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Molly Anderson's argument that irrespective of the US refusal to ratify the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966) it is time for federal food assistance programs such as SNAP mandated through the Farm Bill to adopt a right to food and nutrition approach is foresighted and significant. As is Anne Bellow's succinct and equally powerful proposal for widening the debate to include a system's-based human rights approach to a National Food Plan. Their timely advocacy is compelling given the few influential US food policy voices speaking from a food justice perspective about the dysfunctional industrial food system and the failure of the Federal Government to ensure access to healthy food and food security for all.

Vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder has been investigated experimentally using a cyber-physical apparatus with m ∗ = 8 and ζ = 0.005 . The Reynolds number is held fixed at Re = 4000 , with the reduced velocity being modified via a change in the structural natural frequency in a cyber-physical controller. The study focus is on a detailed analysis of the wake dynamics in the desynchronization region of VIV, where the cylinder motion is no longer synchronized to the wake vortex shedding. The analysis is presented using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), Phase Averaging, and a novel technique that improves the POD approach by shifting the reference frame of the velocity field data. Each analysis approach is targeted towards efficiently extracting the coherent motions from the wake flow and developing a heuristic model that empirically links the dynamically relevant modes. The results demonstrate that coherent motions persist in the desynchronization region and involve the interaction of two frequencies: the vortex shedding frequency, f VS and the lock-in oscillation frequency of the cylinder, f o . The interaction between these two frequencies produces changes in the fluctuating field dynamics that are centered on the beat frequency, f VS - f o . When the vortex shedding frequency and oscillation frequency are in phase, the cylinder exhibits a strong dynamic response. As they move out of phase, the cylinder response decays. These dynamics of the wake are captured in the first six POD modes. Moreover, the amplitude of these modes is shown to be linked to POD modes representing low frequency variations in the base flow with time.

A new Lagrangian based interpolation scheme is proposed for recovering velocity field data from within masked regions in particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. As a first step, the mean field within the masked region is filled through an iterative convolution operation using an optimized kernel. Next, the Lagrangian interpolation scheme estimates velocity field data within the masked region using a weighted average of past and future snapshot data along a mean field streamline from outside of the masked region. The Lagrangian interpolation scheme is compared directly with a traditional bilinear interpolation approach for two datasets: the flow development over a circular cylinder within the laminar vortex shedding regime ( Re D = 150 ) and turbulent vortex shedding regime ( Re D = 3000 ). The results show that for both Reynolds numbers investigated, the Lagrangian approach provides up to a 5 × improvement in average velocity reconstruction error. Application of the proposed interpolation scheme to the estimation of body forces was assessed. For both the momentum and impulse control volume approaches to estimate instantaneous forces, the Lagrangian interpolation scheme provides up to 10 × improvement in the estimation of volume integral contributions to instantaneous drag and lift.

Free vibration experiments of a circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibrations are performed using a cyber–physical system. Amplitude, force and frequency response measurements for four cases of constant mass-damping ( $$m^*\zeta$$ ) at a constant Reynolds number ( $${Re} = U_\infty D/\nu$$ ) of 4000 are presented and compared to the literature values. The results show that mass ratio ( $$m^*$$ ) is the dominant parameter governing the response in the initial branch, while $$m^*\zeta$$ governs the amplitude response in the lower branch and desynchronization regions. In the upper branch, the Reynolds number and $$m^*\zeta$$ both strongly affect the amplitude response. Following a decomposition of the total hydrodynamic force into added mass and circulatory components, it is shown that the circulatory force is strongly related to $$m^*$$ in the initial branch, and $$m^*\zeta$$ in the upper and lower branches. The total force is found to be insensitive to changes in $$m^*$$ and $$m^*\zeta$$ in the lower branch and desynchronization regions. An analysis of the extent of amplitude modulations is performed by comparing the amplitude response calculated by the highest $$10\%$$ of peaks method and the mean of all peaks method. The results indicate that lower structural damping values lead to larger modulations in the initial and upper branch regions regardless of $$m^*$$ .

L’approvisionnement des pauvres en nourriture au Canada est devenu une préoccupation majeure des organisations bénévoles, comme l’atteste la rapide croissance du nombre de banques d’aliments. Celles-ci visent à collecter, entreposer et distribuer à des organisations charitables capables de les utiliser à bon escient, des surplus d’aliments qui autrement seraient gaspillés. Les banques d’aliments se perçoivent généralement comme complémentaires aux programmes d’assistance gouvernementale et ne veulent d’aucune façon se substituer à eux.Le développement des banques d’aliments doit être perçu à la fois comme un symptôme et comme un symbole de la crise de confiance qui ébranle l’État-providence : signe de l’effondrement des garanties minimales de l’assistance sociale, les banques sont aussi l’expression tangible (quoique involontaire) du point de vue conservateur selon lequel les coûts sociaux des changements démographiques et technologiques doivent être pris en charge par les organisations bénévoles et non par l’État., Feeding Canada's poor has become a major concern for volontary organizations and the rapid growth of food banks constitutes startling confirmation of this fact. In principle, food banks collect, store, and distribute to charitable organisations, food surpluses which would otherwise be wasted. Food banks see themselves as complementary to, not as substitutes for, government programmes.The growth of food banks should be understood both as a symptom and a symbol of the crisis of confidence which has shaken the Welfare State. They clearly constitute a response to the collapse of the public safety net while at the same time give credence (albeit involuntarily) to the conservative ideology which maintains that the social costs of demographic and technological change should be the responsibility of private organizations rather than the State., El aprovisionamiento de alimentos a los pobres ha llegado a ser una preocupación importante de las organizaciones de benevolato en el Canadá, como lo demuestra el crecimiento rápido del número de bancos de alimentos. Estos buscan el juntar, el guardar y el distribuír los excedentes de alimentos que habrían sido desechados a las organizaciones de caridad capaces de utilizarlos adecuadamente. Los bancos de alimentos se perciben generalmente como complementarios a los programas de asistencia gubernamental y no buscan el sustituírlos.Este desarrollo de bancos de alimentos debe ser percibido simultáneamente como un símbolo de la crisis de confianza que triza el Estado-Providencia: derrumbe de las garantías mínimas de la asistencia social, y también expresiones tangibles (aunque involuntarias) del punto de vista conservador, según el cual los costos sociales de los cambios demográficos y tecnológicos deben ser asumidos par los organismos de benevolato, y no por el Estado.

International audience; No abstract available

From a food-supply standpoint, the 30 member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) – the world's rich club – can reasonably claim to be self-sufficient. Issues of food access are met through publicly funded social safety nets, and, for those who fall through the cracks, the emergency food-aid system, increasingly institutionalised as charitable food banks. Despite its best intentions, charitable food banking is very much a part of the problem of hunger in rich societies. While it makes a contribution to short-term relief, it is no guarantee of meeting demand, nor of ensuring nutritious or culturally appropriate foods. Its institutionalisation and corporatisation allow the public and politicians to believe that hunger is being solved. It reinforces the notion of hunger as a matter for charity, not politics. If there is to be a strong public commitment to eliminating hunger and reducing poverty in the wealthy states, there is an urgent need for governments to think and a...

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is utilized to analyze the wake-dynamics of a low-mass ratio circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibrations in the initial and upper branches (U* = U∞/fND = 4.07, 5.32). POD allows for characterizing dynamics at frequencies which differ from the cylinder oscillation that cannot be captured with conventional phase-averaging. POD modes contributing to the dominant coherent motions are described in detail. Fourier analysis techniques are used to identify relationships between the POD modes describing non-periodic dynamics linked to the slow-varying base flow and result in a modulation in the strength of vortex shedding. Heuristic models based on mean-field theory are proposed for the POD temporal coefficients. The modelled wake dynamics are found to account for a significant contribution to the Reynolds stresses. In the initial branch, it is found that 6 POD modes are required to capture the salient aspects of the flow, while in the upper branch, 7 modes are required.

In the past twenty years food banks have established themselves as one of the fastest-growing charitable industries in first world societies. As institutionalized centres or clearing houses for the redistribution of donated and surplus food they have emerged as a key frontline response to the growing problem of food poverty and inequality. As welfare states have been restructured and cut back and basic entitlements have been denied, food banks have become secondary extensions of weakened social safety nets. This paper explores the growth of food banking in Canada and analyses its role in terms of advancing the human right to food, its effectiveness in achieving food security and the extent to which it contributes to, and/or counters the increasing emphasis by governments on welfare reform policies informed by neo-conservative ideology. Food banks are examined from the perspective of their origins and purposes, institutionalization, usage, food distributed and effectiveness. The rise of food banks in Canada is concrete evidence both of the breakdown of the social safety net and the commodification of social assistance. As such, they undermine the state’s obligation, as ratified in international conventions, to respect, protect and fulfil the human right to food. They enable governments to look the other way and neglect food poverty and nutritional health and well-being. A possible future role for food banks in countries where they are already established lies in public education and advocacy, but their institutionalization makes this seem an unlikely course. In countries where they are in their infancy, the question of whether to support their development should be a matter of urgent public debate.

This article argues that hunger in Canada, while being an outcome of unemployment, low incomes, and inadequate welfare, springs also from the failure to recognize and implement the human right to food. Food security has, however, largely been ignored by progressive social policy analysis. Barriers standing in the way of achieving food security include the increasing commodification of welfare and the corporatization of food, the depoliticization of hunger by governments and the voluntary sector, and, most particularly, the neglect by the federal and provincial governments of their obligations to guarantee the domestic right to food as expressed in international human rights law. The interconnectedness of hunger, welfare, and food security issues in a first world society are explored from the perspective of progressive social policy and food security analysis and the development of alternative strategies. In terms of advancing the human right to food in Canada, particular emphasis is placed on the role of the state and civil society, and the social and economic rights of citizenship built on an inclusive social policy analysis and politics of welfare, food security and human rights.

First World Hunger: Food Security and Welfare Politics (Riches, 1997a) offered the first cross-national study of the emergence and entrenchment of food aid and charitable food banking from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s. It consists of five case studies from advanced industrial countries with developed ‘liberal’ welfare states: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA. All of the countries were food exporters and food secure through national production and imports, suggesting that domestic hunger could not be caused by the failure to provide sufficient food and nutrition, but rather was a matter of distributional justice and human rights — that is a fundamentally political issue.

In May 2012, Olivier De Schutter, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, undertook an official visit to Canada, the first to an OECD country. His report, informed by national statistics, indicated widespread and increasing food insecurity; a deplorable incidence of hunger and poverty amongst First Nations communities and Aboriginal peoples living in Northern Canada; and the lack of a national food policy. He drew attention to the nearly 900,000 people per month dependent on charity-based food aid, noting this ‘reliance on food banks was symptomatic of a broken social protection system’ which served as ‘a moral safety valve for the State’. Observing that Canada had escaped the worst of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis, De Schutter questioned the Government’s lack of compliance with its obligations under international law (ICESCR, 1976) to implement the human right to adequate food (OHCHR, 2012; HRC, 2013a).

Economic restructuring and rising unemployment are creating a new context for social work practice. No longer can it be assumed that adequately paid employment will provide a foundation for rehabilitation and successful practice. The issues raised for social work are explored by examining the welfare policy and practice implications of the application of market ideology and increasing joblessness in Canada in the 1980s drawing parallels with economic and social welfare changes in Australia. The paper examines why social work has been slow to respond, why it should be responding and what is to be done.

The other day an economist friend told me that in Brisbane and commercial centres to the south, when discussion turned to financial and business considerations in the North, the key question asked was how to grow North Queensland? This market driven and profit seeking way in which southern entrepreneurs regard the beautiful and fragile environment in the north of this State, and its exploitation, was cause for concern but did not come as a surprise. After all, economic growth and international competitiveness is publicly endorsed by leading politicians and the captains of industry alike as the key to both material well being and social justice. Indeed it is central to today's conventional wisdom. Yet this belief must be challenged if there is to be creative discussion about social policy today.

We offer a critique of Canada's approach to domestic food security with respect to international agreements, justiciability and case law, the breakdown of the public safety net, the institutionalisation of charitable approaches to food insecurity, and the need for ‘joined-up’ food and nutrition policies. We examined Canada's commitments to the right to food, as well as Canadian policies, case law and social trends, in order to assess Canada's performance with respect to the human right to food. We found that while Canada has been a leader in signing international human rights agreements, including those relating to the right to food, domestic action has lagged and food insecurity increased. We provide recommendations for policy changes that could deal with complex issues of state accountability, social safety nets and vulnerable populations, and joined-up policy frameworks that could help realise the right to adequate food in Canada and other developed nations.

This book is about hunger and the politics of welfare reform and food security in affluent first world societies. It addresses the nature and causes of hunger, explores government and community responses and examines what can and should be done about it. Its focus is the re-emergence of hunger in five advanced industrial states with developed welfare states: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and the USA, and how as the twenty-first century fast approaches the governments of each of these countries have sought to reform their public welfare systems whilst at the same time neglecting the growing issue of hunger and food insecurity. It is about understanding hunger as a political issue and the possibility of liberal welfare states being able to break their mould and guarantee basic human rights to food, adequate incomes and remunerative employment in the broader context of social justice and economic renewal. Essentially, the questions posed in this text ask whether the real litmus test for any welfare state is its capacity to guarantee the basic rights of its most vulnerable citizens.

The problem of hunger in Canada in the 1990s is persistent and seemingly intractable. Food banks brought the issue to public attention in the early 1980s. Yet a decade earlier poverty had been rediscovered in Canada (Senate, 1971) and in 1977 the People’s Food Commission was formed in response to escalating food prices and the suffering and misery of low-income Canadians. Yet despite all that has been written and said in the intervening years about unemployment, child poverty and welfare reform, hunger continues to grow. Indeed, to the extent that charity has attempted to meet the needs of hungry people, hunger has been depoliticized and ignored by the state. Federal and provincial governments have deliberately turned a blind eye.

L'article porte sur les origines, les buts et les retombées de la réforme de l'aide sociale en Saskatchewan entre 1984 et 1989, sous le gouvernement du Parti Progressiste Conservateur élu en 1981. L'auteur dresse un premier bilan de la réforme, à partir de données disponibles en 1989, et constate que les prestations des bénéficiaires de diverses catégories ont diminué; que peu de bénéficiaires ont dû trouver un emploi stable, bien payé et à long terme; que les mesures dirigées contre les fraudeurs ont connu un succès douteux; et que les changements introduits au sein de la fonction publique ont amoindri la qualité des services et de l'assistance offerts au public.