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Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder whose etiopathogenetic picture is not yet completely known and is classically divided into CRS with (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyps (CRSsNP). But today the distinction is made with type 2 and nontype 2 variants. A rational and defined pathway for the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis is an indispensable means to be able to arrive at a correct identification of the patient. This typing is essential to be able to arrive at the correct course of treatment, which turns out to be different for different types of patients. For this reason, the realization of a diagnostic therapeutic pathway represents a fundamental way for the otolaryngologist specialist but not only, since today diagnostics has a multidisciplinary framework. In the present work, precise indications have been developed to arrive at a correct diagnosis. The various diagnostic pathways and processes to arrive at a correct therapeutic framing have been highlighted. Therapy ranging from medical therapy to surgical therapy without neglecting the new biological therapies. It does not represent a guideline but a diagnostic method that can be adapted to all the various territorial realities., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Canevari, Giorli, Monti, Biagini, Bagnasco, Cavaliere, Pipolo, De Corso, Gelardi, Gramellini, loppi, La Mantia, Malvezzi, Bignami, Dehgani-Mobaraki, Seccia, Maggiore, Macchi.)

Introduction: The impairment of the sense of smell is often related to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without nasal polyps (CRSwNP, CRSsNP). CRSwNP is a frequent condition that drastically worsens the quality of life of those affected; it has a higher prevalence than CRSsNP. CRSwNP patients experience severe loss of smell with earlier presentation and are more likely to experience recurrence of their symptoms, often requiring revision surgery., Methods: The present study performed a multicentric data collection, enrolling 811 patients with CRS divided according to the inflammatory endotype (Type 2 and non-Type 2). All patients were referred for nasal endoscopy for the assessment of nasal polyposis using nasal polyp score (NPS); Sniffin' Sticks olfactory test were performed to measure olfactory function, and SNOT-22 (22-item sinonasal outcome test) questionnaire was used to assess patients' quality of life; allergic status was evaluated with skin prick test and nasal cytology completed the evaluation when available., Results: Data showed that Type 2 inflammation is more common than non-type 2 (656 patients versus 155) and patients suffer from worse quality of life and nasal polyp score. Moreover, 86.1% of patients with Type 2 CRSwNP were affected by a dysfunction of the sense of smell while it involved a lesser percentage of non-Type 2 patients. Indeed, these data give us new information about type-2 inflammation patients' characteristics., Discussion: The present study confirms that olfactory function weights on patients' QoL and it represents an important therapeutic goal that can also improve patients' compliance when achieved. In a future - and present - perspective of rhinological precision medicine, an impairment of the sense of smell could help the clinician to characterize patients better and to choose the best treatment available., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Macchi, Giorli, Cantone, Carlotta Pipolo, Arnone, Barbone, Bertazzoni, Bianchini, Ciofalo, Cipolla, De Massimi, De Vita, Di Lieto, Ghidini, Govoni, Gramellini, Maselli Del Giudice, Ottaviano, Seccia, Sireci, Sollini, Staffieri, Gallo, Heffler, Mantia, De Corso, Canevari, Lombardo, Malvezzi, Orietti, Pasquini, Presutti and Monti.)

Objectives: Epistaxis is one of the most common otorhinolaryngologic emergencies representing more than 12% of conditions managed at the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Emergency Consulting Room of our Otorhinolaryngologic Unit each year. The elevated frequency of this pathology makes it necessary to adopt the most effective and least expensive therapeutic strategy available. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, costs and morbidity of nasal packing (NP), which is the mainstay of treatment for anterior epistaxis in our ENT Emergency Consulting Room versus submucosal infiltrations of lauromacrogol (LA)., Methods: A retrospective study was designed from August 2012 to April 2013 involving 53 patients suffering from anterior epistaxis. Anterior NP was used in 27 patients versus 26 patients undergoing 27 procedures performed with submucosal infiltrations of LA (or polidocanol). Outcomes for each treatment were evaluated. Patients in group 1 were treated with LA 400 injection next to the bleeding point: 0.5- to 1-mL single or multiple infiltrations with a 27-gauge needle. The whitening of the nasal mucosa around the bleeding point during infiltration was considered a marker of correct procedure in order to achieve the best results. Bilateral treatment was also performed at the same time. Patients in group 2 were treated with standard NP., Results: Bleeding recurrence was higher in the NP group even if it was not statistically significant (P=0.2935). However, the LA infiltrations were better tolerated with lower morbidity and costs as compared to NP. No complications were observed in either group., Conclusion: LA infiltrations were shown to be a viable alternative in anterior epistaxis treatment. They are safe, easy to use with good efficacy and have a low cost.

Sialendoscopy is a new diagnostic and surgical tool for management of salivary gland diseases that offers the opportunity to treat selected pathologies less invasively and with better results compared to previous techniques. As with any new technique, an adequate training programme involving a gradual learning curve is mandatory to quickly obtain results similar to those reported in the literature. This includes an appropriate diagnostic programme, correct patient selection and knowledge of possible pitfalls. In this retrospective study, the outcomes of the first 141 procedures (74 on the parotid gland and 67 on the submandibular gland) performed with this technique in our Department from 2009 to 2013 were compared with those reported in the literature. Patients were divided into three groups: Group A (the first 49 procedures performed), Group B (the next 50 procedures), and Group C (the last 42 procedures). There were no statistically significant differences relative to mean procedure times, recurrence of symptomatology after treatment, need for further treatments and rates of minor complications between groups. No major complications were seen. The increase in experience resulted in an increased number of interventional sialendoscopies performed under local anaesthesia instead of general anaesthesia (51% vs 18% vs 14%). In only three of 130 glands treated (2.3%) was gland resection required. We also evaluated which technique had been used for stone removal and rate of failure, which was similar in all groups (13.6% vs 15% vs 15%). Our results do not substantially differ from those reported in the literature. Initial difficulties in catheterising the papilla could be overcome with practise on fresh human specimens or fresh pig heads. Lack of precision regarding diagnostic imaging techniques was remedied by improving the competence of the surgeon in performing pre- and postoperative ultrasound. The creation of specialised centres capable of treating up to 1 to 2 million people would be desirable in order to better stratify pathologies, validate the investment in equipment and gain the necessary experience in the various surgical techniques.

Background: Corpus callosum is the largest cerebral commissure that connects neocortical areas. Agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) can be partial or complete, isolated or associated with other malformations. Its prenatal diagnosis creates problems within parental counselling due to its uncertain prognosis. The aim of this study was to correlate the neurodevelopmental outcome with both the clinical picture and the neuroradiological features, in order to improve prenatal parental counselling in a group of nine children with ACC, prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound and then confirmed by postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)., Methods: In all patients, cerebral ultrasound scans, electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations, cerebral MRI, cytogenetic analysis, general physical evaluation, neurological examination and neuropsychological assessment (Griffiths Scale, Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) were carried out., Results: In six patients the callosal agenesis was isolated, while in 3/9 it was associated with other cerebral malformations. Children with isolated callosal agenesis were asymptomatic or presented a mild hypotonia and the EEG was normal in five of them. All children with other associated brain malformations presented epilepsy, poor psychomotor development and cerebral palsy., Conclusion: The prenatal suspicion of ACC needs an accurate diagnostic approach, in order to well determine its isolated or associated nature, linked to different neurodevelopmental outcome.