi mais afetada pelas variações dos tratamentos com diminuição da densidade básica da madeira quando submetida a 180 ºC por 1 h e 240 ºC por 2 h. A secagem das madeiras não tratadas, assim como os tratamentos térmicos, diminui a capacidade de adsorção de água e o volume saturado, resultando em contrações volumétricas similares às das madeiras termicamente tratadas. Palavras-chave: secagem da madeira; hornificação; densidade básica; contração volumétrica. Basic density and dimensional stability of tropical woods modified by thermal treatments ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the wood physical properties’ modifications from three commercially interesting tropical species by thermal treatments carried out with different temperatures and heat exposure times. Wood samples of Pouteria caimito, Protium altissimum, and Jacaranda copaia were submitted to thermal modifications at 180 and 240 °C, both for 1 and 2 h. The mass reduction, basic density, and volumetric contraction were evaluated. The treatment of 2 h at 240 °C caused the highest mass reduction for all species. Pouteria caimito and Protium altissimum did not significantly differ in basic density and volumetric contraction of wood among thermal treatments. The mass reduction, which confirms the effectiveness of thermal treatments, allied to the maintenance of basic density, benefits the wood quality. Jacaranda copaia showed the greatest dimensional stability, but it was the most affected species by the variations of thermal treatments with decreases in basic wood density when submitted to 180 ºC for 1 h and 240 ºC for 2 h. The drying of the samples, as well as the thermal treatments, may decrease the water adsorption and saturated volume, resulting in volumetric contractions similar to those of thermally treated samples. Keywords: wood drying; hornification; basic density; volumetric contraction.

Background: Croton species are widely spread around the world, and present a varied chemical composition distributed in many classes of secondary metabolites, such as terpenoides, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and phenylpropanoids. These compounds can be obtained by different extraction methods, and more recently, with supercritical fluids. The crude and isolated extracts may have applications due to their biological activities in animals and humans. Methods: The text was written based on literature data from 1996 onwards. Results: The research showed in a concise way the botanical and taxonomic aspects of Croton and the success of its application is in studies related to the biological activities of the plant parts. It was also related to the chemical composition of its extracts and isolated compounds, obtained by many methods. Conclusion: In summary, the review feature studies reported the use of extracts and isolated Croton compounds due to their biological effects with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antitumor, anticancer, cytotoxic, insecticidal and allelopathic activities, with potential application in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals products.

Barks of Tachigali guianensis and Tachigali glauca, from the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, were studied regarding anatomy and chemical composition. The barks were similar, with a narrow rhytidome, a ring of sclerified cells below the periderm, a widely dilated and sclerified nonconducting phloem, septate crystal strands, and extensive phenolic deposits in cells. Differences between the species were mainly in the sclerenchyma. Proportions of cell types in the T. guianensis and T. glauca barks were, respectively: 27.8% and 28.3% axial parenchyma, 15.6% and 15.1% sieve tube elements, 11.6% and 13.4% radial parenchyma, 15.6% and 8.7% sclereids, and 30.5% and 34.5% fibers. Chemical analysis showed that the T. guianensis and T. glauca barks included, respectively: 18.0% and 15.3% extractives, 1.8% and 1.0% suberin, 26.8% and 27.9% lignin, and 3.5% and 4.5% ash. The predominant polysaccharides were glucose (72.8% and 82.8% of total neutral sugars) and xylose (17.9% and 11.6%). Ethanol-water extracts were high in phenolics (total phenolics of 441.0 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) / g extract and 641.7 mg GAE / g extract), with moderate antioxidant activities (IC50 values of 7.3 µg extract / mL and 5.6 µg extract / mL). Tachigali guianensis bark and, particularly, T. glauca bark may be sources of phenolic compounds.

Introdução: A restauração florestal, envolve a recomposição gradual da floresta, resgatando sua biodiversidade, função ecológica e sustentabilidade ao longo do tempo. Um método utilizado para restaurar é o plantio de mudas florestais. Para isso, são necessários locais que viabilizem a produção de mudas conhecidos como viveiros florestais que possibilitam o desenvolvimento do conhecimento teórico aplicado que auxilia no desenvolvimento de profissionais capacitados para atuarem nas demandas da região amazônica. Objetivo: O objetivo do trabalho é relatar a experiência dos discentes do Grupo PET Florestal/UFRA durante a execução de suas atividades no viveiro didático Vila da Folha e no processo de construção, aplicação e difusão do conhecimento da ciência florestal na prática. Material e métodos: A unidade didática de produção de mudas localiza-se no município de Belém, PA, no âmbito da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, nas coordenadas de partida latitude 01°26' 00'' S e longitude 48° 26' 00'' W. As atividades no viveiro incluem: a) Identificar, selecionar e sinalizar árvores matrizes; b) Recebimento e preparo dos lotes de sementes, c) Preparo de recipientes e adubação de acordo com a necessidade de cada espécie de trabalho; d) Manejo de da produção mudas e expedição. Resultados: O aprimoramento sobre a perspectiva técnico/científica da construção e funcionamento de um viveiro florestal, desde a escolha de matrizes, beneficiamento de sementes, preparo de substratos específicos e de aspectos silviculturais da produção de mudas. Os discentes envolvidos com as etapas das produções de mudas puderam colocar em prática os conhecimentos teóricos da sala de aula, deste modo, adquirindo uma experiência nas questões básicas relacionadas à viveiros florestais de nativas e meio ambiente, como prática silvicultura do contexto florestal. Conclusão: Por todos esses aspectos, é possível afirmar que a atuação de discentes nos processos de implantação e produção de mudas, agrega conhecimento teórico e prático, melhora a formação técnica transformando-os em agentes difusores do conhecimento da ciência florestal, meio ambiente e aproximando-os da difusão do conhecimento através de informações científicas para a sociedade.

Over the last decades, the natural environment has been degraded at a much greater speed than its own resilience. Lack of knowledge about soil natural limitations and mismanagement can increase their degradation and nutrient losses by erosion. The objective of this study was to estimate and map soil vulnerability to erosion through the Universal Equation of Revised Soil Loss (RUSLE) and based on the ecodynamic concept of physical and biotic environment analysis, and finally to evaluate conservation practices in the municipality of Paragominas with the economic database of IBGE / SIDRA. In the two analyzed methods the percentage of area with low and high potential and erosivity estimation were similar. The estimation of low and low-moderate loss and vulnerability represents about 77% (15,064 km2 ) of the territory by RUSLE and 60% (11,485 km2 ), by ecodynamic concept. The high to very high soil loss zones represent only 3% (642 km2 ) and 2.7% (584 km2 ), in the RUSLE and ecodynamic concept, respectively. Most of the variables analyzed in both methods presented low estimation values of loss and erosivity potential. The soil and slope attributes, for example, obtained exactly 79% (15,377 km2 - RUSLE) and 80% (15,572 km2 - ecodynamic concept), except for the climate and factor R attributes, in both methods the vulnerability potential and erosion, were only 1.5% (292 km2 ) and 1.3% (253 km2 ), based on the ecodynamic concept and RUSLE respectively

Natural regeneration is becoming more frequently used on a global level as a method of ecological restoration after mining operations. The objective of this study was to investigate forest restoration as a function of the exclusive use of natural regeneration in systems with two (NR2) and seven (NR7) years of age after bauxite mining in Eastern Amazon, Brazil (3° 14' 51" -3° 15' 48" S and 47° 44' 14" -47° 43' 09" W). Soil?s physical and chemical parameters (organic matter, bulk density, porosity, infiltration, and fertility), landscape-level quantification of vegetation in the areas surrounding the study sites and attributes of the established vegetation (abundance of individuals and families, Shannon diversity index, evenness index, and ecological dominance index) were assessed. The method of natural regeneration, in seven years, was efficient to occupy and cover the soil by regenerating tree and shrub species, as well to contribute to the recovery of important surface-depth attributes of the quality of rebuilt soils, such as organic matter, nutrient availability, density, porosity, and water infiltration. The regenerating tree and shrub species had low diversity and high dominance of a few pioneer species, which indicates the necessity of introducing early and late secondary successional species to correct the successional trajectory in order to ensure the ecosystem restoration. Made available in DSpace on 2021-09-22T19:00:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1-s2.0-S0925857421002470-main.pdf: 2412289 bytes, checksum: 2f61eddff22d57ad1289a32a62e5dc86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

In the Brazilian Amazon, forest fragments increase annually leading many species to local extinction. Euxylophora paraensis Huber is an endemic species whose natural habitat is restricted to the north of Brazil. The natural regeneration was evaluated using 10 circular plots of land each with a radius of 20 meters. The density of regenerating individuals at the edge and the interior of the fragment and the behavior in relation to the parent tree. The Periodic Annual Increment of the diameter and the height were calculated individually for each plant that remained alive during all four measurements and GLM (General Linear Model) was applied to verify if there were differences between environments and the size of the individuals. The results show that the density of natural regeneration increases as the distance from the parent tree increases and has a significant negative correlation with canopy area, the smaller the canopy area the higher the density of individuals. Larger diametric growth was observed in saplings and small trees at the edge and larger increments of height in small trees were observed both at the edge and interior of the fragments. Therefore, natural regeneration is influenced by the process of forest fragmentation where the germination of seeds and establishment of saplings is favorable, however, there were no adult trees at the edge. En la Amazonía brasileña, los fragmentos de bosque aumentan anualmente, lo que lleva a muchas especies a la extinción local. Euxylophora paraensis Huber es una especie endémica cuya presencia natural está restringida solo en el norte de Brasil. La regeneración natural se evaluó utilizando 10 parcelas circulares con un radio de 20 metros cada una. Se evaluó la densidad de individuos en regeneración en el borde y dentro del fragmento y el comportamiento en relación al árbol matriz. El Incremento Periódico Anual de diámetro y altura se calculó individualmente para cada planta que permaneció viva durante las cuatro mediciones y se aplicó el GLM (Modelo Lineal General) para verificar si había una diferencia entre los ambientes y el tamaño de los individuos. Los resultados muestran que la densidad de regeneración natural aumenta con la distancia del árbol padre y tiene una correlación negativa y significativa con el área del dosel, es decir, cuanto menor es el área del dosel, mayor es la densidad de individuos. Se observó mayor crecimiento diametral en plántulas y árboles en la zona de borde y mayor aumento de altura en los árboles, tanto en el borde como en el interior del fragmento. Así, la regeneración natural está influenciada por procesos de fragmentación del bosque, donde se favorece la germinación de semillas y el establecimiento de plántulas, pero en el límite, la regeneración no mostró árboles hasta la edad adulta. Na Amazônia brasileira, os fragmentos florestais aumentam anualmente, levando muitas espécies à extinção local. Euxylophora paraensis Huber é uma espécie endêmica cuja ocorrência natural é restrita apenas no norte do Brasil. A regeneração natural foi avaliada utilizando 10 parcelas circulares com 20 metros de raio cada. Avaliou-se a densidade de indivíduos regenerantes na borda e no interior do fragmento e o comportamento em relação à árvore matriz. O Incremento Periódico Anual do diâmetro e da altura foi calculado individualmente para cada planta que permaneceu viva durante todas as quatro medições e aplicado o GLM (Modelo Linear Geral) para verificar se houve diferença entre os ambientes e tamanho dos indivíduos. Os resultados mostram que a densidade da regeneração natural aumenta com o distanciamento da árvore matriz e tem correlação negativa e significativa com a área de copa, ou seja, quanto menor a área de copa maior a densidade dos indivíduos. Observou-se maior crescimento diamétrico em mudas e arvoretas em área de borda e maior incremento em altura nas arvoretas, tanto em borda quanto no interior do fragmento. Sendo assim, a regeneração natural é influenciada pelos processos de fragmentação florestal, onde há favorecimento da germinação das sementes e estabelecimento de mudas, porém na borda a regeneração não apresentou arvoretas até a fase adulta.

Planting forest saplings is the most usual method for restoring areas degraded by mining. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the survival growth of planted forest species and spontaneous regeneration in post-bauxite mining areas. For this purpose, we sampled plots in recovery areas with ages ranging from five to nine years, in which the establishment, recruitment, mean annual increase in diameter and total height of the species were evaluated. The species were further classified for conservation status and origin. Of the 156 species found, 18 presented less than 25% of survival and were therefore not recommended for use in the areas, while another 22 planted species showed more than 55% survival, indicating that they can be used. Five species were registered with some threat level, another nine species were registered as exotic to Brazil and four to the Amazon. In general, 35 species were classified as suitable for planting, with an acceptable mortality rate and satisfactory growth. Thus, it was possible to select those most suitable for planting the post mining area through an evaluation of the survival rate and growth of the species.

A major challenge in using recovery techniques, for the different natural ecosystems affected by mining, is a mutual relationship between the habitat and its biota response. This study aimed to do a review to identify the number of publications, which countries are publishing more and which recovery techniques and taxonomic group are used in mining areas globally have contributed to the maintenance or recovery of the environment. We reviewed the literature on recovery in mining areas worldwide, between 1994 and 2016, using the Web of Science online database. We identified 9,000 publications, after the selection procedures, we analyzed the 467 remaining manuscripts. Of these, 34.26% were published between 1994 and 2004, and 65.74% between 2006 and 2016. The countries that contributed the most were the USA with 16.45%, Australia with 13.56% and China with 8.66%. Brazil contributed 6.9% of the publications. The recovery techniques using vegetation were the most reported in the literature and most used. The taxonomic group of terrestrial plants was the most cited and most used in the recovery of degraded areas. We found various techniques for recovering degraded areas can be established, but most of them did not show proper monitoring and without this the recovery processes may not achieve their objectives and studies that test the effect size of these recovery methods are still necessary.

This study discusses the bioactive composition, supercritical fluid extraction and biological activities of Momordica charantia L. from the last five years. Numerous compounds that have been identified in the extracts of M. charantia, including phytosterols, terpenoids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, phenolic acids and flavonoids were also discussed. Although, several studies reported the use of organic solvents in the extraction of these compounds, this review emphasized on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), good selectivity, varied fractions in terms of mass yields and chemical composition obtained, in addition to providing a solvent-free extract. Moreover, the biological effects of M. charantia extracts, including their antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anti-obesogenic, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and allelopathic activities, were discussed. These biological effects of the extracts of M. charantia can directly affect human health. The findings of this review are important, as they can guide future studies related to obtaining bioactive compounds from M. charantia and its applications. Key words: Bitter melon, supercritical fluid, bioactive compounds, biological activities.

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a estrutura fitossociológica do fragmento de floresta primária antropizada, no município de Paragominas no Estado do Pará. O nome vernacular, a circunferência a altura de 1,3 m do solo – CAP ≥ 31,5 cm (DAP ≥ 10 cm), e a altura (H) de todos os indivíduos das espécies arbóreas foram obtidos em 12 unidades amostrais de 20 m x 50 m, distribuídas aleatoriamente na área. A suficiência amostral foi avaliada pelo ajuste da curva espécie-área gerada entre a área das parcelas e o número de espécies novas. Pela amostragem foram registrados 320 indivíduos classificados em 29 famílias botânicas, 44 gêneros e 46 espécies definidas e 4 morfoespécies. Em relação à estrutura horizontal, a espécies com maior abundância foi Inga alba (9,7%). Eschweilera coriacea destacou-se com 13,31 % de dominância na área estudada, o que contribuiu para que se tornasse a espécie com maior valor de importância da área com 8,59 % de participação. Com uma ocorrência média de 41 espécies /ha de composição florística, a área do fragmento florestal apresentou uma diversidade de espécies expressa pelo índice de Shannon-Weaner igual a 3,29, considerada baixa, quando comparada com florestas da mesma região. Quanto a classificação das espécies em grupos ecológicos, as espécies pioneiras e secundárias tardias constituem grupos equivalentes a 30 % da composição florística, caracterizando que sob o dossel da floresta predominam as tolerantes à sombra e, as espécies pertencentes ao grupo secundárias iniciais, contribuíram com 28 %, evidenciando avançado estágio de sucessão ecológica. Por outo lado, a ocorrência de 30 % de secundárias tardias, bem como de pioneiras podem ser explicadas pela exploração madeireira ocorrida na área do fragmento. Com relação ao tipo de vida no fragmento florestal 90 % das espécies são árvores, 8 % arbustos, e 2 % palmeiras, com forte predominância de árvores.

The genus Pilocarpus (Rutaceae) includes the only known species able to synthesize pilocarpine, an imidazole alkaloid largely employed in glaucoma and xerostomia treatments. Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Wardleworth has a broad geographical distribution in the Northeast Brazilian territory, produces a substantial amount of pilocarpine and constitutes the only known natural source of this metabolite. Intensive extractivism and deforestation over recent decades have led to substantial declines in yields, plant populations and genetic diversity of P. microphyllus. Currently, it is recognized as a threatened species, and the few remaining areas harboring large populations (and potentially high genetic diversity) experience substantial farming and mining pressures. In addition, extractivism in these areas is still occurring by local communities because of the high market demand for pilocarpine. Conservation programs and sustainable management are urgently needed to maintain the long-term viability of this species in natural areas. Here, we highlighted the socioeconomic importance of this species, showing the massive reduction in the harvesting of raw materials and the consequences for the local people. We identified new potential areas of natural occurrence, including locations beyond the Brazilian borders, using species distribution modeling. We showed well-synchronized patterns of vegetative and reproductive phenophases, which may facilitate the management of this species. Finally, we emphasized the importance of cultivating P. microphyllus in a sustainable and productive way, involving the local communities and companies as a conservation strategies.

Croton matourensis leaves extract was studied for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects after experimental stroke. The study investigated the extracts obtained with supercritical CO2 (SC−CO2) under different operational conditions of temperature (40 and 50 °C) and pressure (100−400 bar), assessing their global yield isotherms, chemical composition and antioxidant activity, in comparison to extracts obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and n-hexane (HE). The highest yields were obtained with SC−CO2 at 50 °C and 400 bar (5.60 ± 0.06 %) and in the HE (5.73 ± 0.26 %). The major compound found in HD and HE was linalool (35.26 and 69.98 %, respectively), whereas in SC−CO2 extraction was larixol (24.88–50.57 %). The extracts showed high total phenolic contents, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity with maximum percent inhibition of DPPH radical of 83.26 ± 0.58 %. The treatment suggests a potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect, showing reduction in the injury of the animals treated with the SC−CO2 extract.

Forest loss and degradation in the Brazilian Amazon due to mining activities has been intense for many years. To reverse this situation, a range of restoration programs for deforested and degraded areas have been created and implemented. The aim of this study was to analyze the tree composition, successional stage, dispersal and pollination syndromes, conservation status of tree species, and proximity to seed sources under different forest restoration techniques (seedling planting, natural regeneration, and assisted natural regeneration or nucleation) implemented in post-mining sites in the Paragominas municipality (Par&aacute, Brazil). Sixty permanent plots with a restoration age of three years were selected for tree sampling. A total of 119 species, 83 genera and 27 botanical families were identified. Sites restored with different techniques significantly differed in tree composition. Seedling planting sites exhibited the highest abundance, species richness, and diversity values. These were dominated less by pioneer species when compared to the natural regeneration and nucleation sites. Entomophilic pollination and zoochory dispersal were highly represented in the three types of restored sites. Abundance and species richness were negatively correlated with distance from plots to seed sources, and they sharply declined in natural regeneration and nucleation plots at &gt, 250 m from seed sources. Four threatened species were identified in the restored sites. We conclude that a combination of different restoration strategies at three-year-old post-mining restoration sites in the Brazilian Amazon results in the recovery of considerable levels of local tree diversity.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a fitossociologia e os aspectos ecologicos da comunidade arborea do Bosque Rodrigues Alves localizado no municipio de Belem, Para. Foram amostradas todas as especies arboreas com DAP ≥ 5 cm e estimada a altura. O material botânico foi identificado em nivel de familia, genero e especie no Herbario Felizberto Camargo (FC) da UFRA e calculado os parâmetros fitossociologicos, estratificadas as classes de diâmetro e da altura e determinado os grupos ecologicos e a sindrome de dispersao para cada especie. Os resultados registraram 9.683 individuos em 54 familias, 191 generos e 336 especies. Fabaceae (66 spp.), Sapotaceae (22 spp.), Malvaceae (16 spp.) e Burseraceae (15 spp.) obtiveram o maior numero de espeies e Nectandra cuspidata Nees o maior numero de individuos (474). Aproximadamente 77% dos individuos ocuparam as tres primeiras classes de altura e a distribuicao diametrica em J-invertido caracteristicas de florestas tropicais. Phytosociology and ecological aspects of forest tree community of Bosque Rodrigues Alves - Amazon Botanical Garden, Belem, Para, Brazil A B S T R A C T This study aimed to analyze the phytosociology and ecological aspects of the tree community of Bosque Rodrigues Alves located in the municipality of Belem, Para. All tree species with DBH ≥ 5 cm were sampled and the height estimated. The botanical material was identified at family, genus and species level in UFRA Herbarium Felizberto Camargo (FC) and calculated the phytosociological parameters, stratified the diameter and height classes and determined the ecological groups and dispersion syndrome for each species. Results recorded 9,683 individuals in 54 families, 191 genera and 336 species. Fabaceae (66 spp.), Sapotaceae (22 spp.), Malvaceae (16 spp.) and Burseraceae (15 spp.) obtained the largest number of species and Nectandra cuspidata Nees the largest number of individuals (474). Approximately 77% of individuals occupied the first three classes of height and diameter distribution in J-inverted rainforest characteristics. Keywords: Fitogeografy, urban forest, forest fragmentation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the litterfall deposition, the decomposition rate (KL) and the water holding capacity (WHC) of litter stored in the soil in two areas degraded by mining submitted to different methods of forest restoration: induction of natural regeneration (NR) and planting seedlings of native forest species (PS) with a forest fragment (FF) used as reference. The litterfall deposition was collected monthly over 12 months in collectors of 0.25 m2. The KL was estimated by the relation between annual litter production and litter stock in the soil surface. WHC was determined in the rainy and dry period. The litterfall deposition was lower in PS with values of 6.61 ± 0.20, 10.75 ± 0.52 and 11.83 ± 0.72 Mg ha-1 yr-1 for PS, NR and FF respectively. The KL and WHC were significantly lower in PS when compared to NR and FF, and WHC decreased significantly from the rainy season to the dry season. The induction of natural regeneration was the more effective restoration method for degraded areas regarding litterfall deposition, decomposition and water retention capacity, surpassing planting native tree species and approaching a native forest fragment info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Slow release fertilizers have become an alternative for better efficiency in substrate fertilization for seedlings production, however, there are not many studies approaching the use of such fertilizers in the production of native forest species seedlings. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of a slow release fertilizer (SRF) on the development and quality of the Inga heterophylla seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a vivarium with 50% of shade for a 150-day period. Randomized blocks were the chosen experimental design, constituted of four treatments and four replications, with twenty plants per experimental unit. The treatments were four doses of Osmocote® FLL (0, 4.1, 8.2 and 12.3 g dm-3) in NPK 15-09-12 formulation, with evaluated variables being the height of the seedling (H), collar diameter (CD), number of leaf pairs (NLP), leaf area (LA), aerial part dry mass (APDM), root dry mass, total dry mass (TDM) and Dickson quality index (DQI). All the evaluated parameters responded significantly to the SRF doses and fit the positive quadratic polynomial model. For all of the analyzed variables, results show that the best averages were obtained by using the doses between 5.7 and 6.5 g dm-3, but due to the quadratic response they presented a decrease in the mean values after doses which were superior to the maximum performance point of each characteristic.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a deposição de serapilheira e nutrientes sob diferentes métodos de restauração florestal em áreas degradadas pela mineração de bauxita no município de Paragominas, Pará. Os métodos utilizados para restauração florestal foram: plantio de mudas arbóreas (PM) e indução da regeneração natural (RN), além disso, avaliou-se um fragmento florestal (FF) como referência. Foram instalados 30 coletores de serapilheira de 0,25 m² de abertura em cada ambiente. A serapilheira foi coletada, seca em estufa e quantificada mensalmente de agosto de 2014 a setembro de 2015. Posteriormente, todo material foi analisado quimicamente para obtenção das concentrações dos elementos N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu e Zn. Por meio dos valores das concentrações, foram obtidos os valores dos conteúdos. A deposição de serapilheira foi de 6,61±0,53, 10,75±0,86 e 11,83±1,00 Mg ha-1 ano-1 no PM, FF e RN respectivamente, diferindo estatisticamente entre si (p=0,0025). As concentrações de N, P, K, Mg e Ca foram superiores na área de PM na maioria dos meses de avaliação devido às adubações de pré-plantio. O S foi o elemento que mais variou entre as áreas de estudo. Com relação aos micronutrientes, o Cu, Fe, Zn e Mn tiveram as menores concentrações no FF e o Mn as maiores concentrações no ecossistema RN. Os conteúdos de N e K da serapilheira foram superiores nos ecossistemas RN, não diferindo do FF. A RN foi o método mais eficiente de restauração. A serapilheira é um bom indicador de restauração de áreas degradadas.

Sete espécies de Leguminosae comercializadas como "angelim", no estado do Pará, foram analisadas quanto aos aspectos morfológicos dos órgãos vegetativos e reprodutivos. Este estudo visou determinar diferenças básicas entre as espécies comercializadas com esta denominação vernacular, a fim de auxiliar no processo de identificação taxonômica das mesmas. Foi elaborada uma chave dicotômica para separar as espécies estudadas (Andira surinamensis, Dinizia excelsa, Hymenolobium excelsum, H. modestum, H. pulcherrimum, H. petraeum e Vatairea paraensis). As principais características utilizadas no campo, para separação das espécies estudadas, foram folha, folíolo, casca e tronco, porém, espécies de Andira, Hymenolobium e Vatairea, por apresentarem-se desprovidas de folhas no período fértil, necessitam de dados dos órgãos reprodutivos. The morphology of vegetative and reproductive structures of seven species of Leguminosae traded as "angelim" in the State of Pará were analyzed. This study sought to determine the basic differences between the species traded under the same vernacular name, in order to facilitate their taxonomic identification. A dichotomous key was developed to distinguish the species studied (Andira surinamensis, Dinizia excelsa, Hymenolobium excelsum, H. modestum, H. pulcherrimum, H. petraeum and Vatairea paraensis). The main characteristics used for separation in the field were of leaf, leaflet, bark and trunk. However, flower or fruit characters are needed to identify those species of Andira, Hymenolobium and Vatairea that lose their leaves while flowering.