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Progranulin is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Human progranulin is comprised of multiple cysteine-rich, biologically active granulin peptides. Granulin peptides accumulate with age and stress, however their functional contributions relative to full-length progranulin remain unclear. To address this, we generated C. elegans strains that produced quantifiable levels of both full-length progranulin/PGRN-1 protein and cleaved granulin peptide. Using these strains, we demonstrated that even in the presence of intact PGRN-1, granulin peptides suppressed the activity of the lysosomal aspartyl protease activity, ASP-3/CTSD. Granulin peptides were also dominant over PGRN-1 in compromising animal fitness as measured by progress through development and stress response. Finally, the degradation of human TDP-43 was impaired when the granulin to PGRN-1 ratio was increased, representing a disease-relevant downstream impact of impaired lysosomal function. In summary, these studies suggest that not only absolute progranulin levels, but also the balance between full-length progranulin and its cleavage products, is important in regulating lysosomal biology. Given its relevance in human disease, this suggests that the processing of progranulin into granulins should be considered as part of disease pathobiology and may represent a site of therapeutic intervention.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the possible role of granulin (GRN) in activating the TLR9-IFN-α pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and explore clues that RTECs regulate the micro-environment of inflammatory response in lupus nephritis (LN). Methods: Renal sections from 57 LN patients and 30 non-LN patients were sampled for histological study, and GRN overexpression RTECs were applied for cytological study. Results: In the histological study, GRN is highly expressed in LN RTECs with tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) and well co-localized with TLR9. ROC analysis suggested a potential relationship between GRN expression in RTECs and therapeutic response. Moreover, IFN-α also highly expressed in LN RTECs with TII, and the intensity of IFN-α is positively correlated with the co-localization intensity of GRN and TLR9. In the cytological study, LN serum, especially serum from LN with TII, activates the expression of TLR9 in RTECs, and GRN engages the interaction of TLR9 to activate the expression of IFN-α in RTECs. While TLR9 inhibitors can suppress the expression of IFN-α in RTECs, the degree of inhibition is dose-dependent. Conclusion: The expression of GRN in RTECs is associated with interstitial inflammation and therapeutic response. GRN may mediate the activation of the TLR9-IFN-α pathway in RTECs and involve in the micro-environment of inflammatory response in LN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Progranulin (PGRN) haploinsufficiency due to progranulin gene (GRN) variants can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with aberrant TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) accumulation. Despite microglial burden with TDP-43-related pathophysiology, direct microglial TDP-43 pathology has not been clarified yet, only emphasized in neuronal pathology. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate TDP-43 pathology in microglia of patients with PGRN haploinsufficiency. Methods To design a human microglial cell model with PGRN haploinsufficiency, monocyte-derived microglia (iMGs) were generated from FTD–GRN patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (p.M1? and p.W147*) and three healthy controls. Results iMGs from FTD–GRN patients with PGRN deficiency exhibited severe neuroinflammation phenotype and failure to maintain their homeostatic molecular signatures, along with impaired phagocytosis. In FTD–GRN patients-derived iMGs, significant cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregation and accumulation of lipid droplets with profound lysosomal abnormalities were observed. These pathomechanisms were mediated by complement C1q activation and upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions Our study provides considerable cellular and molecular evidence that loss-of-function variants of GRN in human microglia can cause microglial dysfunction with abnormal TDP-43 aggregation induced by inflammatory milieu as well as the impaired lysosome. Elucidating the role of microglial TDP-43 pathology in intensifying neuroinflammation in individuals with FTD due to PGRN deficiency and examining consequential effects on microglial dysfunction might yield novel insights into the mechanisms underlying FTD and neurodegenerative disorders.

Background: The polarization of macrophages plays a critical role in the immune response to infectious diseases, with M2 polarization shown to be particularly important in various pathological processes. However, the specific mechanisms of M2 macrophage polarization in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remain unclear. In particular, the roles of Granulin (GRN) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) in the M2 polarization process have not been thoroughly studied. Objective: To investigate the effect of macrophage M2 polarization on Mtb infection and the mechanism of GRN and TNFR2 in M2 polarization. Methods: Forty patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study, and peripheral blood samples were taken to detect the levels of TNFR2 and GRN mRNA by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR); monocytes were isolated and then assessed by Flow Cytometry (FC) for M1 and M2 macrophage levels. To further validate the function of TNFR2 in macrophage polarization, we used interleukin 4 (IL-4) to induce mouse monocyte macrophages RAW264.7 to M2 polarized state. The expression of TNFR2 was detected by Western Blot and RT-qPCR. Next, we constructed a GRN knockdown plasmid and transfected it into IL-4-induced mouse monocyte macrophage RAW264.7, and detected the expression of TNFR2, M1 macrophage-associated factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the M2 macrophage-associated factors CD206, IL-10, and Arginase 1 (Arg1); Immunofluorescence staining was used to monitor the expression of CD86+ and CD206+, and FC was used to analyze the macrophage phenotype. Subsequently, immunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding role of GRN and TNFR2. Finally, the effects of GRN and TNFR2 in macrophage polarization were further explored by knocking down GRN and simultaneously overexpressing TNFR2 and observing the macrophage polarization status. Results: The results of the study showed elevated expression of TNFR2 and GRN and predominance of M2 type in macrophages in PTB patients compared to healthy volunteers (p < 0.05). Moreover, TNFR2 was highly expressed in M2 macrophages (p < 0.05). Additionally, GRN knockdown was followed by elevated expression of M1 polarization markers TNF-α, iNOS and IL-6 (p < 0.05), decreased levels of M2 polarization-associated factors CD206, IL-10 and Arg1 (p < 0.05), and macrophage polarization towards M1. Subsequently, we found that GRN binds to TNFR2 and that GRN upregulates TNFR2 expression (p < 0.05). In addition, knockdown of GRN elevated M1 polarization marker expression, decreased M2 polarization marker expression, and increased M1 macrophages and decreased M2 macrophages, whereas concurrent overexpression of TNFR2 decreased M1 polarization marker expression, elevated M2 polarization marker expression, and decreased M1 macrophages and increased M2 macrophages. Conclusion: TNFR2 and GRN are highly expressed in PTB patients and GRN promotes macrophage M2 polarization by upregulating TNFR2 expression.

BackgroundProgranulin loss-of-function mutations are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP-Pgrn). Progranulin (PGRN) is an intracellular and secreted pro-protein that is proteolytically cleaved into individual granulin peptides, which are increasingly thought to contribute to FTLD-TDP-Pgrn disease pathophysiology. Intracellular PGRN is processed into granulins in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Therefore, to better understand the conversion of intracellular PGRN into granulins, we systematically tested the ability of different classes of endo-lysosomal proteases to process PGRN at a range of pH setpoints.ResultsIn vitro cleavage assays identified multiple enzymes that can process human PGRN into multi- and single-granulin fragments in a pH-dependent manner. We confirmed the role of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in PGRN processing and showed that these and several previously unidentified lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, G, K, S and V) are able to process PGRN in distinctive, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we have demonstrated a new role for asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in processing PGRN, with AEP having the unique ability to liberate granulin F from the pro-protein. Brain tissue from individuals with FTLD-TDP-Pgrn showed increased PGRN processing to granulin F and increased AEP activity in degenerating brain regions but not in regions unaffected by disease.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that multiple lysosomal proteases may work in concert to liberate multi-granulin fragments and granulins. It also implicates both AEP and granulin F in the neurobiology of FTLD-TDP-Pgrn. Modulating progranulin cleavage and granulin production may represent therapeutic strategies for FTLD-Pgrn and other progranulin-related diseases.

Abstract Background Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). PGRN is comprised of 7.5 granulin repeats and is processed into individual granulin peptides in the lysosome. However, very little is known about the levels and regulations of individual granulin peptides due to the lack of specific antibodies. Results Here we report the generation and characterization of antibodies specific to each granulin peptide. We found that the levels of granulins C, E and F are regulated differently compared to granulins A and B in various tissues. The levels of PGRN and granulin peptides vary in different brain regions and the ratio between granulins and PGRN is highest in the cortical region in the adult male mouse brain. Granulin-A is localized in the lysosome in both neurons and microglia and its levels in microglia increase under pathological conditions. Interestingly, the levels of granulin A in microglia change correspondingly with PGRN in response to stroke but not demyelination. Furthermore, deficiency of lysosomal proteases and the PGRN binding partner prosaposin leads to alterations in the ratios between individual granulin peptides. Granulins B, C and E are heavily glycosylated and the glycosylation patterns can be regulated under. Conclusion Our results support that the levels of individual granulin peptides are differentially regulated under physiological and pathological conditions and provide novel insights into how granulin peptides function in the lysosome.

Liver fluke infection is a major risk for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). It has been established that the Asian liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini secrete growth factors, digestive enzymes, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) which contribute to abnormal cell development in the bile ducts where the worms reside. These secretions - combined with aberrant inflammation and repeated cycles of chronic wounding at the site of parasite attachment and grazing on the epithelium - promote biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis and ultimately malignant transformation. Application of post-genomic and gene-editing tools to the study of liver fluke immunobiology and pathogenesis has accelerated the discovery of essential virulence factors to which targeted therapies and diagnostics can be directed., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests M.S. and A.L. are inventors of the following patent: Wound healing peptide (Australian patent application no 2017322098). The remaining authors have no interests to declare., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The polarization of macrophages plays a critical role in the immune response to infectious diseases, with M2 polarization shown to be particularly important in various pathological processes. However, the specific mechanisms of M2 macrophage polarization in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remain unclear. In particular, the roles of Granulin ( GRN ) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 ( TNFR2 ) in the M2 polarization process have not been thoroughly studied., Objective: To investigate the effect of macrophage M2 polarization on Mtb infection and the mechanism of GRN and TNFR2 in M2 polarization., Methods: Forty patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study, and peripheral blood samples were taken to detect the levels of TNFR2 and GRN mRNA by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR); monocytes were isolated and then assessed by Flow Cytometry (FC) for M1 and M2 macrophage levels. To further validate the function of TNFR2 in macrophage polarization, we used interleukin 4 (IL-4) to induce mouse monocyte macrophages RAW264.7 to M2 polarized state. The expression of TNFR2 was detected by Western Blot and RT-qPCR. Next, we constructed a GRN knockdown plasmid and transfected it into IL-4-induced mouse monocyte macrophage RAW264.7, and detected the expression of TNFR2 , M1 macrophage-associated factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and the M2 macrophage-associated factors CD206, IL-10, and Arginase 1 (Arg1); Immunofluorescence staining was used to monitor the expression of CD86 + and CD206 + , and FC was used to analyze the macrophage phenotype. Subsequently, immunoprecipitation was used to detect the binding role of GRN and TNFR2 . Finally, the effects of GRN and TNFR2 in macrophage polarization were further explored by knocking down GRN and simultaneously overexpressing TNFR2 and observing the macrophage polarization status., Results: The results of the study showed elevated expression of TNFR2 and GRN and predominance of M2 type in macrophages in PTB patients compared to healthy volunteers ( p < 0.05). Moreover, TNFR2 was highly expressed in M2 macrophages ( p < 0.05). Additionally, GRN knockdown was followed by elevated expression of M1 polarization markers TNF-α, iNOS and IL-6 ( p < 0.05), decreased levels of M2 polarization-associated factors CD206, IL-10 and Arg1 ( p < 0.05), and macrophage polarization towards M1. Subsequently, we found that GRN binds to TNFR2 and that GRN upregulates TNFR2 expression ( p < 0.05). In addition, knockdown of GRN elevated M1 polarization marker expression, decreased M2 polarization marker expression, and increased M1 macrophages and decreased M2 macrophages, whereas concurrent overexpression of TNFR2 decreased M1 polarization marker expression, elevated M2 polarization marker expression, and decreased M1 macrophages and increased M2 macrophages., Conclusion: TNFR2 and GRN are highly expressed in PTB patients and GRN promotes macrophage M2 polarization by upregulating TNFR2 expression., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.)

• Connectivity graph of cortical thickness detects the earliest brain changes. • Granulin disease resembles a disconnection syndrome from the earliest phases. • Interhemispheric disconnection starts in the parietal regions in early disease stage. • Interhemispheric disconnection progresses to frontotemporal areas at symptoms onset. Frontotemporal dementia associated with granulin (GRN) mutations presents asymmetric brain atrophy. We applied a Minimum Spanning Tree plus an Efficiency Cost Optimization approach to cortical thickness data in order to test whether graph theory measures could identify global or local impairment of connectivity in the presymptomatic phase of pathology, where other techniques failed in demonstrating changes. We included 52 symptomatic GRN mutation carriers (SC), 161 presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers (PSC) and 341 non-carriers relatives from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia research Initiative cohort. Group differences of global, nodal and edge connectivity in (Minimum Spanning Tree plus an Efficiency Cost Optimization) graph were tested via Structural Equation Models. Global graph perturbation was selectively impaired in SC compared to non-carriers, with no changes in PSC. At the local level, only SC exhibited perturbation of frontotemporal nodes, but edge connectivity revealed a characteristic pattern of interhemispheric disconnection, involving homologous parietal regions, in PSC. Our results suggest that GRN- related frontotemporal dementia resembles a disconnection syndrome, with interhemispheric disconnection between parietal regions in presymptomatic phases that progresses to frontotemporal areas as symptoms emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Progranulin loss-of-function mutations are linked to frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 positive inclusions (FTLD-TDP-Pgrn). Progranulin (PGRN) is an intracellular and secreted pro-protein that is proteolytically cleaved into individual granulin peptides, which are increasingly thought to contribute to FTLD-TDP-Pgrn disease pathophysiology. Intracellular PGRN is processed into granulins in the endo-lysosomal compartments. Therefore, to better understand the conversion of intracellular PGRN into granulins, we systematically tested the ability of different classes of endo-lysosomal proteases to process PGRN at a range of pH setpoints. Results In vitro cleavage assays identified multiple enzymes that can process human PGRN into multi- and single-granulin fragments in a pH-dependent manner. We confirmed the role of cathepsin B and cathepsin L in PGRN processing and showed that these and several previously unidentified lysosomal proteases (cathepsins E, G, K, S and V) are able to process PGRN in distinctive, pH-dependent manners. In addition, we have demonstrated a new role for asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) in processing PGRN, with AEP having the unique ability to liberate granulin F from the pro-protein. Brain tissue from individuals with FTLD-TDP-Pgrn showed increased PGRN processing to granulin F and increased AEP activity in degenerating brain regions but not in regions unaffected by disease. Conclusions This study demonstrates that multiple lysosomal proteases may work in concert to liberate multi-granulin fragments and granulins. It also implicates both AEP and granulin F in the neurobiology of FTLD-TDP-Pgrn. Modulating progranulin cleavage and granulin production may represent therapeutic strategies for FTLD-Pgrn and other progranulin-related diseases.

Background: Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). PGRN is comprised of 7.5 granulin repeats and is processed into individual granulin peptides in the lysosome. However, very little is known about the levels and regulations of individual granulin peptides due to the lack of specific antibodies. Results: Here we report the generation and characterization of antibodies specific to each granulin peptide. We found that the levels of granulins C, E and F are regulated differently compared to granulins A and B in various tissues. The levels of PGRN and granulin peptides vary in different brain regions and the ratio between granulins and PGRN is highest in the cortical region in the adult male mouse brain. Granulin-A is localized in the lysosome in both neurons and microglia and its levels in microglia increase under pathological conditions. Interestingly, the levels of granulin A in microglia change correspondingly with PGRN in response to stroke but not demyelination. Furthermore, deficiency of lysosomal proteases and the PGRN binding partner prosaposin leads to alterations in the ratios between individual granulin peptides. Granulins B, C and E are heavily glycosylated and the glycosylation patterns can be regulated. Conclusion: Our results support that the levels of individual granulin peptides are differentially regulated under physiological and pathological conditions and provide novel insights into how granulin peptides function in the lysosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures may be used as outcome markers in frontotemporal dementia (FTD).Objectives: To predict MRI cortical thickness (CT) at follow-up at the single subject level, using brain MRI acquired at baseline in preclinical FTD.Methods: 84 presymptomatic subjects carrying Granulin mutations underwent MRI scans at baseline and at follow-up (31.2±16.5 months). Multivariate nonlinear mixed-effects model was used for estimating individualized CT at follow-up based on baseline MRI data. The automated user-friendly preGRN-MRI script was coded.Results: Prediction accuracy was high for each considered brain region (i.e., prefrontal region, real CT at follow-up versus predicted CT at follow-up, mean error ≤1.87%). The sample size required to detect a reduction in decline in a 1-year clinical trial was equal to 52 subjects (power = 0.80, alpha = 0.05).Conclusion: The preGRN-MRI tool, using baseline MRI measures, was able to predict the expected MRI atrophy at follow-up in presymptomatic subjects carrying GRN mutations with good performances. This tool could be useful in clinical trials, where deviation of CT from the predicted model may be considered an effect of the intervention itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in the human progranulin gene resulting in protein haploinsufficiency cause frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions. Although progress has been made in understanding the normal functions of progranulin and TDP-43, the molecular interactions between these proteins remain unclear. Progranulin is proteolytically processed into granulins, but the role of granulins in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease is unknown. We used a Caenorhabditis elegans model of neuronal TDP-43 proteinopathy to specifically interrogate the contribution of granulins to the neurodegenerative process. Complete loss of the progranulin gene did not worsen TDP-43 toxicity, whereas progranulin heterozygosity did. Interestingly, expression of individual granulins alone had little effect on behavior. In contrast, when granulins were coexpressed with TDP-43, they exacerbated its toxicity in a variety of behaviors including motor coordination. These same granulins increased TDP-43 levels via a post-translational mechanism. We further found that in human neurodegenerative disease subjects, granulin fragments accumulated specifically in diseased regions of brain. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a toxic role for granulin fragments in a neurodegenerative disease model. These studies suggest that presence of cleaved granulins, rather than or in addition to loss of full-length progranulin, may contribute to disease in TDP-43 proteinopathies.

Summary: Loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN), which encodes progranulin (PGRN), are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). GRN-associated FTD is characterized by TDP-43 inclusions and neuroinflammation, but how PGRN loss causes disease remains elusive. We show that Grn knockout (KO) mice have increased microgliosis in white matter and an accumulation of myelin debris in microglial lysosomes in the same regions. Accumulation of myelin debris is also observed in white matter of patients with GRN-associated FTD. In addition, our findings also suggest that PGRN insufficiency in microglia leads to impaired lysosomal-mediated clearance of myelin debris. Finally, Grn KO mice that are deficient in cathepsin D (Ctsd), a key lysosomal enzyme, have augmented myelin debris and increased neuronal TDP-43 pathology. Together, our data strongly imply that PGRN loss affects microglial activation and lysosomal function, resulting in the accumulation of myelin debris and contributing to TDP-43 pathology.

Skeletal muscles exert remarkable regenerative or adaptive capacities in response to injuries or mechanical loads. However, the cellular networks underlying muscle adaptation are poorly understood compared to those underlying muscle regeneration. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the gene expression patterns and cellular networks activated in overloaded muscles and compared these results with those observed in regenerating muscles. The cellular composition of the 4-day overloaded muscle, when macrophage infiltration peaked, closely resembled that of the 10-day regenerating muscle. In addition to the mesenchymal progenitor-muscle satellite cell (MuSC) axis, interactome analyses or targeted depletion experiments revealed communications between mesenchymal progenitors-macrophages and macrophages-MuSCs. Furthermore, granulin, a macrophage-derived factor, inhibited MuSC differentiation, and Granulin -knockout mice exhibited blunted muscle hypertrophy due to the premature differentiation of overloaded MuSCs. These findings reveal the critical role of granulin through the relayed communications of mesenchymal progenitors, macrophages, and MuSCs in facilitating efficient muscle hypertrophy. [Display omitted] • Mesenchymal progenitors recruit monocytes/Møs in overloaded muscle • Number of MuSC-derived myonuclei decreased in Mø-suppressed mice • Mø-derived granulin acts on MuSCs and inhibits myogenic differentiation • Granulin-null mice exhibit blunted muscle hypertrophy Zhang et al. conducted single-cell RNA sequencing of overloaded muscles and revealed the relayed signaling among mesenchymal progenitors-macrophages (Møs)-muscle satellite cells (MuSCs). Among Mø-derived factors, they found that granulin crosses the basal lamina, directly acts on MuSCs, and promotes MuSC expansion by suppressing the expression of MyoD and myogenin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a common cause of familial frontotemporal dementia. We used a comprehensive neuropsychological battery to investigate whether early cognitive changes could be detected in GRN mutation carriers before dementia onset. Twenty-four at-risk members from six families with known GRN mutations underwent detailed neuropsychological testing. Group differences were investigated by domains of attention, language, visuospatial function, verbal memory, non-verbal memory, working memory and executive function. There was a trend for mutation carriers (n=8) to perform more poorly than non-carriers (n=16) across neuropsychological domains, with significant between group differences for visuospatial function (p

Dementia poses an ever-growing burden to health care and social services as life expectancies have grown across the world and populations age. The most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia, which includes Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Genomic studies over the past 3 decades have identified variants in genes regulating lipid transporters and endosomal processes as major risk determinants for AD, with the most significant being inheritance of the ε4 allele of the APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E. A recent surge in research on lipid handling and metabolism in glia and neurons has established defective lipid clearance from endolysosomes as a central driver of AD pathogenesis. The most prevalent genetic risk factors for DLB are the APOE ε4 allele, and heterozygous loss of function mutations in the GBA gene, encoding the lysosomal catabolic enzyme glucocerebrosidase; whilst heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, required for lysosomal catabolism of sphingolipids, are responsible for a significant proportion of FTD cases. Homozygous mutations in the GBA or GRN genes produce the lysosomal storage diseases Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Research from mouse and cell culture models, and neuropathological evidence from lysosomal storage diseases, has established that impaired cholesterol or sphingolipid catabolism is sufficient to produce the pathological hallmarks of dementia, indicating that defective lipid catabolism is a common mechanism in the etiology of dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Premature ovarian failure (POF), often and misleadingly referred to as 'premature menopause', is defined as a loss of ovarian activity before the age of 40 years and is characterized by irregular or absent periods and reduced fertility. Symptoms include those associated with the natural menopause (night sweats and vaginal dryness), and with the long-term adverse effects of estrogen deficiency (osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease): the latter is believed to explain the shorter life expectancy associated with POF. Aim: To determine the predictive value of serum osteocalcin(OC), granulin(GRN), cathepsin k (CTK), vitamin D, parathyroid hormones (PTH), calcium and phosphrus as biomarkers for POF. Method: Sixty (60) women with idiopathic POF with thirty (30) women as control groups were included in the study. Baseline investigation in all subjects included serum Osteocalcin(OC), granulin(GRN), cathepsin k (CTK), vitamin D, parathyroid hormones (PTH), calcium and phosphrus levels were estimated using the appropriate assays for each. Results: The mean serum levels of Osteocalcin, Ganulin, Parathyroid hormones, vitamin D and phosphorus, were significantly higher in women with POF, when compared to healthy controls (P=<0.05). However, mean serum levels of cathepsin k and calcium in POF group were non significant differences, when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Osteocalcin and granulin serum levels may be used as new biomarker for the diagnosis of premature ovarian failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive disease for which no curative treatment is currently available. We aimed to determine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can modulate intracortical connectivity and improve cognition in symptomatic FTD patients and presymptomatic FTD subjects. Methods We performed a double‐blind, randomized, sham‐controlled trial with anodal tDCS or sham stimulation over the left prefrontal cortex in 70 participants (15 presymptomatic and 55 symptomatic FTD). Results We observed a significant increase of intracortical connectivity (short interval intracortical inhibition and facilitation) and improvement in clinical scores and behavioral disturbances in both symptomatic FTD patients and presymptomatic carriers after real tDCS but not after sham stimulation. Discussion A 2‐weeks’ treatment with anodal left prefrontal tDCS improves symptoms and restores intracortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits in both symptomatic FTD patients and presymptomatic carriers. tDCS might represent a promising future therapeutic and rehabilitative approach in patients with FTD.

Abstract Background Long-term infections by Clonorchis sinensis are associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even liver cancer. Molecules from the worm play vital roles in disease progress. In the present study, we identified and explored molecular characterization of C. sinensis granulin (CsGRN), a growth factor-like protein from C. sinensis excretory/secretory products (CsESPs). Methods The encoding sequence and conserved domains of CsGRN were identified and analysed by bioinformatics tools. Recombinant CsGRN (rCsGRN) protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The localisation of CsGRN in adult worms and Balb/c mice infected with C. sinensis was investigated by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Stable CsGRN-overexpressed cell lines of hepatoma cells (PLC-GRN cells) and cholangiocarcinoma cells (RBE-GRN cells) were constructed by transfection of eukaryotic expression plasmid of pEGFP-C1-CsGRN. The effects on cell migration and invasion of CsGRN were assessed through the wound-healing assay and transwell assay. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (MMP2 and MMP9) in PLC-GRN or RBE-GRN cells were detected by real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The levels of E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, zona occludens proteins (ZO-1), β-catenin, phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) were analysed by Western blotting. Results CsGRN, including the conserved GRN domains, was confirmed to be a member of the granulin family. CsGRN was identified as an ingredient of CsESPs. CsGRN was localised in the tegument and testes of the adult worm. Furthermore, it appeared in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and biliary epithelium cells from infected Balb/c mouse. The enhancement of cell migration and invasion of PLC-GRN and RBE-GRN cells were observed. In addition, CsGRN upregulated the levels of vimentin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, MMP2 and MMP9, while it downregulated the level of ZO-1 in PLC-GRN/RBE-GRN cells. In total proteins of liver tissue from rCsGRN immunised Balb/c mice, vimentin level decreased, while E-cadherin level increased when compared with the control groups. Meanwhile, the levels of p-ERK reached a peak at 4 weeks post immunisation and the level of p-AKT did at 2 weeks after immunisation. Conclusions The encoding sequence and molecular characteristics of CsGRN were identified. As a member of granulin superfamily, CsGRN induced mesenchymal characteristics of PLC and RBE cells and was found to regulate the activities of the downstream molecules of the ERK and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways, which could contribute to the enhancement of cell migration and invasion.

Jellyfish grow rapidly and have a strong regenerative ability, indicating that they may express high levels of growth factors. Therefore, the aim of this research was to isolate the growth-promoting components from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata (C. capillata) and to further explore the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we first isolated and identified a novel polypeptide from C. capillata tentacles using size-exclusion chromatography followed by reverse-phase HPLC. This peptide, consisting of 58 amino acids (MW 5782.9 Da), belonged to the granulin (GRN) family of growth factors; thus, we named it Cyanea capillata granulin-1 (Cc GRN-1). Second, using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, we verified that Cc GRN-1 at the 0.5 μg/ml concentration could promote cell proliferation and increase the expression of cell-cycle proteins (CyclinB1 and CyclinD1). Third, signaling pathways studies showed that Cc GRN-1 could activate the PI3K/Akt- and ERK1/2 MAPK–signaling pathways but not the JNK MAPK- or NF-κB-signaling pathways. Subsequently, we further confirmed that the Cc GRN-1-induced cell proliferation and migration were associated only with the ERK1/2 MAPK–signaling pathway. Considering all of these factors, Cc GRN-1, as the first jellyfish-derived GRN homologue, possesses growth-promoting properties and may be a candidate for novel therapeutics to promote human wound healing in unfavorable conditions. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous study, the novel GRN-41 peptide generated from alternative splicing of the Mozambique tilapia PGRN1 gene was identified to be a potent peptide that protected against V. vulnificus in the transgenic zebrafish model by modulating innate immune-related genes. In this study, the anti-bacterial activities of synthetic Mozambique tilapia GRN-41 peptide (OmGRN-41) against various bacterial pathogens were investigated. The results showed that OmGRN-41 had bactericidal activity against Vibrio species, including V. vulnificus , V. alginolyticus , and V. harveyi , but exhibited bacteriostatic activity against V. parahaemolyticus. OmGRN-41 maintained bactericidal activity (64 μM) against V. vulnificus at pH 2 to pH 10 or after heat treatment for 1 h at high temperatures between 40 °C and 100 °C. TEM observations revealed that the outer membrane of V. vulnificus was disrupted by OmGRN-41, leading to morphological rupture and loss of cytoplasmic contents. Additionally, little hemolytic activity against tilapia and sheep erythrocytes was detected after treatment with 128 μM OmGRN-41. OmGRN-41 can effectively enhance the survival of Nile tilapia infected by V. vulnificus. Our results suggest that the OmGRN-41 is a novel antimicrobial peptide possessing bactericidal activity, especially against Vibrio species. These results indicate that OmGRN-41 can be applied in human Vibriosis treatment and has the potential to defend against Vibrio spp. infection in critical aquaculture organisms. • OmGRN-41 peptide had antimicrobial activity against various Vibrio species. • Bactericidal activity of OmGRN-41 is stable in pH 2–10 and at 40–100 °C. • OmGRN-41 had little hemolytic activity. • OmGRN-41 functions as an antimicrobial peptide can directly disrupt V. vulnificus. • OmGRN-41 can effectively rescue tilapia infected by V. vulnificus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is preceded by a long period of subtle brain changes, occurring in the absence of overt cognitive symptoms, that need to be still fully characterized. Dynamic network analysis based on resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a potentially powerful tool for the study of preclinical FTD. In the present study, we employed a "chronnectome" approach (recurring, time-varying patterns of connectivity) to evaluate measures of dynamic connectivity in 472 at-risk FTD subjects from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia research Initiative (GENFI) cohort. We considered 249 subjects with FTD-related pathogenetic mutations and 223 mutation non-carriers (HC). Dynamic connectivity was evaluated using independent component analysis and sliding-time window correlation to rs-fMRI data, and meta-state measures of global brain flexibility were extracted. Results show that presymptomatic FTD exhibits diminished dynamic fluidity, visiting less meta-states, shifting less often across them, and travelling through a narrowed meta-state distance, as compared to HC. Dynamic connectivity changes characterize preclinical FTD, arguing for the desynchronization of the inner fluctuations of the brain. These changes antedate clinical symptoms, and might represent an early signature of FTD to be used as a biomarker in clinical trials. Highlights • Frontotemporal Dementia is preceded by a long period of subtle brain changes. • Time-varying dynamic connectivity can unveiled underappreciated brain details. • Presymptomatic Frontotemporal Dementia exhibits a reduced dynamic fluidity. • Frontotemporal Dementia showed a selective vulnerability of specific brain regions. • At the very early stage Frontotemporal Dementia is affecting brain as global system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulins (GRN) are secreted factors that promote neuronal survival and regulate inflammation in various pathological conditions. However, their roles in physiological conditions in the brain remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we analysed the telencephalon in Grn-deficient zebrafish and identified morphological and transcriptional changes in microglial cells, indicative of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in the absence of any insult. Unexpectedly, activated mutant microglia shared part of their transcriptional signature with aged human microglia. Furthermore, transcriptome profiles of the entire telencephali isolated from young Grn-deficient animals showed remarkable similarities with the profiles of the telencephali isolated from aged wildtype animals. Additionally, 50% of differentially regulated genes during aging were regulated in the telencephalon of young Grn-deficient animals compared to their wildtype littermates. Importantly, the telencephalon transcriptome in young Grn-deficent animals changed only mildly with aging, further suggesting premature aging of Grn-deficient brain. Indeed, Grn loss led to decreased neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis, and to shortening of telomeres at young ages, to an extent comparable to that observed during aging. Altogether, our data demonstrate a role of Grn in regulating aging kinetics in the zebrafish telencephalon, thus providing a valuable tool for the development of new therapeutic approaches to treat age-associated pathologies.

The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is a food-borne, zoonotic pathogen endemic to Thailand and adjacent countries in Southeast Asia. The adult developmental stage of the O. viverrini parasite excretes and secretes numerous proteins within the biliary tract including the gall bladder. Lesions caused by the feeding activities of the liver fluke represent wounds that undergo protracted cycles of healing and re-injury during chronic infection, which can last for decades. Components of the excretory/secretory (ES) complement released by the worms capably drive proliferation of bile duct epithelial cells and are implicated in establishing the oncogenic milieu that leads to bile duct cancer, cholangiocarcinoma. An ES protein, the secreted granulin-like growth factor termed Ov-GRN-1, accelerates wound resolution in mice and in vitro. To investigate angiogenesis (blood vessel development) that may contribute to wound healing promoted by liver fluke granulin and, by implication, to carcinogenesis during chronic opisthorchiasis, we employed an in vitro tubule formation assay (TFA) where human umbilical vein endothelial cells were grown on gelled basement matrix. Ten and 40 nM Ov-GRN-1 significantly stimulated angiogenesis as monitored by cellular proliferation and by TFA in real time. This demonstration of potent angiogenic property of Ov-GRN-1 bolsters earlier reports on the therapeutic potential for chronic non-healing wounds of diabetics, tobacco users, and the elderly and, in addition, showcases another of the hallmark of cancer characteristic of this carcinogenic liver fluke.

Granulins are a family of protein growth factors that are involved in a range of biological functions, including wound repair, inflammation, and tumor growth. They are often expressed as part of large precursor proteins containing multiple granulin domains. Individual granulin domains are characterized by a conserved arrangement of 12 cysteine residues that form six disulfide bonds. Despite the conservation of the cysteine residues, there is significant sequence variation between granulins from different species. The initial structure determined for this family indicated the presence of a well-defined structure with a laddered arrangement of the six disulfide bonds and a β-hairpin stack. However, subsequent studies have shown the structure-function relationships of granulins are quite complex. Recent studies have indicated some granulins might have potential as wound healing agents, and studies aimed at understanding the structure-function relationships of this family are likely to enhance this potential in drug design. This review provides an overview of the structure-based studies of granulins, including the folding of truncated peptides derived from granulins from different species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progranulin (PGRN) is a multi-functional growth factor that mediates cell proliferation, survival, migration, tumorigenesis, wound healing, development, and anti-inflammation activity. A novel alternatively spliced transcript from the short-form PGRN1 gene encoding a novel, secreted GRN peptide composed of 20-a.a. signal peptide and 41-a.a. GRN named GRN-41 was identified to be abundantly expressed in immune-related organs including spleen, head kidney, and intestine of Mozambique tilapia. The expression of GRN-41 and PGRN1 were further induced in the spleen of tilapia challenged with Vibrio vulnificus at 3 h post infection (hpi) and 6 hpi, respectively. In this study, we established three transgenic zebrafish lines expressing the secreted GRN-41, GRN-A and PGRN1 of Mozambique tilapia specifically in muscle. The relative percent of survival (RPS) was enhanced in adult transgenic zebrafish expressing tilapia GRN-41 (68%), GRN-A (32%) and PGRN1 (36%) compared with control transgenic zebrafish expressing AcGFP after challenge with V. vulnificus . It indicates tilapia GRN-41 is a potent peptide against V. vulnificus infection. The secreted tilapia GRN-41 can induce the expression of innate immune response-related genes, such as TNFa , TNFb , IL-8 , IL-1β , IL-6 , IL-26 , IL-21 , IL-10 , complement C3 , lysozyme (Lyz) and the hepatic antimicrobial peptide hepcidin ( HAMP ), in adult transgenic zebrafish without V. vulnificus infection. The tilapia GRN-41 peptide can enhance the innate immune response by further elevating TNFb , IL-1β , IL-8 , IL-6 , and HAMP expression in early responsive time to the V. vulnificus challenge in transgenic zebrafish. Our results suggest that the novel GRN-41 peptide generated from alternative splicing of the tilapia PGRN1 gene is a potent peptide that defends against V. vulnificus in the transgenic zebrafish model by modulation of innate immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we described the genome of a novel baculovirus isolated fromthemonocot insect pestMocis latipes, the striped grass looper. The genome has 134,272 bp in length with a G + C content of 38.3%. Based on the concatenated sequence of the 38 baculovirus core genes, we found that the virus is a betabaculovirus closely related to the noctuid-infecting betabaculoviruses including Pseudaletia unipuncta granulovirus (PsunGV), Trichoplusia ni granulovirus (TnGV), Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus (HearGV), and Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XecnGV). The virus may constitute a new Betabaculovirus species tentatively named Mocis latipes granulovirus (MolaGV). After gene content analysis, five open reading frames (ORFs) were found to be unique to MolaGV and several auxiliary genes were found including iap-3, iap-5, bro-a, bro-b, and three enhancins. The virus genome lacked both chitinase and cathepsin. We then looked at the evolutionary history of the enhancin gene and found that betabaculovirus acquired this gene from an alphabaculovirus followed by several duplication events. Gene duplication also happened to an endonuclease-like gene. Genomic and gene content analyses revealed both a strict collinearity and gene expansion into the genome of the MolaGV-related species. We also characterized the granulin gene using a recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and found that occlusion bodies were produced into the nucleus of infected cells and presented a polyhedral shape and no occluded virions within. Overall, betabaculovirus genome sequencing is of importance to the field as few genomes are publicly accessible. Mocis latipes is a secondary pest of maize, rice, and wheat crops in Brazil. Certainly, both the discovery and description of novel baculovirusesmay lead to development of greener and safer pesticides in order to counteract and effectively control crop damage-causing insect populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baculoviruses have been used as biopesticides for decades. Recently, due to the excessive use of chemical pesticides there is a need for finding new agents that may be useful in biological protection. Sometimes few isolates or species are discovered in one host. In the past few years, many new baculovirus species have been isolated from environmental samples, thoroughly characterized and thanks to next generation sequencing methods their genomes are being deposited in the GenBank database. Next generation sequencing (NGS) methodology is the most certain way of detection, but it has many disadvantages. During our studies, we have developed a method based on Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by Multitemperature Single Stranded Conformational Polymorphism (MSSCP) which allows for distinguishing new granulovirus isolates in only a few hours and at low-cost. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis of betabaculoviruses, representative species have been chosen. The alignment of highly conserved genes--granulin and late expression factor-9, was performed and the degenerate primers were designed to amplify the most variable, short DNA fragments flanked with the most conserved sequences. Afterwards, products of PCR reaction were analysed by MSSCP technique. In our opinion, the proposed method may be used for screening of new isolates derived from environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achaea janata granulovirus (AcjaGV), an insect virus belonging to Baculoviridae, infects semilooper, a widely distributed defoliating pest on castor beans ( Ricinus communis L.) and several other plant hosts in India. The propagation and purification of the Hyderabad isolate AcjaGV were performed, granulin gene from this isolate was amplified, cloned and sequenced, and its homology with other known granulin genes was assessed. The 753-bp granulin ORF of AcjaGV encoded for a granulin protein of 250 amino acids with a molecular mass of 29.5 ± 0.7 kDa. This amino acid sequence exhibited significant homology with Spodoptera litura granulovirus (SpliGV) and other GVs infecting insects in the same Noctuidae family of Lepidoptera. Peptide analysis of granulin protein indicated close homology with that of SpliGV. Virtual RFLP patterns from in silico digestions of granulin gene of 18 granuloviruses mapped by 12 restriction enzymes were used for simulated digestions. Implications of the phylogenetic relationships of granulin nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence are discussed. We have established the sequence identity of granulin gene of AcjaGV and characterized its protein product and the phylogenetic relationship with other known GVs. Our results indicate the presence of unique restriction sites for three restriction enzymes, and this can be used as a tool for identification of AcjaGV from various sources. This is the first report from the Indian subcontinent to describe the complete granulin gene of a GV isolated from A. janata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Parkinsonism is often associated with symptoms of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but its pathogenesis has been largely neglected. In genetic inherited FTD-related granulin (GRN) mutations, parkinsonism is an early sign, and it is more common than in sporadic disorders. Our aim was to study grey matter (GM) volume changes in subcortical and deep cortical regions in GRN-related FTD. Methods: A total of 33 FTD patients (13 carriers of the GRN mutation, GRN+, and 20 non-carriers, GRN-) and 12 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. Each subject underwent an MRI examination (1) for voxel-based morphometry to study GM differences in cortical and subcortical regions, and (2) for a region of interest approach using a probabilistic atlas of subcortical regions (caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus and amygdala) to assess the regional differences. Results: The GRN+ group showed greater damage in frontotemporal regions than the GRN- group. The FTD patients had greater GM atrophy in the caudate nucleus and in the thalamus bilaterally than the HC. Damage to these subcortical and deep cortical regions was greater in the GRN+ than in the GRN- patients. Discussion: Subcortical and deep cortical involvement is a key feature of FTD, and more pronounced in GRN-related disease. Damage to the caudate region in GRN+ patients may explain the parkinsonism frequently associated since the early stages of the disease.

Baculoviridae is a highly diverse family of rod-shaped viruses with double-stranded DNA. To date, almost 100 species have had their complete genomic sequences deposited in the GenBank database, a quarter of which comprises granuloviruses (GVs). Many of the genomes are sequenced using next-generation sequencing, which is currently considered the best method for characterizing new species, but it is time-consuming and expensive. Baculoviruses form a safe alternative to overused chemical pesticides and therefore there is a constant need for identifying new species that can be active components of novel biological insecticides. In this study, we have described a fast and reliable method for the detection of new and differentiation of previously analyzed granulovirus species based on a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with melting point curve analysis. The sequences of highly conserved baculovirus genes, such as granulin and late expression factors 8 and 9 (lef-8 and lef-9), derived from GVs available to date have been analyzed and used for degenerate primer design. The developed method was tested on a representative group of eight betabaculoviruses with comparisons of melting temperatures to allow for quick and preliminary granulovirus detection. The proposed real-time PCR procedure may be a very useful tool as an easily accessible screening method in a majority of laboratories.

Conotoxins are a large family of disulfide-rich peptides that contain unique cysteine frameworks that target a broad range of ion channels and receptors. We recently discovered the 33-residue conotoxin Φ-MiXXVIIA from Conus miles with a novel cysteine framework comprising three consecutive cysteine residues and four disulfide bonds. Regioselective chemical synthesis helped decipher the disulfide bond connectivity and the structure of Φ-MiXXVIIA was determined by NMR spectroscopy. The 3D structure displays a unique topology containing two β-hairpins that resemble the N-terminal domain of granulin. Similar to granulin, Φ-MiXXVIIA promotes cell proliferation (EC50 17.85 μ m) while inhibiting apoptosis (EC50 2.2 μ m). Additional framework XXVII sequences were discovered with homologous signal peptides that define the new conotoxin superfamily G2. The novel structure and biological activity of Φ-MiXXVIIA expands the repertoire of disulfide-rich conotoxins that recognize mammalian receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulins (GRNs) are a family of small (~6 kDa) proteins generated by the proteolytic processing of their precursor, progranulin (PGRN), in many cell types. Both PGRN and GRNs are implicated in a plethora of biological functions, often in opposing roles to each other. Lately, GRNs have generated significant attention due to their implicated roles in neurodegenerative disorders. Despite their physiological and pathological significance, the structure-function relationships of GRNs are poorly defined. GRNs contain 12 conserved cysteines forming six intramolecular disulfide bonds, making them rather exceptional, even among a few proteins with high disulfide bond density. Solution NMR investigations in the past have revealed a unique structure containing putative interdigitated disulfide bonds for several GRNs, but GRN-3 was unsolvable due to its heterogeneity and disorder. In our previous report, we showed that abrogation of disulfide bonds in GRN-3 renders the protein completely disordered (Ghag et al., Prot Eng Des Sel 2016). In this study, we report the cellular expression and biophysical analysis of fully oxidized, native GRN-3. Our results indicate that both E. coli and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells do not exclusively make GRN-3 with homogenous disulfide bonds, likely due to the high cysteine density within the protein. Biophysical analysis suggests that GRN-3 structure is dominated by irregular loops held together only by disulfide bonds, which induced remarkable thermal stability to the protein despite the lack of regular secondary structure. This unusual handshake between disulfide bonds and disorder within GRN-3 could suggest a unique adaptation of intrinsically disordered proteins towards structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a common cause of dementia in older adults. We tested the variability in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins associated with previously identified HS-Aging risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Methods Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative cohort (ADNI; n = 237) data, combining both multiplexed proteomics CSF and genotype data, were used to assess the association between CSF analytes and risk SNPs in four genes (SNPs): GRN (rs5848), TMEM106B (rs1990622), ABCC9 (rs704180), and KCNMB2 (rs9637454). For controls, non-HS-Aging SNPs in APOE (rs429358/rs7412) and MAPT (rs8070723) were also analyzed against Aβ1-42 and total tau CSF analytes. Results The GRN risk SNP (rs5848) status correlated with variation in CSF proteins, with the risk allele (T) associated with increased levels of AXL Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (AXL), TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Receptor 3 (TRAIL-R3), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and clusterin (CLU) (all p < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). The TRAIL-R3 correlation was significant in meta-analysis with an additional dataset ( p = 5.05 × 10 − 5 ). Further, the rs5848 SNP status was associated with increased CSF tau protein – a marker of neurodegeneration ( p = 0.015). These data are remarkable since this GRN SNP has been found to be a risk factor for multiple types of dementia-related brain pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progranulin is a multifunctional growth factor mainly expressed in neurons and microglia. Loss-of-function mutations in the Granulin (GRN) gene are causative of frontotemporal dementia with TAR DNA-binding protein-43 inclusions. We reported the case of a 51-year-old male patient affected by sporadic agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia, in whom we identified a novel heterozygous deletion in the exon 6 (g.10338_39delAG, p.Arg161GlyfsX36). Plasma progranulin levels were significantly reduced and in silico analysis predicted a premature termination codon. This case expands our knowledge on GRN mutations in frontotemporal dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we described the genome of a novel baculovirus isolated from the monocot insect pest Mocis latipes, the striped grass looper. The genome has 134,272 bp in length with a G + C content of 38.3%. Based on the concatenated sequence of the 38 baculovirus core genes, we found that the virus is a betabaculovirus closely related to the noctuid-infecting betabaculoviruses including Pseudaletia unipuncta granulovirus (PsunGV), Trichoplusia ni granulovirus (TnGV), Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus (HearGV), and Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XecnGV). The virus may constitute a new Betabaculovirus species tentatively named Mocis latipes granulovirus (MolaGV). After gene content analysis, five open reading frames (ORFs) were found to be unique to MolaGV and several auxiliary genes were found including iap-3, iap-5, bro-a, bro-b, and three enhancins. The virus genome lacked both chitinase and cathepsin. We then looked at the evolutionary history of the enhancin gene and found that betabaculovirus acquired this gene from an alphabaculovirus followed by several duplication events. Gene duplication also happened to an endonuclease-like gene. Genomic and gene content analyses revealed both a strict collinearity and gene expansion into the genome of the MolaGV-related species. We also characterized the granulin gene using a recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and found that occlusion bodies were produced into the nucleus of infected cells and presented a polyhedral shape and no occluded virions within. Overall, betabaculovirus genome sequencing is of importance to the field as few genomes are publicly accessible. Mocis latipes is a secondary pest of maize, rice, and wheat crops in Brazil. Certainly, both the discovery and description of novel baculoviruses may lead to development of greener and safer pesticides in order to counteract and effectively control crop damage-causing insect populations