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Copyright of Journal of Horticulture & Postharvest Research is the property of University of Birjand and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: H2O2 treatment can accelerate grape ripening and mediate changes in histone methylation levels. Histone methylation, as an epigenetic modification, is involved in regulating the expression of genes related to fruit ripening, including H3K27ac, H3K4me1, H3K27me3 and H3K4me3. Among them, H3K27me3 methylation is generally negatively regulated in development, and H3K27 methyltransferase can participate in the development process of fruit by regulate the level of H3K27me3. The H3K27 methyltransferase members in grapes are not yet clear, and a better understanding of their functions contributes to regulating fruit development. Methods and results: By analyzing the conserved domains of the grape genome, three H3K27 methyltransferases were identified and named as VvH3K27-1, VvH3K27-2 and VvH3K27-3, respectively. Further analysis included their conserved domains, gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, protein physicochemical properties, chromosome localization, subcellular localization, and cis-acting elements in the promoter region. It is worth noting that all H3K27 methyltransferase genes have a highly conserved SET domain. VvH3K27-2 was localized in the nucleus and H2O2 treatment resulted in a decrease in the expression of these genes. Conclusion: Three H3K27 methyltransferase genes were identified in grape, which are down-regulated during berry development, and their expression is inhibited by H2O2 treatment. Thus, H3K27 methyltransferase genes are involved in the regulation of fruit development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most important organ for photosynthesis, leaves provide the main energy source for plant growth. Leaf traits affect light energy utilization and, thus, plant development and biomass. Given the high morphological variability of leaves between and within grape genotypes, phenotypic analysis is challenging. This study first evaluated leaf shape trait parameters using a specific leaf profile and area analyzer, along with genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses, to identify additional candidate genes related to grape leaf shape traits. In the two-year analysis, 89 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be significantly associated with leaf shape traits. These SNP loci were distributed on 18 chromosomes, of which chromosome 15 had the most relevant SNPs. We found that leaf shape-associated genes included mainly plant hormone-, ubiquitin ligase-, serine/threonine protein kinase-, transcription factor-, and cell wall metabolism-related genes. By analyzing the expression of these candidate genes on the chip, we found that they exhibited diverse expression levels in leaves at different developmental stages (young, mature, and senescent). This suggests that these genes could be considered candidates for grape leaf improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Here, we investigated the molecular genetic basis of mite domatia, structures on the underside of leaves that house mutualistic mites, and intraspecific variation in domatia size in Vitis riparia (riverbank grape). Domatia and leaf traits were measured, and the transcriptomes of mite domatia from two genotypes of V. riparia with distinct domatia sizes were sequenced to investigate the molecular genetic pathways that regulate domatia development and intraspecific variation in domatia traits. Key trichome regulators as well as auxin and jasmonic acid are involved in domatia development. Genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, biotic interactions, and molecule transport/metabolism are upregulated in domatia, consistent with their role in domatia development and function. This work is one of the first to date that provides insight into the molecular genetic bases of mite domatia. We identified key genetic pathways involved in domatia development and function, and uncovered unexpected pathways that provide an avenue for future investigation. We also found that intraspecific variation in domatia size in V. riparia seems to be driven by differences in overall leaf development between genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study was conducted to monitor and evaluate the health risks of multiple organophosphorus pesticide residues in three characteristic fruits of Maragheh district, East Azerbaijan province. The Monte Carlo method was used to quantify the possible non-carcinogenic health risks associated with pesticide residues in adults and children. The residues of 17 pesticides in 36 samples were analysed using the QuEChERS extraction method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Residues of 13 pesticides (76.47%) were detected in grape samples and 15 pesticides (88.23%) in apricot and plum samples. The maximum level found in grape samples was due to chlorpyrifos with 1.2 mg/kg, and in apricot and plum samples to diazinon with 1.6 and 1.3 mg/kg, respectively. All grape, apricot and plum samples contained at least ten pesticides with levels exceeding the Iranian and EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The processing factor for washing treatment in grape, apricot and plum samples was less than 1, ranging from 0.53 to 0.69. Chlorpyrifos with values of 0.064 and 0.256 in the grape samples and diazinon with values of 0.0443 and 0.177 in the apricot samples and values of 0.0263 and 0.105 in the plum samples contain the highest hazard quotients (HQ) for adults and children, respectively. The cumulative risk assessment due to exposure to several pesticide residues suggests that there is no significant health risk for adults (HI < 1). However, consumption of unwashed grapes may cause adverse effects in children (HI = 1.48). However, for further research, a comprehensive longitudinal study is suggested to assess the long-term effects of exposure to pesticides especially for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) bacteria form biofilm on the cuticular surfaces of the functional foregut (precibarium and cibarium) of its vectors, xylem fluid-ingesting sharpshooter leafhoppers and spittlebugs. While much is known about Xf biofilm development and maturation in vitro, little is known about these processes in vectors. Real-time (RT)-PCR was used to quantify Xf genomes daily in the functional foreguts of blue-green sharpshooters, Graphocephala atropunctata, over 7 days of exposure to infected grapevines. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine Xf biofilm formation at 4 and 7 days of that time course. PCR showed populations building and reducing over a 4-day cycle. SEM revealed that foreguts at 4 days showed variability in quantity and location of bacterial attachment. Only early-stage biofilm formation occurred in low-turbulence areas of the cibarium, while high-turbulence areas of the cibarium and precibarium had rare but older, more developed macro-colonies. Biofilm was almost absent at 7 days but left behind adhesive material and remnants of prior colonization. Evidence supports the hypothesis that bacterial colonization was repeatedly interrupted and constrained by the vector. Behaviors such as egestion and enzymatic salivation likely can loosen and eject Xf biofilm, perhaps when profuse biofilm interferes with ingestion. Thus, vector acquisition of Xf is a dynamic and stochastic process of interactions between bacteria and insects. We further hypothesize for future testing that the insect can regulate this interaction. A deep understanding of Xf acquisition will aid the ongoing development of grapevine resistance to vector transmission of xylellae diseases. IMPORTANCE Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) is one of the most destructive invasive plant pathogens in the world, able to hijack new vectors when it invades a region; yet the temporal interplay of bacterial colonization and insect behavior is unknown. This paper describes important findings about the process of Xf biofilm formation and maturation in a vector, contrasting similarities and differences with such formation in vitro. Results support the hypothesis that the behavior of the vector constrains and may regulate Xf biofilm formation, in dynamic competition with the bacterium. The data from this paper partly explain why Xf is so successful at invasion. Because the bacterium can be acquired and inoculated very quickly, it can move readily from old to new vectors and host plants in all-new environments. Our findings are relevant to biosecurity decisions because they demonstrate the importance of identifying potential vector species in the Xylella invasion front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula is an invasive species in the United States that has emerged as a significant pest in vineyards. This polyphagous insect causes significant damage to grapevines and tree of heaven (TOH). SLF feeds voraciously on plant tissues using its piercing and sucking mouthparts through which it injects saliva and uptakes plant sap. Despite its impact, research on fundamental mechanisms mediating SLF interactions with their predominant hosts is limited. This study documents the morphology of salivary glands and quantifies plant hormones in salivary glands of SLF adults fed on grapevines and TOH using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS). SLF adults have one pair of large salivary glands, ranging from 10 to 15 mm in length that extend from the insect's head to the last sections of the abdomen. The salivary glands of SLF contain salicylic acid (89 ng/g), abscisic acid (6.5 ng/g), 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (5.7 ng/g), indole-3-acetic acid (2 ng/g), jasmonic acid (0.6 ng/g), jasmonic acid isoleucine (0.037 ng/g), and the cytokinin ribosides trans-zeatin (0.6 ng/g) and cis-zeatin (0.1 ng/g). While the concentrations of these hormones were similar in insects fed on grapevines and TOH, abscisic acid was more abundant in insects fed on grapevines, and jasmonic acid isoleucine was only detected in insects fed on grape. These results are discussed in the context of the possible implications that these hormones may have on the regulation of plant defenses. This study contributes to our understanding of the composition of SLF saliva and its potential role in plant immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is widely accepted that the five main fruit trees that established horticulture in the late prehistoric period are: olive (Olea europaea), common fig (Ficus carica), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), and pomegranate (Punica granatum), there is much less agreement on where, when, and why this happened. This review paper1 gathers all recent archaeological and archaeobotanical information on the topic and suggests that all five founders were first assembled into a package in one geographically small region – the Central Jordan Valley. From this core area, knowledge and/or genetic materials were shifted to nearby regions. Yet, it cannot be ruled out that other parallel independent domestications may have occurred in other regions. 14C dates provided in this study indicate that the beginning of this development is dated at ca. 7000 years cal. BP., earlier than previously considered. It seems that the primary motivation has been related to political and socioeconomic considerations rather than climatological-environmental concerns or other factors. The paper also discusses the cost-effective benefits of simultaneously cultivating several fruit trees. Understanding the early stages of horticulture sheds light on the history of our civilizations, which, according to this study, preceded urbanization or state formation by more than a millennium and a half. A better understanding of the origin and early stages of this development is also of great importance, given the immediate need to adapt horticultural practices to environmental degradation and global climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oenobiol Sun Expert, a food formulation designed to enhance skin health prior to sun exposure, has been optimized by incorporating the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, which includes grape pomace extract, increased selenium content and 10% lycopene-rich tomato extract, with these constituents exhibiting high antioxidant potential. To evaluate the effects of these individual ingredients and the overall formulation at the cellular level, the AOP1 cell antioxidant efficacy assay was employed to measure the intracellular free radical scavenging activity, while the Cell Antioxidant Assay (CAA or DCFH-DA) assay was used to assess peroxidation scavenging at the plasma membrane level. The indirect antioxidant activity was examined using stably transfected cell lines containing a luciferase reporter gene controlled by the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE), which activates the endogenous antioxidant system via the Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. Our results indicate that among the individual components, grape pomace extract and sodium selenite possess high and complementary antioxidant properties. Grape pomace extract was particularly effective in inhibiting free radicals (AOP1 EC50 = 6.80 μg/mL) and activating the ARE pathway (ARE EC50 = 231.1 μg/mL), whereas sodium selenite exerted its effects through potent ARE activation at sub-microgram levels (EC50 = 0.367 μg/mL). In contrast, the lycopene-rich tomato extract did not show a notable contribution to the antioxidant effects. The antiradical activity of the OenoGrape Advanced Complex, comprising these three ingredients, was very efficient and consistent with the results obtained for the individual components (AOP1 EC50 = 15.78 µg/mL and ARE EC50 of 707.7 μg/mL). Similarly, the free radical scavenging activity still persisted in the Oenobiol Sun Expert formulation (AOP1 EC50 = 36.63 µg/mL). Next, in vitro intestinal transepithelial transfer experiments were performed. The basolateral compartments of cells exposed to the ingredients were collected and assessed using the same antioxidant cell assays. The direct and indirect antioxidant activities were measured on both hepatocytes and keratinocytes, demonstrating the bioavailability and bioactivity of grape pomace extract and sodium selenite. These finding suggest that the ingredients of this food supplement contribute to enhanced cytoprotection following ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Vitis, known for its economically important fruit—grape—is divided into three geographical groups, American, East Asian, and Eurasian, along with a hybrid group. However, previous studies on grape phylogeny using chloroplast genomes have been hindered by limited sample sizes and inconsistent methodologies, resulting in inaccuracies. In this study, we employed the GetOrganelle software with consistent parameters to assemble the chloroplast genomes of 21 grape cultivars, ensuring comprehensive representation across four distinct groups. A comparative analysis of the 21 grape cultivars revealed structural variation, showing chloroplast genome sizes ranging from 160,813 bp to 161,275 bp. In 21 Vitis cultivars, genome annotation revealed 134 to 136 genes, comprising 89 to 91 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. Our observations have pinpointed specific occurrences of contraction and expansion phenomena at the interfaces between inverted repeat (IR) regions and single-copy (SC) regions, particularly in the vicinity of the rpl2, ycf1, ndhF, and trnN genes. Meanwhile, a total of 193 to 198 SSRs were identified in chloroplast genomes. The diversification pattern of chloroplast genomes exhibited strong concordance with the phylogenetic relationships of the Euvitis subgenera. Phylogenetic analysis based on conserved chloroplast genome strongly clustered the grape varieties according to their geographical origins. In conclusion, these findings enhance our understanding of chloroplast genome variation in Vitis populations and have important implications for cultivar selection, breeding, and conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By-products generated in the winemaking industry contain compounds with health-promoting properties, which can be reintroduced into the food production chain. This study evaluated the use of a by-product from the industrial processing of grapes as an ingredient in the manufacture of Petit Suisse cheese, made with A2A2 milk and the addition of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019. Two Petit Suisse formulations were made in three independent batches: a control formulation without the addition of the by-product (F0) and a formulation containing 10% of the by-product (F1). The proximate composition of the cheeses was characterized on the first day after manufacturing them. The addition of the by-product led to an increase in ash, lipids, and carbohydrates and a reduction in moisture and protein contents. The physicochemical characterization and the texture profile analysis showed no changes throughout the product's shelf life. The probiotic counts remained abundant (~eight log CFU/g) in both formulations with no changes seen throughout the shelf life period. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the added bacteria had typical structures. No differences were observed in the fatty acid profiles of the formulations, and both exhibited a total of 18 fatty acids, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Additionally, the by-product conferred antioxidant activity to the F1 formulation. The addition of the by-product in fresh cheese may be an interesting approach in regards to the processing technology used, its microbiological safety, and its nutritional value. The use of A2A2 milk and a probiotic culture thus enhanced the Petit Suisse cheese, resulting in a healthier product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafting is important for increasing the resistance of grapevines to environmental stress, improving fruit quality, and shortening the reproductive period. In this study, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (CS) grafted on the resistant rootstock 140R (CS/140R), self-grafted grapevines of the resistant rootstock 140R (140R/140R), and self-grafted grapevines of CS (CS/CS) were subjected to high-throughput sequencing; small RNA (sRNA) libraries were constructed, and miRNAs responsive to the grafting process were identified. A total of 177 known miRNAs and 267 novel miRNAs were identified. Many miRNAs responsive to the grafting process were significantly down-regulated in CS/140R leaves relative to CS/CS leaves, such as vvi-miR171c, vvi-miR171e, et al., suggesting that the expression of these miRNAs might be affected by grafting. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that the differentially expressed miRNAs regulated the expression of genes in the phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway. Grapevine leaves transiently overexpressing vvi-miR171c were assayed, and the expression of the target gene, VvMYB154, and the resveratrol content were decreased, indicating that vvi-miR171c negatively regulates the expression of VvMYB154. In sum, 140R increased the resveratrol content of the scion by grafting, down-regulating the expression of vvi-miR171c. These results provide new information that will aid future analyses of the effects of grafting on the content of secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: T 2$$ {}_2 $$‐weighted turbo‐spin‐echo (TSE) sequences are a fundamental technique in brain imaging but suffer from field inhomogeneities at ultra‐high fields. Several methods have been proposed to mitigate the problem, but were limited so far to nonselective three‐dimensional (3D) measurements, making short acquisitions difficult to achieve when targeting very high resolution images, or needed additional calibration procedures, thus complicating their application. Methods: Slab‐selective excitation pulses were designed for flexible placement utilizing the concept of k T$$ {}_T $$‐spokes. Phase‐coherent refocusing universal pulses were subsequently optimized with the Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering algorithm and tested in vivo for improved signal homogeneity. Results: Implemented within a 3D variable flip angle TSE sequence, these pulses led to a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) improvement ranging from 10% to 30% compared to a two‐dimensional (2D) T2w TSE sequence employing B1+$$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$‐shimmed pulses. B1+$$ {\mathrm{B}}_1^{+} $$ field inhomogeneities could be mitigated and artifacts from B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ deviations reduced. The concept of universal pulses was successfully applied. Conclusion: We present a pulse design method which provides a set of calibration‐free universal pulses (UPs) for slab‐selective excitation and phase‐coherent refocusing in slab‐selective TSE sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of grape leaf diseases has a negative impact on the sustainable development of agriculture. Diseases induced by Uncinula necator significantly affect the quality of grapes. Bacillus biocontrol agents have been proven effective in disease management. However, limited research has been conducted on the impact of biocontrol agents on the assembly and potential functions of plant phyllosphere microbial communities. This study used high-throughput sequencing combined with bioinformatics analysis and culture omics technology for analysis. The results showed that biocontrol bacteria B. subtilis utilized in this study can significantly reduce the disease index of powdery mildew (p<0.05); concurrently, it exhibits a lower disease index compared to traditional fungicides. A comprehensive analysis has revealed that biocontrol bacteria have no significant impact on the diversity of phyllosphere fungi and bacteria, while fungicides can significantly reduce bacterial diversity. Additionally, biocontrol agents can increase the complexity of fungal networks and enhance the degree of modularity and stability of the bacterial network. The results also showed that the biocontrol agents, which contained a high amount of B. subtilis, were able to effectively colonize the grapevine phyllosphere, creating a microenvironment that significantly inhibits pathogenic bacteria on grape leaves while enhancing leaf photosynthetic capacity. In conclusion, biocontrol agents significantly reduce the grape powdery mildew disease index, promote a microenvironment conducive to symbiotic microorganisms and beneficial bacteria, and enhance plant photosynthetic capacity. These findings provide a basis for promoting biocontrol agents and offer valuable insights into sustainable agriculture development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, in planta assays were conducted to assess the effects of fungicide spray tactics, such as the reduction of the labeled fungicide dose and mixture with a multisite fungicide, on fungicide resistance selection and disease control using Vitis vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grown in a greenhouse for 2 years. The entire clusters were inoculated with Botrytis cinerea isolates at varying frequencies of fenhexamid resistance, followed by fungicide sprays and disease and fenhexamid resistance investigations at critical phenological stages. Our findings indicate that the lower dose of the at-risk fungicide, fenhexamid, effectively managed fenhexamid resistance and disease as well as the higher, labeled dose. In addition, a mixture with the multisite fungicide captan generally resulted a net-positive effect on both resistance management and disease control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adult Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Lewis) is an omnivorous beetle that damages primarily crops and fruits, especially grapes. The objective of our study was to gain insight into vision and olfaction in P. brevitarsis adults. The results indicated that the adults innately preferred wavelengths in the red spectrum, particularly 730 nm. It is the first report that P. brevitarsis adults had an associative learning ability, which meant they could associate the feeding environment with a food reward. This is of great importance in revealing the feeding preferences of adults and their persistent damage in vineyards. And we also found that vision was not the only factor in foraging decisions; olfactory cues also influenced their decision making. These results contribute to our understanding of the combined role of visual and olfactory cues for host localization and provide a basis for designing effective traps for P. brevitarsis adults. Color vision, which varies among species, plays an important role in foraging, mating, and habitat selection among insects. Protaetia brevitarsis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Lewis) is an omnivorous beetle that damages both crops and fruit. Here, to understand the effect of vision and olfaction in host selection, experiments were conducted on the spectral wavelength preference, color preference, and associative learning ability of adult P. brevitarsis using LED lights and grapes. In our experiments, adults showed the strongest spontaneous preference toward the red spectrum, particularly 730 nm. Non-preferred lights were used to train adults with a food reward (grapes). Green-trained adults had an increasing tendency to prefer green light, and blue-trained adults had a clear preference for blue light. Furthermore, adults significantly preferred red grapes in the absence of olfactory cues, but their selectivity for grapes differed in the presence of olfactory cues, indicating that vision was not the only factor in foraging decisions, but that olfactory cues also influenced their decision making. The results lay the groundwork for revealing their host localization mechanism and provide promising avenues for biological control in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Viticulture has adapted foliar applications of biostimulants as a tool to improve crop quality. Recently, nanotechnology has been incorporated as a strategy to reduce the loss of biostimulants and treat nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar applications of amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles (ACP) doped with methyl jasmonate (ACP‐MeJA) and urea (ACP‐Ur), individually or together (ACP‐MeJA+Ur), on the content of volatile compounds in 'Tempranillo' grapes, compared to the conventional application of MeJA and Ur, individually or in combination (MeJA+Ur). RESULTS: The results showed that nanoparticle treatments reduced the total C6 compounds and some carbonyl compounds in the grape musts. This is of novel interest because their presence at high levels is undesirable to quality. In addition, some aroma‐positive compounds such as nerol, neral, geranyl acetone, β‐cyclocitral, β‐ionone, 2‐phenylethanal and 2‐phenylethanol increased, despite applying MeJA and Ur at a lower dose. CONCLUSION: Consequently, although few differences in grape volatile composition were detected, nanotechnology could be an option for improving the aromatic quality of grapes, at the same time as reducing the required doses of biostimulants and generating more sustainable agricultural practices. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil mulching is a useful agronomic practice that promotes early fruit maturation and affects fruit quality. However, the regulatory mechanism of fruit metabolites under soil-mulching treatments remains unknown. In this study, variations in the gene sets and metabolites of grape berries after mulching (rice straw + felt + plastic film) using transcriptome and metagenomic sequencing were investigated. The results of the cluster analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis of the metabolites showed a difference between the mulching and control groups, as did the principal component analysis results for the transcriptome. In total, 36 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, of which 10 (resveratrol, ampelopsin F, piceid, 3,4′-dihydroxy-5-methoxystilbene, ε-viniferin, trans resveratrol, epsilon-viniferin, 3′-hydroxypterostilbene, 1-methyl-resveratrol, and pterostil-bene) were stilbenes. Their content increased after mulching, indicating that stilbene synthase activity increased after mulching. The weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that the turquoise and blue modules were positively and negatively related to stilbene compounds. The network analysis identified two seed genes (VIT_09s0054g00610, VIT_13s0156g00260) and two transcription factors (VIT_13s0156g00260, VIT_02s0025g04590). Overall, soil mulching promoted the accumulation of stilbene compounds in grapes, and the results provided key genetic information for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to gain knowledge about the genetic reserves of native Iranian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars and genotypes in tropical regions and to identify the best grapevine cultivars and genotypes existing in vineyards of Khuzestan province. Research Method: This study evaluated the phenotypic diversity of 60 grapevine cultivars and genotypes existing in tropical, subtropical region of Khuzestan province in Iran. Findings: The result showed that the most descriptive statistics in the most important quantitative traits are related to fresh weight of bunch, bunch length, bunch width, the number of berries per bunch, berry length, berry width, protein content, total soluble solids and titratanbe acidity. The native Iranian grape cultivars and genotypes of Khuzestan province included 'Bangi', 'Soltani' and 'Yershi' as the earliest, Iranian cultivars including 'Yaghouti Ghermez', 'Yaghouti Sabz' and 'Asgari' as mid-ripening and foreign cultivars including 'Flame Seedless' and 'Perlette' as late ripening respectively. The results of factor analysis showed that the highest coefficients of eigenvectors in 7 main components are related to the most important traits including fresh weight of bunch, fresh weight of berries, berry diameter, berry length, the number of berries per bunch, protein content, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and the content of chlorophyll which accounted for 84.28% of the total variance variation. To group cultivars and genotypes based on investigated traits from cluster analysis by Ward’s method was used. Cultivars and genotypes were grouped in 9 main clusters in 5 Euclidean distances. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: In this research, the significant diversity of grapevine cultivars and genotypes existing in vineyards of Khuzestan province showed the superiority of native cultivars and genotypes such as 'Soltani', 'Bangi (Ghermez)' and 'Yershi' in some traits compared to other foreign cultivars.

Exogenous gibberellic acid was applied to regulate fruit growth of grapes to acquire high quality seedless berries. The vascular bundles provide the pathway of water and nutrient transport into the fruit and play an important role in berry growth and sugar accumulation. Therefore, changes in berry size and quality are closely related to the structure and function of the vascular tissue. In this study, 10-year-old “Shine Muscat” grape vines were treated with GA3 in grapevine production. Based on previous research and experimental environmental conditions, four treatments were applied: elongating cluster（5 mg L−1 GA3 on Apr. 28）+ seedless（25 mg L−1 GA3 on May. 24）+ expanding（50 mg L−1 GA3 on Jun. 7） (T1), seedless（25 mg L−1 GA3 on May. 24）+ expanding（50 mg L−1 GA3 on Jun. 7） (T2), expanding（50 mg L−1 GA3 on Jun. 7） (T3) and water (CK). Compared to CK, all fruits treated with GA3 had greater berry size. In addition, GA3 treated grapes had greater vascular bundle areas, including the areas of both phloem and xylem, as well as a greater number of vessels compared to control fruit. During the first rapid growth stage, water transport into the grape was rapid and did not differ among treatments. During veraison, the water transport rate among the four treatments differed, and the rank of speed was T2>T3>CK>T1. Therefore, we found that GA3 treatment can significantly promote the differentiation of vascular tissues and improve water transport capacity and phloem sugar unloading; T2 promoted the development of vascular bundles, enhanced water transport speed and phloem sugar unloading of fruit after veraison, and increased berry size.

ABSTRACT: To effectively assess the extent of the mycotoxin contamination of grapes, a method was developed to analyze 22 mycotoxins by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). Samples were extracted and purified using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure. The extracts were separated on a BEH Shield C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), using methanol and water with 0.1% formic acid solution and 2 mmol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phases. The quantification was performed according to a matrix-matched external standard method. There was a good linear relationship within the respective mass concentration ranges of 22 mycotoxins; the correlation coefficients were not less than 0.998 1. The limit of quantification was 0.3–10.0 μg/kg. Mycotoxin recovery ranged from 68.6% to 109.0%, with a relative standard deviation of 1.28%–12.80%. The method is simple, rapid, highly sensitive, and accurate, making it useful for screening grapes for common and emerging mycotoxins.

Abstract Background Grape is a plant that is sensitive to low temperature and vulnerable to low-temperature damage. However, little is known about the roles of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in regulating the hypothermia response mechanism in Vitis amurensis Rupr. Methods In this study, the expression and regulatory network of low-temperature response genes were studied in the phloem of grape under different low-temperature stress. Results Here, we performed analyses related to RNA-seq and miRNA-seq on grape phloem tissues from five periods of cold resistance campaigns. Three RNAs (lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs) obtained by KEGG and GO analyses were used to identify starch and sucrose metabolism associated with cold resistance, and specific changes in BP, CC, and MF were identified in four comparisons. Venn diagrams, thermograms and pathway maps were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and their specific gene expression during the cold exercise were obtained. The six DEGs finally selected were used for qRT-PCR to verify the RNA-seq data. In addition, we found that the regulatory networks of miRNAs and lncRNAs correspond to the six DEGs. This study will contribute to further experimental studies to elucidate the cold resistance mechanism of Vitis amurensis Rupr. Conclusions The low-temperature response genes of grape are mainly enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism, and they are regulated by miRNAs and lncRNAs. The conclusions will provide basic information for further understanding of the cold resistance mechanism of grape in the future. Graphical Abstract

In order to explore the application value of different grape varieties in fruit beer brewing and their effects on beer quality, we studied the effects of addition of different levels (30% and 40%, V/V) of Syrah or Merlot grape mashes on the aroma, physical and chemical indexes and antioxidant activity of fruit beer. Besides, grape beer with better quality was determined by sensory evaluation. The results showed that both grape varieties increased the concentration and antioxidant properties of phenols including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity, ferric and cupric ion reducing power abilities, and significantly elevated the acidity and alcohol concentration of beer. The beer made with the addition of 30% Syrah or 40% (V/V) Merlot exhibited the highest content of aroma compounds, which increased by 190.55% and 152.65%, respectively, when compared with the control group. Sensory evaluation showed that the beer made with the addition of 30% Syrah tasted best. In general, the addition of different varieties of grape mashes had a positive effect on improving beer quality and aroma, which could become an important direction for the development of diversified beer products in the future.

Background: Grape is a plant that is sensitive to low temperature and vulnerable to low-temperature damage. However, little is known about the roles of lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs in regulating the hypothermia response mechanism in Vitis amurensis Rupr. Methods: In this study, the expression and regulatory network of low-temperature response genes were studied in the phloem of grape under different low-temperature stress. Results: Here, we performed analyses related to RNA-seq and miRNA-seq on grape phloem tissues from five periods of cold resistance campaigns. Three RNAs (lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs) obtained by KEGG and GO analyses were used to identify starch and sucrose metabolism associated with cold resistance, and specific changes in BP, CC, and MF were identified in four comparisons. Venn diagrams, thermograms and pathway maps were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and their specific gene expression during the cold exercise were obtained. The six DEGs finally selected were used for qRT-PCR to verify the RNA-seq data. In addition, we found that the regulatory networks of miRNAs and lncRNAs correspond to the six DEGs. This study will contribute to further experimental studies to elucidate the cold resistance mechanism of Vitis amurensis Rupr. Conclusions: The low-temperature response genes of grape are mainly enriched in the starch and sucrose metabolism, and they are regulated by miRNAs and lncRNAs. The conclusions will provide basic information for further understanding of the cold resistance mechanism of grape in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Berry quality potential from a single vineyard is mainly defined based on some physicochemical parameters and subjective assessments. In this way, berry maturity variability would be a key factor affecting berry quality. Methods: This trial aimed to study the effects of the maturity variability of berries harvested from plots of low (~37,080 kg ha−1), middle (~12,545 kg ha−1), and high (~1476 kg ha−1) quality potential on berry and wine physicochemical parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon in two consecutive seasons. The quality potential of the plots was defined by the winemakers considering mostly yield per hectare and the final price of their wines. Results: The berry heterogeneous maturity of soluble solids and berry weight in Cabernet Sauvignon was confirmed. The coefficient of variability (CV) of berry weight of high-quality plots was high at véraison and decreased as ripening progressed, reaching CV of 19.9% at harvest. Low-quality plots showed the lowest CV of berry weight in all the studied dates, whereas high-quality plots presented the lowest CV in soluble solids content of berries, reaching a 5.1% of variability at harvest. The physicochemical parameters showed that high-quality plots were characterized by high levels of soluble solids and phenolic maturity parameters, whereas samples from low-quality plots reached high berry weight and malic acid content. Berry differences among the physicochemical parameters determined wine quality, which allowed for plots to be classified by their potential quality at harvest. Conclusions: Studying maturity variability of soluble solids and berry weight will allow for sampling to be sectorized within a vineyard to reduce the extremes of maturity that would affect wine quality and productive goals of winemakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids, including proanthocyanidins (PAs), anthocyanins and flavonols are essential secondary metabolites that contribute to the nutritional value and sensory quality of grape berry and red wine. Advances in molecular biology technology have led to substantial progress in understanding the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. The influence of terroir on grape berries and wine has garnered increasing attention, yet its comprehensive regulatory network remains underexplored. In terms of application, environmental factors such as water, light, and temperature are more easily regulated in grapevines compared to soil conditions. Therefore, we summarize their effects on flavonoid content and composition, constructing a network that links environmental factors, hormones, and metabolites to provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This review enriches the knowledge of the regulatory network mechanisms governing flavonoid responses to environmental factors in grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the propagation potential of some local varieties using the in vitro shoot-tip culture method. Bilecik İrikarası, Sarı Üzüm, Kartal Çavuş and Razakı were used as materials. As a result of the study, the values of rooting rate, number of roots, length of roots, number of shoots, length of shoots, number of leaves and number of nodes of the grape varieties were determined. When the cultivars were compared in terms of rooting characteristics, the highest rooting rate was 54.7%, the highest root number was 3.71 per plant, and the highest average root length value was 17.93 cm from Bilecik İrikarası. When the cultivars were evaluated in terms of shoot length, the highest shoot length value was determined in Razaki variety with 5.72 cm. Similarly, considering the number of leaves and nodes in the shoots were determined, with the highest leaf number value was of 8.71, the highest node number value was of 6.71 in Razakı variety. As a result of the study, local varieties that used as material in this study showed positive results in in vitro propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late-season dehydration (LSDN) is a physiological disorder affecting grape berry water content, resulting in dehydration. Vineyards in the Aegean Region of western Türkiye have experienced problems with LSDN, particularly during periods of high temperatures. This research examines how partial canopy covering materials affect temperature differentials inside and outside the canopy, including the determination of LSDN grape berries of Sultan 7 (Vitis vinifera L.). A partial shading net (PS) was employed to prevent LSDN in the grape berries, and shading net and polyethylene material (PSP) were deployed to assess the impact of increasing canopy temperatures on the occurrence of LSDN in grape berries. Although partial covering materials did not substantially affect grapevine yield, the control group produced the largest and the heaviest berries. In the second year, warmer conditions led to more clusters with LSDN-affected berries and increased sunburn damage on clusters. PS showed a high healthy cluster rate of 72.50%, while PSP and control showed lower rates of 63.60% and 58.10%, respectively. Throughout the study period, PS exhibited 9.02% LSDN berries, while the control and PSP showed 17.10% and 16.70% clusters with LSDN berries in the total harvested clusters, respectively. The study showed that PS treatment alleviated LSDN symptoms in clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The influences of abscisic acid (ABA) applications on precursors and gene expression in 3‐alkyl‐2‐methoxypyrazines (MPs) biosynthetic pathway, MPs concentration and sensory evaluation of its derived peculiar odors in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines were investigated. At the vineyard, ABA solution with 25, 100 and 400 mg L−1 (AT1, AT2 and AT3, respectively) and an aqueous solution (control) were sprayed three times from veraison to pre‐harvest. RESULTS: Higher concentration ABA applications (AT2 and AT3) in grapes could significantly reduce MPs concentration and its derived peculiar odors in grapes and wines compared to a lower concentration ABA application (AT1) and control, with AT2 application having the strongest effect. The changes in MPs were mainly a result of the downregulated expression of VvOMTs genes at higher concentration ABA applications, independent of the levels of their potential precursors. CONCLUSION: The present study reveals that ABA application had the potential to decrease production of MPs in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines, and this result provides reference values for the removal of unpleasant vegetable odors from Cabernet Sauvignon wines in production. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seed oil (GSO) is a valuable resource for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its fatty acid composition, which provides anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. GSO is also recognized for its sensory attributes and serves as an essential component in our dietary intake, providing vital fatty acids for metabolic reactions. The enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids (SL) using GSO was investigated in this study. The SL was created by incorporating medium chain fatty acids (capric acid – C10) at the sn -1 and sn -3 positions and long chain fatty acids in the internal position of the triacylglycerols (TAG). GSO was selected based on its composition rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid. The acidolysis reactions were catalyzed by an immobilized commercial lipase Lipozyme TLIM®. The incorporation degree of C10 into GSO reached 36%. Health lipid indices were calculated to determine the C10 incorporation effect on the improvement of nutritional quality of oil. The SL showed lower oxidative stability index (OSI) values than the original oil and higher degree of fatty acid (DFA) values. The simpler, solvent-free method not only enhances the health benefits of oils but also gives valuable properties to GSO, making it an even more attractive option for food industries. [Display omitted] • Sustainable green processes for valorization of grape seed are proposed. • Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids enhances GSO with health promoting C10 fatty acids. • Lipozyme TLIM¬Æ achieved a remarkable 36% C10 incorporation in GSO. • Simpler, solvent-free method improves GSO's health lipid indices, making it an ideal choice for food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exogenous melatonin (MT) can promote horticultural crops growth under stress conditions. Methods: In this study, the effects of exogenous MT on the accumulation of selenium (Se) in grape were studied under Se stress. Results and discussion: Under Se stress, exogenous MT increased the biomass, content of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzyme activity of grapevines. Compared with Se treatment, MT increased the root biomass, shoot biomass, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase activity, and peroxidase activity by 18.11%, 7.71%, 25.70%, 25.00%, 25.93%, 5.73%, and 9.41%, respectively. Additionally, MT increased the contents of gibberellin, auxin, and MT in grapevines under Se stress, while it decreased the content of abscisic acid. MT increased the contents of total Se, organic Se and inorganic Se in grapevines. Compared with Se treatment, MT increased the contents of total Se in the roots and shoots by 48.82% and 135.66%, respectively. A transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that MT primarily regulated the cellular, metabolic, and bioregulatory processes of grapevine under Se stress, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, spliceosome, and flavonoid biosynthesis. These involved nine DEGs and nine metabolic pathways in total. Moreover, a field experiment showed that MT increased the content of Se in grapes and improved their quality. Therefore, MT can alleviate the stress of Se in grapevines and promote their growth and the accumulation of Se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Supplying monochromatic blue LED light during the day, but not at night, promotes early coloration and improves anthocyanin accumulation in the skin of grape berries. Specific light spectra, such as blue light, are known to promote the biosynthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins in fruit skins. However, research is scarce on whether supplement of blue light during different periods of one day can differ in their effect. Here, we compared the consequences of supplying blue light during the day and night on the accumulation of anthocyanins in pigmented grapevine (Vitis vinifera) berries. Two treatments of supplemented monochromatic blue light were tested, with light emitting diodes (LED) disposed close to the fruit zone, irradiating between 8:00 and 18:00 (Dayblue) or between 20:00 and 6:00 (Nightblue). Under the Dayblue treatment, berry coloration was accelerated and total anthocyanins in berry skins increased faster than the control (CK) and also when compared to the Nightblue condition. In fact, total anthocyanin content was similar between CK and Nightblue. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that Dayblue slightly improved the relative expression of the anthocyanin-structural gene UFGT and its regulator MYBA1. Instead, the expression of the light-reception and -signaling related genes CRY, HY5, HYH, and COP1 rapidly increased under Dayblue. This study provides insights into the effect of supplementing monochromatic LED blue light during the different periods of one day, on anthocyanins accumulation in the berry skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivation, high temperatures (HTs) usually reduce the accumulation of anthocyanins. In order to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis under high-temperature environments, we investigated the effects of HT stress at veraison (5% coloring of grape ears) on fruit coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in 'Summer Black' (XH) and 'Flame seedless' (FL) grapevines. Compared to the control group (35 °C), the total anthocyanin content of XH and FL grapes subjected to a high-temperature (HT) treatment group (40 °C) decreased significantly as the HT treatment continued, but showed an upward trend with fruit development. However, the concentration of procyanidins increased significantly following HT treatment but decreased with fruit development. Nonetheless, FL grapes showed some resistance to the HT condition, producing anthocyanin content at ripeness comparable to the control group, demonstrating a greater adaptability to HT conditions than XH grapes. Based on the CIRG index, at stage S4, the fruit of FL was classified as dark red, while XH was classified as blue-black in the control group. Anthocyanin-targeted metabonomics identified eight different types of anthocyanins accumulating in the peels of XH and FL grapes during ripening, including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins, petunidins, procyanidins, and flavonoids. Malvidins were the most abundant in the two grape varieties, with malvidin-3-O-glucoside being more sensitive to high temperatures. HT treatment also down-regulated the expression of structural genes and regulators involved in the anthocyanin synthesis pathways. We used the WGCNA method to identify two modules that were significantly correlated with total anthocyanin and procyanidin contents. Among them, MYBCS1, bHLH137, WRKY65, WRKY75, MYB113-like, bZIP44, and GST3 were predicted to be involved in grape anthocyanin biosynthesis. In conclusion, this study conducted in-depth research on the HT inhibition of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in XH and FL grapes, for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) domain is present in the proteins of all living organisms and functions as an energy sensor, regulating protein activity through the binding capacity of its adenosine ligands. The role of the CBS gene in plant growth and development, as well as tolerance to abiotic stresses, remains largely unknown, especially in grapevine. In our study, 32 members of the CBS gene family were obtained that were distributed on 15 chromosomes. The results of the structural and evolutionary tree analyses indicated that the VvCBS gene family exhibits diverse intron-exon patterns and highly conserved motifs. Furthermore, the phylogenetic classification of the VvCBS genes revealed the presence of three subfamilies. Subcellular localization analyses showed that the VvCBS genes are mainly located in the plasma membrane region. The secondary structure of the VvCBS protein mainly consists of α-helices, extended strands, β-turns, and random coils. The VvCBS gene family exhibited four co-linear gene pairs, while the numbers for Arabidopsis thaliana and rice were 21 and 7, respectively. The promoter cis-acting element analysis revealed the presence of light-responsive, hormone-responsive, stress-responsive, and growth- and development-related elements in the VvCBS family. The expression characterization demonstrated that 12 VvCBS genes exhibited high expression levels in all grape tissues. Additionally, the RT-qPCR expression analyses showed that the 32 VvCBS exhibited different responses to a variety of abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt), suggesting that they were functionally differentiated. VvCBS27 was cloned from 'Pinot Noir' of grapevine with a coding sequence of 624 bp. Subcellular localization showed that VvCBS27 protein was mainly located in the cytoplasm, cell membrane, and nucleus. This study lays a foundation for elucidating the function of grape CBS protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grapevine, a globally significant fruit and an essential fruit tree species in China, is vulnerable to the adverse effects of high temperatures. Understanding the roles of microRNA and transcription factors in plant development and stress resistance is crucial for mitigating the impact of high temperature on grape growth and yield. This study investigates the response of miRNA to high-temperature stress in grape leaves. The expression level of Vvi-miR3633a was found to be inhibited under heat treatment in both Thompson seedless and Shen yue varieties, while its potential target genes (Vv-Atg36 and Vv-GA3ox2) were induced. Through transgenic overexpression experiments, it was demonstrated that Vvi-miR3633a plays a role in thermal response by affecting the expression of target genes. Furthermore, under heat stress conditions, overexpression of Vvi-miR3633a in grape callus decreased heat resistance compared to the control group (CK). The study also revealed that the target genes of Vvi-miR3633a regulate the expression of oxidase synthesis genes VvSOD and VvCAT, leading to reduced oxidase synthesis which may compromise the oxidation system. Additionally, the expression level of heat shock proteins in the transgenic lines was changed compared to the control (CK). Overall, this research provides valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in different crossing/breeding programs to produce heat-resistant grape varieties. Such varieties can be appropriate to propagate in warm climate areas with high temperature conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Norisoprenoids are important chemical compounds to grape and wine aroma, and their content in the grape berries can be greatly affected by varietal, terroir, and environmental factors. In this study, we investigate how major factors, such as genotype and climate conditions, influence the physicochemical properties of grape juice, volatile C13-norisoprenoid compounds, and gene expression profiles of three Vitis vinifera grape varieties: Muscat blanc à Petit grain, Muscat à petits grains rouges, and Gewürztraminer during the production period in 2010 and 2011. The total soluble solids (TSS) of both Muscat varieties were significantly higher in 2011 compared to 2010, reflecting interannual climatic variations, while Gewürztraminer showed no significant differences. At full maturity, total acid of all three cultivars was consistent between the years, indicating genetic determination. Thirteen norisoprenoids were identified, with Muscat varieties showing consistently higher levels than Gewürztraminer, irrespective of the production year. Varietal differences were significant for 13 out of 14 volatile compounds, and vintage effects were notable for 11 compounds, including key aroma contributors β-damascenone and β-ionone. OPLS-DA analysis highlighted distinct volatile profiles for each variety and vintage, influenced by climatic factors such as precipitation and sunlight hours. Gene expression analysis revealed strong correlations between VvCCD1, VvCCD4a, and VvCCD4b genes and C13-norisoprenoid accumulation, with these genes also implicated in the ABA biosynthesis pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VvCCD1, VvCCD4a, and VvCCD4b were linked to variations in norisoprenoid content among the cultivars. Altogether, these findings revealed the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in shaping the physicochemical properties for the grape, volatile profiles, and gene expression patterns of grape berries, with significant implications for viticulture and the winemaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugars are considered primary metabolites that determine the flavor and quality of grape berries, also playing a crucial role in the plants to resist stress. Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) gene family has been previously reported to be involved in the growth and development of grape, while the changes in transcriptional levels under water stress remain unclear. In this study, sixteen grape SWEETs members were identified and annotated based on their homologous genes in Arabidopsis and tomato, they were classified into four clades (Clades I to IV) with VvSWEETs by phylogenetic analysis. The highly conserved motifs and gene structures of VvSWEETs indicate that they are closely evolutionary conservation. Chromosomal localization and synteny analysis found that VvSWEETs were unevenly distributed on 11 chromosomes, and the VvSWEET5a, VvSWEET5b, VvSWEET14b and VvSWEET14c existed a relatively recent evolutionary relationship. Promoter cis-acting elements showed that the clade III has more ABRE motif, especially the VvSWEET14a. The regulation of VvSWEETs is mainly influenced by the Dof and MYB families, which are associated with grape ripening, while VvSWEET14a is closely related to the bHLH, MYB, NAC, and bZIP families. RT-qPCR data and subcellular localization show that VvSWEET14a was highly induced under early water stress and is located in the vacuole membrane. The instantaneous transformation assay identified that this gene could promote to transport hexose in the vacuole to maintain normal osmotic pressure. In summary, our study provides a basis for further research on SWEET genes function and regulatory mechanism in the future, and lays the foundation for stress resistance breeding of Vitis vinifera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Grape is of high economic value. Colletotrichum viniferum, a pathogen causing grape ripe rot and leaf spot, threatens grape production and quality. Methods: This study investigates the interplay between C. viniferum by Cytological study and transcriptome sequencing. Results: Different grapevine germplasms, V. vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless (TS), V. labrusca accession Beaumont (B) and V. piasezkii Liuba-8 (LB-8) were classified as highly sensitive, moderate resistant and resistant to C. viniferum, respectively. Cytological study analysis reveals distinct differences between susceptible and resistant grapes post-inoculation, including faster pathogen development, longer germination tubes, normal appressoria of C. viniferum and absence of white secretions in the susceptible host grapevine. To understand the pathogenic mechanisms of C. viniferum, transcriptome sequencing was performed on the susceptible grapevine "TS" identifying 236 differentially expressed C. viniferum genes. These included 56 effectors, 36 carbohydrate genes, 5 P450 genes, and 10 genes involved in secondary metabolism. Fungal effectors are known as pivotal pathogenic factors that modulate plant immunity and affect disease development. Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in Nicotiana benthamiana screened 10 effectors (CvA13877, CvA01508, CvA05621, CvA00229, CvA07043, CvA05569, CvA12648, CvA02698, CvA14071 and CvA10999) that inhibited INF1 (infestans 1, P. infestans PAMP elicitor) induced cell death and 2 effectors (CvA02641 and CvA11478) that induced cell death. Additionally, transcriptome analysis of "TS" in response to C. viniferum identified differentially expressed grape genes related to plant hormone signaling (TGA, PR1, ETR, and ERF1/2), resveratrol biosynthesis genes (STS), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes (PAL and COMT), photosynthetic antenna proteins (Lhca and Lhcb), transcription factors (WRKY, NAC, MYB, ERF, GATA, bHLH and SBP), ROS (reactive oxygen species) clearance genes (CAT, GSH, POD and SOD), and disease-related genes (LRR, RPS2 and GST). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant dried foods is raisin, used directly as ingredients in confectionary and in the form of raisin paste used in sauces, fillings, baked goods, microwaveable coatings, and other culinary products to color them naturally. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ultrasound pretreatment (53 kHz, 300 W, 30 °C, 300 s, in a mixture of 5% K2CO3+ 1% OO solution) and drying air temperatures (40–60 °C) on the drying behavior, color values, physicochemical properties (moisture content, VCC, TPC, RSC, and antioxidant capacity (DDPH)) and rehydration capacity of Sultani Çekirdeksiz grapes. Both the drying kinetic (drying time, drying rate, and effective moisture diffusivity) and the quality characteristics of grapes were significantly improved by ultrasound pretreatment (p < 0.05). In addition, the vitamin C (0.75–3.86 mg/g) and total phenolic content (1.31–1.80 mg GA/kg) of raisins were highly protected with the high drying temperature and ultrasound pretreatment. The antioxidant capacity (1.15–5.50 mM Trolox) of samples increased with drying temperature whereas the antioxidant capacity decreased with ultrasound application. The rehydration time of all samples was found around 800 min. As a result of this study, it can be said that the ultrasound application may be used successfully for drying grapes and that a greater degree of the nutritional value of the grapes can be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] Grape is one of the five varieties of fruit trees widely cultivated in China. Long-term excessive application of chemical fertilizer will destroy the microbial ecology, thus affecting the yield and quality of grapes. Compound microbial agent of different strains may be a more active and effective measure to improve the quality of grapes. [Method] The compound microbial agent (Brevibacillus brevis FJAT-0809-GLX, Bacillus velezensis FJAT-55034 and B. brevis FJAT-10623) were used to irrigate the roots, and the effects of the compound microbial agent on grape growth, fruit quality, rhizosphere soil enzymatic activity and diversity of culturable Bacillus were analyzed. [Result] The compound microbial agent promoted the growth of grape leaves, increased the contents of chlorophyll a and carotenoid, and the activities of POD and PPO. The chlorophyll b content, SOD and PPO activities of young grape fruits in the treatment group was 100%, 1.77% and 66.67% higher than that in the control group, respectively. The application of compound microbial agent promoted early ripening, fruit color transformation and quality of grapes. The single fruit weight was 29.06% higher than that of control group, and the soluble solid and soluble protein increased by 7.31% and 94.74%, respectively, compared with the control group. The PPO enzyme activity of ripe grape fruit in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in control group. In addition, the compound microbial agent significantly improved the activities of amylase, catalase, cellulase, sucrase, and the number and species of Bacillus in grape rhizosphere soil. Correlation analysis showed that Bacillus zanthoxyli and Bacillus pseudomycoides promoted grape leaf growth and fruit quality. [Conclusion] The compound microbial agent may improve soil, promote grape growth and increase fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important limitations in the production of agricultural products and especially horticulture in different parts of the world and Iran. The climate changes that have happened in the last few years, it is possible to provide sustainable production of grapes in water stress conditions by examining and selecting cultivars that tolerate to drought stress. For this purpose, an experiment from 2018 to 2022 in the form of split plots in the form of randomized complete blocks with 3 replications in garden conditions to investigate the effect of changes in soil water potential on the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of grafted cuttings on cultivar traits Tolerant to sensitive 7 grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars were carried out. The treatments included 7 selected grape varieties (‘Bidaneh Ghermez’, ‘Bidaneh Sefid’, ‘Rashe’, ‘Sahani’, ‘Kare Royeh’, ‘Moulai’, and ‘Chafte’) as the base and red quince cultivar as scion and three levels of drought stress including humidity. Agricultural (control), 75% (moderate stress) and 55% (severe stress) were based on agricultural moisture discharge. The results showed that with more severe water stress, the amount of proline, ABA, activity of catalase and peroxidase, the expression of CBF4, NCED3, and DHN1 genes increased, as well as the amount of total chlorophyll were decreased. In this experiment, the highest proline, abscisic acid, catalase, peroxidase, NCED3, CBF4 and DHN1 gene expression were observed in this experiment under severe stress treatment. In general, ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’ cultivar grafted on the rootstocks of ‘Chafte’, ‘Moulai’ and ‘Kare Royeh’ had a higher potential for tolerance to drought stress than other grafted combinations tested in most of the traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: The VlLOG11 mediates the cytokinin signaling pathway to regulate grape fruit setting. Fruit set, as an accepted agronomic trait, is inextricably linked with fruit quality and yield. Previous studies have demonstrated that exogenous treatment with the synthetic cytokinin analog, forchlorfenuron (CPPU), significantly enhances fruit set. In this study, a significant reduction in endogenous cytokinins was found by measuring the content of cytokinins in young grape berries after CPPU treatment. LONELY GUYs (VlLOGs), a key cytokinin-activating enzyme working in the biosynthesis pathway of cytokinins, exhibited differential expression. Some differentially expressed VlLOGs genes were presented by RNA seq data and their functions and regulation patterns were further investigated. The results showed that VlLOG11 was differentially expressed in young grape berries after CPPU treatment. Overexpression of VlLOG11 in tomato increases the amount of fruit set, and upregulated the expression of genes associated with cytokinin signaling including SlHK4, SlHK5, SlHP3, SlHP4, SlPHP1, SlPHP2. VlMYB4 and VlCDF3 could regulate the expression of VlLOG11 by directly binding to its promoter in young grape berries during fruit set. These results strongly demonstrated that VlMYB4/VlCDF3-VlLOG11 regulatory module plays a key role in the process of fruit setting in grape. This provided a basis for the molecular mechanism of VlLOG11-mediated cytokinin biosynthesis in young grape fruit set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor family plays critical roles in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation, but the biological functions in response to various stress of the WOX gene family have not been extensively researched in grapevine (Vitis vinifera). In this study, 12 grapevine WOXs were identified from the grapevine genome. Quantitative PCR and microarray expression profiling found that the expression of WOXs had an obvious tissue-specific pattern. Conjoint analysis between various tissues and treated materials indicated VvWUS1 expression is associated with expression of genes from grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus; and VvWOX3 with grapevine fanleaf virus. The gene expression patterns of the WOXs in grape were different under salt stress, with VvWOX8/9 , VvWUS1 , and VvWOX3 responding more strongly to salt stress than control by 18.20-, 9.50-, and 9.19-fold. This study further improves understanding of the evolution and function of the WOX gene family, and offers a theoretical framework and reference for breeding grapevine to better tolerate adversity and permit cultivation of seedlings free of viruses. WOX is a family of genes that help regulate how plants develop and also respond to stress. In this study, 12 WOX genes were identified in grapes and analysed by bioinformatic methods. Coanalysis of different expression patterns in grapes showed that two of these genes respond to specific viruses and effectively block virus replication and infestation. Another gene was the most sensitive to salt stress. This study provides preliminary evidence that these three genes are key to resistance to salt and to viruses in grape, providing vital candidate genes for grapevine breeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Spring frost damage is a common phenomenon that occurs in Southern Chile that considerably affects vine productivity and grape quality. (2) Methods: A field trial was conducted in order to study vine phenology and berry physicochemical parameters in Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Noir ungrafted and grafted (onto 101-14 Mgt rootstock) grapevines after a spring frost. This event killed the totality of primary bud shoots when the vines reached the phenological stage of unfolded leaves. (3) Results: From budburst, to flowering of secondary bud shoots, ungrafted Sauvignon Blanc grapevines presented an advanced phenology, whereas 101-14 Mgt rootstock tended to advance the maturity of Pinot Noir grapevines from flowering to ripening of berries. At harvest, berries from secondary buds of vines grafted onto 101-14 Mgt rootstock showed higher soluble solids than the ones from ungrafted Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc vines. High total phenolic content was found in berries from secondary buds of the grafted vines, compared to the ones from the ungrafted vines. Berry soluble solids variability tended to statistically decrease toward harvest in the studied plant materials, and the maximum coefficient of variation for soluble solids, berry weight, berry firmness and berry size reached 9.5%, 25.9%, 18.6% and 8.9%, respectively. (4) Conclusions: These preliminary results may be interesting for the Southern Chilean viticulturists since it seems that 101-14 Mgt rootstock could affect phenology and grape berry maturity of grapevines established in the Cautín Valley after spring frost damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charcoal-based fertilizer could be used extensively and is environmentally friendly. An experiment was designed to investigate the effects of different charcoal-based fertilizer application methods on soil microbiology and grape quality in a vineyard to guide the cultivation of 'Shine-Muscat'. A control treatment without fertilization and six other treatments were set up. Four treatments applied carbon-based fertilizer as a base fertilizer with or without potassium fulvic acid, a complex microbial agent, or Bacillus subtilis, and two treatments were only applied with two applications of carbon-based fertilizer or compound fertilizer during the expansion period. The results showed that the bacterial phyla were mainly Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota dominated the fungal community. At the genus level, the composition of fungi, compared to bacteria, varied significantly, while the dominant flora differed among fertilization practices. Application of charcoal-based fertilizer enriched beneficial microorganisms, while chemical fertilizers enriched pathogenic microorganisms. The addition of microbial fungicides and biostimulants for a period reduced the size of the microbial network, lowered positive correlations, and enhanced resistance to adverse conditions and diseases and there was no significant correlation between agronomic traits and microbial network topology. A combination of soil microbial and grape agronomic traits suggests that a charcoal-based fertilizer base, with microbial fungicides applied, is the optimal fertilization regimen for grape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The light plays a key role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. However, the molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis in grape skins irradiated at night with supplemental white light (W), red light (R), blue light (B), and blue light for 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h (B3, B6, B9, and B12) is not known. In the present study, the total anthocyanin content in grape skins was significant under different light (DL) and blue-light time (DT) treatments, and the best result was obtained with B9. Analysis of RNA-seq data determined that the key genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, PAL, CHS, DFR, GT, CFIP, VIT_14s0068g00920, VIT_06s0009g02860, and VIT_06s0004g08150, were significantly up-regulated under night-time supplemental light treatments, which led to the significant expression of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, which were significantly expressed, promoting the accumulation of anthocyanin. The B caused significant expression of PAL (VIT_08s0040g01710), CFIP (VIT_13s0067g03820, VIT_13s0067g02870) and DFR (VIT_18s0001g12800), which may be one of the reasons for the better effect of B compared to W anthocyanin enrichment in grape skins. The DT treatment resulted in significant expression of GT (VIT_11s0052g01600), Peroxidase, VIT_09s0018g01190, and VIT_11s0037g00570. In addition, many TFs such as bHLH, MYB, ERF, WRKY, C2H2, MYB-related, and NAC were found to be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins under light regulation. These results provide new insights into plants' nocturnal supplemental-light regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effects of different returning methods on soil nutrients,enzyme activity,and fruit quality in vineyards after intercropping rape as green manure. Through field experiments,three treatments were set up:a single grape tree without green manure,intercropping rape with green manure mulching,and intercropping rape with green manure ploughing. The results showed that the organic matter,total N,alkali-hydrolyzed N,available P,available K,urease,and alkaline phosphatase activity in the 0- 20 cm soil layer were the highest under the ploughing,increased significantly by 50. 00%,19. 40%,16. 47%,25. 38%,13. 69%,82. 35% and 26. 87% compared to the control,respectively. In the 20- 40 cm soil layer,compared with control soil pH,total N,available K,urease,and sucrase activities significantly increased by 3. 70%,5. 07%,44. 68%,40. 43%,14. 71%,20. 85%,32. 00%,35. 50%,11. 85% and 29. 84%,respectively,while the difference between mulching and ploughing was not significant. The hundred leaf dry weight,ear weight,soluble sugar,sugar acid to ratio,and vitamin C content of grapes were significantly higher than those of the control under mulching and ploughing treatments,and the highest was observed under ploughing treatments. Intercropping rape green manure could increase the soil nutrient content,promote grape growth,and improve fruit quality,and the effect of green manure ploughing was better than that of green manure mulching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Environmental stresses, especially damage caused by frost, often have a significant effect on plant growth and development. In order to adapt to the cold, plants show specific physiological and biochemical responses that lead to an increase in their duirability and survival during exposure to low temperature. The use of ultraviolet (UV) rays to increase cold tolerance and physiological and biochemical changes related to it has been less researched. This is while UV-B is not necessarily a source of stress, but moderate, non-harmful levels of UV-B act as an environmental signal in higher plants and able to induce several key reactions in order to adapt to cold in the plant. Materials and Methods This experiment was carried out on rooted seedlings of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Yaghooti in a factorially (3×3) based on a completely randomized design with three replications in the research greenhouse of Malayer University in the spring and summer of 2022. In the 15-leaf stage, the vines (except for the control) were exposed to two doses of UV-B radiation in the following order: first dose (control): natural light, second dose (moderate): 5.98 kJ m-2 d-1 (equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 3 hours) and the third dose (severe): 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1 (equal to 0.55 W/m2 for 4.5 hours) was applied to the plants under the natural photoperiod in the greenhouse in June. After applying UV-B radiation treatments, one group of pots was kept in the greenhouse (temperature 24±1 ºC) and another group of pots (control vines and treated with UV-B rays to apply cold stress to the cooling chamber) transferred and placed under the temperature of 4ºC and -4ºC (for 6 hours at each temperature). Results and Discussion According to the results, the highest and lowest total chlorophyll content was related to the treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C and the treatment of severe irradiation and temperature of -4°C, respectively. The highest and lowest carotenoid content was related to the severe UV-B irradiation treatment and 24°C temperature and the treatment without irradiation and 24°C temperature, respectively. The relative water content was the highest in the treatments without radiation and temperature of 24°C, and the lowest in the treatment of moderate irradiation and temperature of -4°C. The highest and lowest percentages of electrolyte leakage were observed in treatments without irradiation and temperature of -4°C and treatment without irradiation and temperature of 24°C, respectively. The content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide was the highest in the vines under severe UV-B irradiation along with (-4°C) and was the lowest in treatment without irradiation along with 24°C. The highest content of soluble sugar and soluble protein was observed in plants treated with severe irradiation along with (-4°C), and the lowest amount of these compounds was observed in the treatment without UV-B irradiation along with (24°C). The content of proline was the highest in the treatments with severe irradiation along with (4°C), and the lowest in the treatment without radiation and temperature of 24°C. The highest and lowest activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme was observed in the treatments of sever irradiation along with (4°C) and moderate irradiation along with (-4°C), respectively. The activities of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase enzymes (CAT) were the highest in plants under moderate irradiation along with (4°C), and the lowest activity of these enzymes observed under non-irradiation condition along with (-4°C). The highest and lowest total phenol and flavonoid contents were related to those vines that were treated with sever irradiation along with (4°C) and without UV-B irradiation along with 24°C, respectively. Conclusion Totally, it can be concluded that moderate radiation treatment through the stimulation of antioxidant systems, the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and acclimate osmolytes in the plant led to an increase in their tolerance to chilling temperatures (+4°C), but there was no effect on frost tolerance (-4°C). However, sever UV-B irradiation treatment both at normal and low temperatures caused damage to cell membranes and leaf necrosis. Based on the results of application of moderate dose of UV-B rays, it can be used as an elicitor to improve plant antioxidant system and cell membrane stability under chilling temperature (4°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]