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The flourishing environmental concerns have grabbed the attention of researchers developing environmentally supportive materials in various fields. A green approach was used to create biopolymer blend composites based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) doped with various concentrations of grape seed (GS). Various analytical techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible (UV) spectra, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to evaluate the optical, structural and thermal properties of the prepared blend composites. The optical properties of blend composites were determined by UV spectroscopy and the findings revealed that absorption intensity increased with increasing GS, while bandgap energy decreased from 4.18 eV for pure blend to 2.91 eV for blend/15 wt% GS. The homogeneous distribution of GS particles in the biopolymer blend was identified with FE-SEM images. DSC results showed that increasing the GS content increased the glass transition temperature of the blend composites. The AC conductivity and dielectric constant were measured using the LCR meter. The conductivity rises with increasing frequency and dosage of GS, with the greatest conductivity obtained at 15 wt% loading. In comparison to a pure blend, it was discovered that the inclusion of 15 wt% GS enhanced the tensile strength by 50%, hardness by 17% and the reduction in elongation at break by 19 %. As a consequence, environmentally friendly PVA/CS/GS biopolymer blend composites with excellent mechanical, thermal, electrical, and dielectric parameters might be a viable green option for flexible electronic, electrochemical and energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burns are tissue damage or loss caused by contact with heat sources such as fire, hot water, chemicals, electricity and radiation. The grape plant has an activity of pharmacological effects, which are mainly present in its seeds and fruits. Grape seed extract containing proanthocyanidin can help wound healing by promoting neovascularization, extracellular matrix remodeling, fibrolastic cell migration and differentiation. Aloe vera leaves can be used to treat skin lesions, such as burns, irradiation damage and ischemic ulcers. In addition to being a hydrating and skinprotecting agent, this gel also has healing, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities because aloe vera contains vitamins C and E, essential amino acids, and polysaccharides that stimulate tissue growth and cell regeneration. The objective is to determine the effectivity of burn wound repair using grape seed extract and aloe vera. This research used 24 white rats weighing 150 to 200g that divided into 4 groups, positive control group, negative control group, 10% grape seed extract treatment group, and 10% aloe vera extract treatment group. This study used an experimental method with True Experimental design with Randomized Post-test only Control Group Design, by giving 10% concentration of grape seed extract and aloe vera extract with 10% concentration to rats that has been burnt. The statistical analysis result of burn wound cureness among rats that have given grape seed extract and aloe vera obtained from group K of 8.42 mm, followed by the P0 group of 13.07 mm, the P1 group of 10.1 mm, and the P2 group of 9.31 mm.. The data was analyzed using the One Way Anova test and showed that there was significant effect with a p value of 0.000. Grape seed extract and aloe vera with a concentration of 10% have the potential in healing burn wounds that have been shown at the examination graphic. The greatest potential for healing burns is the aloe vera extract group with 10% concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: To assess the cytocompatibility, antibacterial and anti-biofilm efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and quercetin hydrogels versus calcium hydroxide (CH) as intracanal medications (ICMs) against an endodontic ex vivo biofilm model. Methods: Single-rooted teeth (n = 50) were prepared and sterilized before being infected with E. faecalis to develop a mature biofilm. They were divided into five equal groups according to the ICM used: G1: medicated with CH paste, G2: medicated with GSE hydrogel, G3: medicated with quercetin hydrogel, G4: positive control group that was infected and not medicated, and G5: negative control group that was neither infected nor medicated. After 1 week, the ICM was removed, and the root canals were cultured to assess the antibacterial efficacy by counting the colony-forming units and the anti-biofilm efficacy by the crystal violet assay. Dead/live bacterial viability was assessed by CFLSM examination, while the cytocompatibility was assessed using the MTT assay. Results: CH had the best antibacterial efficacy, followed by GSE and quercetin hydrogels (p < 0.001). Regarding the anti-biofilm efficacy, GSE was superior, followed by quercetin and CH (p < 0.001). CFLSM examination showed CH and GSE hydrogel to be highly effective in comparison to the positive control (p < 0.0001), with no statistical difference between them (p > 0.05). CH showed significantly higher cell viability percentages using a 500 μg/mL, while quercetin and GSE started to show cell viability > 70% at concentrations of 125 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL. Conclusions: CH fulfilled the ideal requirements of ICM as being both antibacterial and non-cytotoxic compared to the other materials tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Grape seed extract (GSE) from Vitis vinifera L. is rich in polyphenols and oligomeric proanthocyanidin complexes (OPCs), and it has shown potential benefits in managing low mood and cognitive function. In this study, we investigated the potential bioactivities of Enovita®, a standardized GSE extract (GSEe herein) rich in OPCs, in key mechanistic pathways related to low mood conditions and cognitive function. Methods: In vitro assays were conducted to assess GSEe's inhibitory effects on γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), its binding affinity to the GABA site of GABA-A receptors, and its effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Its neuroprotective effects on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells under oxidative stress (induced by H2O2) were assessed using MTT and LDH release assays. Its antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC, HORAC, total phenolic content, and TAS assays. Its cytotoxicity was also evaluated. Results: GSEe showed significant GABA-T inhibitory activity. It also exhibited MAO-A and AChE inhibition, along with moderate binding affinity to the GABA-A receptor. In neuroprotective assays, GSEe provided significant protection to SH-SY5Y cells against oxidative stress. GSEe demonstrated robust antioxidant activity in all assays, including scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals, high ferric-reducing power, high polyphenolic contents, and a substantial total antioxidant capacity. Conclusions: GSEe exhibits promising bioactivities, highlighting its potential as a supplement for modulating mood and enhancing cognitive function. Overall, the promising results from these in vitro studies provide a strong foundation for the continued exploration and development of GSEe as a viable natural supplement for enhancing mental health and cognitive function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A corrosion inhibition study of mild steel in 1 M sulfamic acid was conducted using grape seed extract (GSE) as a possible green inhibitor. Electrochemical techniques were adopted to measure the corrosion rate in both the absence and presence of the GSE. Conditions were standardized to obtain optimum inhibition efficiency by varying the concentration of inhibitor and temperature. The kinetic parameters were calculated using the Arrhenius equation. Surface analysis was conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) techniques. A suitable mechanism was proposed for the corrosion inhibition process. Grape seed extract showed a maximum efficiency of 65%, with a concentration of 0.24 g/L at 303 K from potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) studies. With the increase in temperature, the efficiency decreased, resulting in the GSE inhibitor's physical adsorption. Surface morphology studies supported the adsorption of GSE on mild steel. GSE acted as an efficient green inhibitor with environmental benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In healing cut wounds, generally many use drugs with chemicals, the use of chemicals in wound healing has a lot of negative impacts, therefore it is necessary to conduct further research on the benefits of natural ingredients such as plants to treat cut wounds, some of the advantages of using medicinal plants include relatively safer, easy to obtain, cheap, does not cause resistance, and relatively harmless to the surrounding environment or the mixture between the plants, which has been used for treatment for generations. One way to treat cut wounds is to use herbal plants because they are cheaper, easier to get, and have low side effects. Compounds that play a role in the healing process of cut wounds include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and essential oils. One of the plants that has health benefits is grapes. The purpose of this study is to find out the comparison of the effectiveness of grape seeds and onion extract in healing cut wounds in wistar rats. The type of research used in this study is experimental research with a true experimental method with a post-test only control group design pattern. The sample to be used in this study is 24 rats divided into 4 groups so that each group contains 6 rats. Data analysis uses the One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that shallot gel extract had a significant effect on the percentage of reduction in incision length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms remain in water from various sources after desalination and other treatments, posing health risks. We explored alternative natural disinfection agents, focusing on grape seed extract (GSE). We collected local grape seeds in Saudi Arabia and analyzed their chemical components. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we identified essential phytochemicals in the GSE, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Notably, the GSE was free from bacteria and heavy-metal contamination and rich in beneficial nutrient metals. We conducted qualitative analyses on local water and urine samples to detect bacterial infections, heavy metals, and minerals. To assess GSE's antibacterial potential, we performed molecular docking analysis. Our results reveal a strong binding energy between GSE and bacterial protein receptors, parallel to that of standard antibiotics. Additionally, the results of the laboratory pilot investigations align with those of computational analyses, confirming GSE's efficacy. Agar well diffusion tests demonstrated significantly greater zones of inhibition for the crude oil extract compared with both diluted GSE and the positive control against the bacteria detected in the water and urine samples. Furthermore, we identified contamination by four bacterial strains and heavy metals in water samples and female urine samples, highlighting the need for effective water disinfectants. GSE shows promise as a safe and potent natural water disinfectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to explore the antimicrobial efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) individually or in combination against L. monocytogenes and E. coli wild type (WT) and their isogenic mutants in environmental stress genes. More specifically, we examined the effects of 1% (wt/vol) GSE, 4 min of CAP treatment, and their combined effect on L. monocytogenes 10403S WT and its isogenic mutants sigB, gadD1, gadD2, gadD3, as well as E. coli K12 and its isogenic mutants rpoS, oxyR, and dnaK. In addition, the sequence of the combined treatments was tested. A synergistic effect was achieved for all L. monocytogenes strains when exposure to GSE was followed by CAP treatment. However, the same effect was observed against E. coli strains, only for the reversed treatment sequence. Additionally, L. monocytogenes sigB was more sensitive to the individual GSE and the combined GSE/CAP treatment, whereas gadD2 was more sensitive to CAP, as compared to the rest of the mutants under study. Individual GSE exposure was unable to inhibit E. coli strains, and individual CAP treatment resulted in higher inactivation of E. coli in comparison to L. monocytogenes with the strain rpoS appearing the most sensitive among all studied strains. Our findings provide a step toward a better understanding of the mechanisms playing a role in the tolerance/sensitivity of our model Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria toward GSE, CAP, and their combination. Therefore, our results contribute to the development of more effective and targeted antimicrobial strategies for sustainable decontamination. IMPORTANCE Alternative approaches to conventional sterilization are gaining interest from the food industry, driven by (i) the consumer demand for minimally processed products and (ii) the need for sustainable, environmentally friendly processing interventions. However, as such alternative approaches are milder than conventional heat sterilization, bacterial pathogens might not be entirely killed by them, which means that they could survive and grow, causing food contamination and health hazards. In this manuscript, we performed a systematic study of the impact of antimicrobials derived from fruit industry waste (grape seed extract) and cold atmospheric plasma on the inactivation/killing as well as the damage of bacterial pathogens and their genetically modified counterparts, for genes linked to the response to environmental stress. Our work provides insights into genes that could be responsible for the bacterial capability to resist/survive those novel treatments, therefore, contributing to the development of more effective and targeted antimicrobial strategies for sustainable decontamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant‐based high internal phase oil‐in‐water emulsions (HIPEs) are promising fat replacers. However, producing stable HIPES with improved viscoelastic properties is a challenge for the food industry. Conjugation of plant proteins, such as lupin protein isolate, with phenolic compounds, such as proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract, associated (or not) with moderate heat treatment arise as potential methods to tune the surface properties of proteins and, consequently, the droplet‐droplet interactions that drive the viscoelastic properties of HIPEs. In this way, unheated (UHC) and heated (85°C, 15 min) (HC) lupin protein (LPI)‐grape seed extract (GSE) conjugates were produced and used to stabilize HIPEs. Evaluation of stability by Turbiscan and oil loss by centrifugation over 56 days of storage did not reflect the kinetic stability of HIPEs against process conditions. Under shearing, UHC‐stabilized emulsions at high GSE concentrations showed oil release, whereas all HC‐stabilized HIPEs released oil. However, the increase in GSE concentration and heat treatment improved the viscosity and storage modulus (G′) of HIPEs, possibly due to the droplet‐droplet interaction originating from hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in UHC and HC‐stabilized HIPEs, respectively. This pivotal study confirmed that conjugation of a plant protein with GSE and heat treatment could improve the viscoelastic properties of HIPEs and produce HIPEs with superior texture (higher G′). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the protective efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and pumpkin seed extract (PSE) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular toxicity in adult male albino rats, focusing on biochemical, histopathological, histomorphometrical, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical perspectives. Thirty-six male albino rats were divided into six groups: Control, PSE, GSE, CP, CP + PSE, CP + GSE. Testicular tissues and serum samples were collected for analysis after 8 weeks. The CP group exhibited significant testicular damage with distorted seminiferous tubules (marked decline in diameters and germinal epithelial thicknesses), germ cell apoptosis, and disrupted spermatogenesis (decline in Johnsen's score and weak immunoexpression of PCNA in basal germ cells). Ultrastructurally, germ cells exhibited shrunken pyknotic nuclei and cytoplasmic aggregations of ribosomes with dilated or shrunken mitochondria. Spermatozoa displayed an irregular axoneme with loss of fibrous sheath. Furthermore, there were significantly decreased testosterone levels and increased oxidative stress markers (elevated malondialdehyde levels and decreased glutathione levels). In contrast, the CP + PSE and CP + GSE groups showed marked mitigation of these changes, resulting in a notable amelioration of oxidative stress markers, and testosterone levels, preservation of testicular architecture, and normalization of spermatogenic processes, along with elevated Johnsen score. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in PCNA in the CP + PSE and CP + GSE groups compared to the CP group. These findings suggested that GSE and PSE, owing to their antioxidant properties, could effectively reduce CP-induced testicular damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a novel combination of mortgage datasets, we analyze the effects of two policy levers influencing the scope of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's (Government-Sponsored Enterprises, GSEs) involvement in the U.S. residential mortgage market. First, we find that small changes in mortgage guarantee fees charged by the GSEs were essentially fully passed through to consumers, with limited effects on mortgage demand. This implies that small fee changes are primarily transfers between mortgage consumers and taxpayers while the GSEs remain in federal conservatorship. Second, the data suggest that marginally lowering maximum conforming loan size limits would cause most affected consumers to reduce their loan amounts to the new maximum. Our findings provide new detailed evidence on how GSE policy shapes mortgage availability and contrast the differing effects on consumers of two potential policy levers to reduce (or increase) the scope of GSE lending. Additional survey data indicate that borrowers' shopping behavior and incomplete information may also influence the effects of GSE policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To evaluate and compare the effect of various antioxidants on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel. Materials and Methods Labial enamel surfaces of 90 extracted human maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into five groups based on the antioxidant used as follows: Group I (n = 20): Bleaching with 40% hydrogen peroxide gel for 10 min, without the use of an antioxidant; Group II (n = 20): Bleaching followed by the use of 10% sodium ascorbate solution; Group III (n = 20): Bleaching followed by the use of 5% grape seed extract solution; Group IV (n=20): Bleaching followed by the use of 5% pine bark extract solution; and Group V (n=20): Control group in which no bleaching was done. Groups I–IV were further subdivided into two subgroups of 10 teeth each, whether the antioxidant application and composite build-up was done immediately (subgroup A) or after 2 weeks of postbleaching (subgroup B). Shear bond strength of the specimens was tested under a universal testing machine. Results One-way analysis of variance followed by Mann–Tukey posthoc multiple comparison test was used to analyse the data. The level of significance was established at P < 0.05. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, it was observed that the use of antioxidants effectively reversed the compromised bond strength of bleached enamel. Among the antioxidants, 5% pine bark extract application after bleaching showed better bond strength.

This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms of 3 plant polyphenols, grape seed extract (GSE), lotus seed proanthocyanidins (LSPC) and lotus root polyphenol extract (LRPE), against Shewanella putrefaciens. Their antibacterial effects were determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the growth curve of S. putrefaciens. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), relative conductivity, propyridine iodide (PI) staining, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, extracellular protein content, nucleic acid leakage, Na+ K+ -ATPase activity and membrane protein fluorescence analysis, the antibacterial mechanism was explored. The results showed that the MICs of GSE, LRPE and LSPC were 31.25, 62.25 and 125.00 μg/mL, respectively. After S. putrefaciens was treated with the polyphenols, the position of membrane proteins was changed, the fluorescence intensity was reduced, the morphology was altered, the surface became wrinkled and sunken, and the growth was significantly inhibited. In addition, the activity of extracellular AKP, the contents of nucleic acid and extracellular protein in the bacterial suspension, relative conductivity and PI intake were significantly increased, and Na+ K+-ATPase was inactivated to a certain extent, thereby leading to cell death.

Ration contamination with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) leads to serious economic loss. The current study aimed to explain the ameliorative effect of grape seed extract (GSE) either alone or in combination with CdCl2. One hundred and fifty chicks were used in the current study. They were equally alienated into 6 groups; group I was kept as control. Group II: given grape seed extract by the first dose (GSE1) of 250 mg/kg; group III: given grape seed extract by the second dose (GSE2) of 500 mg/kg; group IV: given cadmium chloride (CdCl2) to evaluate the undesirable effects of the dose (100 mg/kg diet). Group V: given combination of GSE1+ CdCl2, group VI: given combination of GSE2+ CdCl2. At the end of the 3rd and 5th weeks, the following parameters were measured: Serum oxidants and antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT and MDA), brain oxidants and antioxidants (SOD, CAT, MDA, and NO), semi-quantitative RT-PCR detection of brain and liver GST and GPx, as well as serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α), were determined. The results put on display show that GSE extract considerably ameliorated the levels of serum and tissue oxidants and antioxidants, as well as cytokines that ramshackle CdCl2. Histopathological assessment of brain tissue and BAX brain sections was in concurrence with the immunological, oxidant, antioxidant, and RT-PCR results. It is important to take into consideration that the immunostimulant, antioxidative properties of GSE are mechanistically achieved. So, GSE could be used as a protective agent against ration contamination.

Grape seed extract (GSE) has a variety of biological functions. At present, there has been limited information on the utilization of GSE as a feed additive in weaned lambs. The aim of this experiment was to study the potential influence of dietary supplementation with GSE on the growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, apparent digestibility, blood parameters and immunity in weaned lambs. In total, 30 male Hu sheep lambs with similar body weight (15.43 ± 0.49 kg) and age (48 ± 2 days) were randomly divided into two treatments: control (CON, fed basal ration) and GSE [fed basal ration and 0.6 g/d GSE (main compositions: proanthocyanidin 50%, catechin 24%, gallic acid 16% and epicatechin 6%) per lamb]. The feeding experiment lasted for 60 d. Results showed that GSE supplementation significantly increased (p = 0.008) the average daily gain of lambs. Compared with CON group, the ruminal propionate and butyrate concentrations were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in GSE group, whereas the ammonia nitrogen was decreased (p = 0.007). Also, the crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and ether extract digestibility of GSE group were higher (p < 0.05) than those of CON group. The serum contents of glucose, triglyceride, immunoglobulin G, glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in GSE group when compared to those in CON group. However, an opposite trend of urea nitrogen, non-esterified fatty acid, interleukin-1β, itumor necrosis factor-α and malondialdehyde was observed between the two groups. Additionally, supplementation of GSE increased (p < 0.05) the Lactobacillus and decreased (p < 0.05) the Escherichia coli and Salmonella counts in the feces of lambs. In summary, GSE supplementation can improve growth performance, nutrient digestion and immunity of weaned lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The rate of NAFLD in the general population is estimated to be 25.2%. NAFLD is affected by lifestyle, diet, and inflammation. In this study, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics was aimed to modulate the circadian clock in the liver and improve metabolic disorder through the gut–liver axis. Methods: Six-week-old, healthy, 43 Wistar albino rats were included in the study and their average weight was determined as 140.50 g (95.00–177.00) at the beginning of the study. Before the study, the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, 8 animals were placed in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups and 11 animals were placed in the 2nd group. Rats in group 1 were fed standard food for 13 weeks. Rats in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were fed with 10% fructose water during the 1-week adaptation period and then 20% fructose water. After the 7th week, probiotic treatment (2 × 109 CFU/ml Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) was administered to rats in group 3rd via gavage for 6 weeks, and prebiotic treatment was administered to rats in group 4th with feed containing 10% grape seed extract. Rats in the 5th group were given a feed consisting of 10% grape seed extract and 2 × 109 CFU/ml Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG via gavage. Results: It was determined that the use of prebiotics as a treatment option in fatty liver had a more positive effect on glucose, ALT, melatonin, and ZO-1 values. In addition, it was observed that synbiotic use had more positive effects on histopathological findings, NAS score, and the expression level of circadian clock genes. While there was no significant difference between the mRNA levels of circadian clock genes, it was observed that gene expression levels increased with fructose consumption and decreased especially with synbiotic treatment. Conclusion: It has been observed that fructose modulates the circadian rhythm by affecting some biochemical and genomic pathways as a result of synbiotic use in order to prevent the negative effects of fructose on fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is a natural polyphenolic compound, which plays an important role in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GSPE supplementation on the cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status of finishing pigs. In longissimus dorse (LD) muscle, the data showed that GSPE significantly decreased the contents of total cholesterol (T-CHO) and triglyceride (TG), and decreased the mRNA expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) and Fatty acid synthase (FAS), while increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1b (CPT1b), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). GSPE also reduced the enzyme activities of HMG-CoAR and FAS, and meanwhile amplified the activity of CPT1b in LD muscle of finishing pigs. Furthermore, dietary GSPE supplementation increased the serum catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), serum and liver total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, while reduced serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level in finishing pigs. In the liver, Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), Nuclear Factor erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) mRNA levels were increased by GSPE. In conclusion, this study showed that GSPE might be an effective dietary supplement for improving cholesterol metabolism and antioxidant status in finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is highly toxic to animals and humans within mycotoxins. Some studies have reported that Grape Seed Extract (GSE) has a protective role on these toxicities. The aim of the present study is to determine the antioxidant effect of GSE against genotoxicity, and oxidative stress induced by OTA in albino rats. Forty mature Wistar albino male rats with similar body weight were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats each): 1- untreated control group, 2- OTA treated group (1.7 mg/Kg b w, i. p), 3- OTA + 75 mg/Kg b w GSE group, 4- OTA + 150 mg/Kg bw GSE group. Rats were treated for 15 days and at the end of experiments, liver and kidney tissue homogenate, as well bone marrow cells were prepared to determine the antioxidant capacity and ameliorate role of GSE on genotoxicity, DNA damage and oxidative stress was induced by OTA in albino rats. The results show that GSE could significantly improve genotoxicity and DNA damage induced by OTA. SOD and GSH-Px as antioxidant enzymes were increased, as well, MDA and NO as oxidative stress parameters were significantly decreased, and effectively alleviating the oxidative stress caused by OTA and enhance the antioxidant capacity. These results suggest that GSE has a protective effect against OTA induced genotoxicity, DNA damage and oxidative stress in rats through its antioxidant effect. Thus, clinical application of GSE as therapy should be considered to prevent and treat oxidative damage in cases of ochratoxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major contaminants in aquatic ecosystems is bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic industrial chemical widely used in the production of epoxy resins and plastics. BPA has negative effects on fish health. Proanthocyanidin, a natural immune stimulant extracted from grape seeds (GR), possesses various biological and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to mitigate the harmful effects of BPA by supplementing the fish diet with GR. Healthy Nile tilapia (120 fish, 14.95±0.10g) were divided into four groups: Group 1 served as the control; group 2 was fed 400mg GR per kg of feed; group 3 was exposed to 3mg of BPA per liter of water without GR supplementation, and group 4 was exposed to 3mg of BPA per liter of water and fed a GR-supplemented diet (400mg GR per kg). After 28 days, blood and tissue samples were collected to assess serum biochemical parameters, cytokines, catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the histological features of the liver, spleen, and kidney. Co-treatment with GR improved serum protein levels as well as urea and creatinine levels that were previously altered by BPA exposure. BPA exposure elevated serum interleukin (IL)-1β and hepatic MDA levels, which were reduced by GR administration. Additionally, CAT activity decreased in the BPA group but increased in the GR+BPA group. BPA also significantly upregulated the mRNA transcripts of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), which may trigger inflammation, while GR significantly downregulated these genes in the BPA-treated group. Histological analysis showed that GR alleviated tissue damage caused by BPA. In conclusion, GR supplementation improved fish biochemical and histological parameters and mitigated the toxic effects of BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Enteric viruses are recognized as a major concern in health care and in the food sector in Canada. Novel clean-label strategies for controlling enteric viruses are sought in the food industry. In this study, we examined the antiviral potential of plant extracts and essential oils on murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Methods and results Inactivation of the viruses by grape seed, blueberry, green tea, and cranberry extracts and by rosemary and thyme essential oils was measured using plaque formation assay. Concentrations ranging from 50 to 200   000 ppm with a contact time of 90 min were tested. Grape seed extract at 10 000 ppm was the most effective (P < 0.05) at reducing MNV-1 and HAV infectious titers, respectively, by 2.85 ± 0.44 log10 and 1.94 ± 0.17 log10. HSV-1 titer was reduced by 3.81 ± 0.40 log10 at 1000 ppm grape seed extract. Conclusions Among the plant products tested, grape seed extract was found the most effective at reducing the infectious titers of MNV-1, HAV, and HSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels elaborated from Dasylirion spp. and enriched with grape seed extract (GSE) were investigated for tentative use in dental treatment. Cellulose-GSE hydrogels were elaborated with varying GSE contents from 10 to 50 wt%. The mechanical and physical properties, antimicrobial effect, biocompatibility, and in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. In all the cases, the presence of GSE affects the hydrogel's mechanical properties. The elongation decreased from 12.67 mm for the hydrogel without GSE to 6.33 mm for the hydrogel with the highest GSE content. The tensile strength decrease was from 52.33 N/mm2 (for the samples without GSE) and went to 40 N/mm2 for the highest GSE content. Despite the adverse effects, hydrogels possess suitable properties for manipulation. In addition, all hydrogels exhibited excellent biocompatibility and no cytotoxicity, and the antibacterial performance was demonstrated against S. mutans, E. Faecalis, S. aureus, and P. aureginosa. Furthermore, the hydrogels with 30 wt% GSE inhibited more than 90% of the bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to evaluate whether the application of antioxidant solutions can enhance the bond strength of resin-based materials to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)-treated dentin. This study follows the PICOT strategy: population (sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin), intervention (application of antioxidants), control (distilled water), outcome (bond strength), and type of studies (in vitro studies). The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were searched for in vitro studies evaluating the effects of antioxidants on bond strength to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin. Two independent reviewers screened articles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model to compare standardized mean differences in bond strength between antioxidant pretreatment and control groups. Inclusion criteria consisted of in vitro studies that examined the bond strength of resin-based materials to NaOCl-treated dentin with antioxidant application, while exclusion criteria included studies with incomplete data, those not using a control group, or those that did not directly measure bond strength. From 3041 initial records, 29 studies were included in the qualitative analysis and 25 in the meta-analysis. Ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, grape seed extract, green tea, and rosmarinic acid significantly improved bond strength to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin (p < 0.05). The effectiveness of grape seed extract varied with adhesive system type. Hesperidin, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and sodium thiosulfate did not significantly improve bond strength. Most studies had a high risk of bias. This suggests that the conclusions drawn from these studies should be interpreted with caution, and further research with more robust methodologies may be needed to confirm the findings. In conclusion, this systematic review implies that certain antioxidants can improve bond strength to sodium hypochlorite-treated dentin, with efficacy depending on the specific agent and adhesive system used. Further standardized studies are needed to optimize protocols and confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dogs, chronic enteropathies, and impaired gut integrity, as well as microbiome imbalances, are a major problem. These conditions may represent a continuous low endotoxin load, which may result in the development of diseases that are attributable to chronic inflammation. Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant compounds with numerous beneficial properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. For our experiments, we isolated primary white blood cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes) from healthy dogs and induced inflammation and oxidative stress with Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In parallel, we treated the cell cultures with various flavonoids luteolin, quercetin and grape seed extract oligomeric proanthocyanidins (GSOP) alone and also in combination with LPS treatments. Then, changes in viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) levels were measured in response to treatment with quercetin, luteolin and GSOP at 25 and 50 µg/mL concentrations. We found that ROS levels were significantly lower in groups which were treated by flavonoid and LPS at the same time compared to LPS-treated groups, whereas TNF-a levels were significantly reduced only by luteolin and quercetin treatment. In contrast, treatment with lower concentrations of GSOP caused an increase in TNF-a levels, while higher concentrations caused a significant decrease. These results suggest that the use of quercetin, luteolin and GSOP may be helpful in the management of chronic intestinal diseases in dogs with reduced intestinal barrier integrity or altered microbiome composition, or in the mitigation of chronic inflammatory processes maintained by endotoxemia. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed before clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and serves multiple functions such as barrier protection and thermoregulation. The maintenance of its integrity and healthy structure is of paramount importance. Accordingly, technological advances in cosmetic sciences have been directed towards optimizing these factors. Plant-derived ingredients have been explored for their bioactivity profiles and sustainable sources. Grape by-products contain a group of bioactive molecules that display important biological activities. Nonetheless, many of these molecules (e.g., phenolic compounds) are unstable and susceptible to degradation. So, their encapsulation using nano/microsystems (i.e., microdispersions) has been explored as a promising solution. In this work, two grape seed extracts were obtained, one from a single grape variety (GSE-Ov) and another from a mix of five grape varieties (GSE-Sv). These extracts were analysed for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, as well as their chemical composition and molecular structure. The extract that showed the most promising properties was GSE-Ov with a DPPH IC50 of 0.079 mg mL−1. This extract was encapsulated in soy lecithin microdispersions coated with pectin, with an encapsulation efficiency of 88.8%. They showed an in vitro release of polyphenols of 59.4% during 24 h. The particles displayed a zeta potential of −20.3 mV and an average diameter of 13.6 µm. Microdispersions proved to be safe under 5 and 2.5 mg mL−1 in HaCaT and HDF cell models, respectively. Additionally, they demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity against IL-1α when tested at 2 mg mL−1. This work enabled the valorisation of a by-product from the wine industry by using natural extracts in skincare products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: This study aimed at the solution of stability problems of extra virgin olive oil rich (oil:aqueous phase ratio = 50:50) model oil‐in‐water emulsions prepared with pectin using green tea (GTE) and grape seed extracts (GSE), and (+)‐catechin (CAT). Olive oil‐in‐water emulsion prepared with pectin at 0.5% (w/v) without phenolics lost 36% of its stability within 1 day. GTE at 1% (w/v) caused a limited increase in emulsion stability while emulsions with GSE at ≥0.25% or CAT at 1% maintained >90% of their stability after 14 days. GSE and CAT reduced the emulsion droplet size (2.6‐ and 1.9‐fold) while GTE increased the emulsion droplet size (1.5‐fold). Emulsions with GSE showed the smallest and most densely packed lipid droplets. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity in emulsions were obtained with CAT followed by GSE and GTE. This work is significant in that it showed the possibility of using GSE to obtain stable extra virgin olive oil emulsion‐based functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Nitrite in meat products exerts multiple functions in terms of safety and quality, but it has been related to an increased risk of health issues, and alternatives have been investigated. In this study, Italian‐style salamis were prepared with nitrite and ascorbate (CNO2), without nitrite and ascorbate (C0) and without nitrite and with ascorbate, green tea, grape seed and olive extracts (C0A). The products showed specific features in terms of peptides, free amino acids and volatiles, according to the technology applied for their production. The variations in peptides and free amino acids are likely due to process modifications, as the applied temperature and the time needed for pH decrease. Most volatile compounds, whether generated by known biochemical pathways or by ingredients (spices), differed between salami groups. The changes detected in the chemical parameters analysed provide some insights into the impact on product characteristics due to the process changes applied to replace nitrite removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs) can be found in many products, such as composites, paints, ceramics, consumer products, and food additives. We recently demonstrated that via breastfeeding, SiO2-NPs transfer to the offspring's brain, interfering negatively with hippocampus development. In this work, we evaluated the protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE) against the adverse effects of SiO2-NPs. After delivery, animals were administered 25 mg/kg SiO2-NPs with/without GSE (300 mg/kg) for 20 days (from 2nd to 21st days post-delivery) by gavage. SiO2-NPs increased malondialdehyde concentration and decreased antioxidant activity in the offspring's hippocampi. The mean number of dark neurons (DNs) was significantly higher in the hippocampi of the SiO2-NPs group, whereas the mean number of DCX + cells was significantly lower than in the control group. The offspring in the SiO2-NPs groups had a weak cognitive performance in adulthood. Interestingly, these adverse effects of SiO2-NPs were alleviated in the GSE-treated groups. Therefore, GSE can attenuate the damaging effects of maternal exposure to SiO2-NPs during lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigated the effect of Iranian grape seed extract (GSE) on fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Topics discussed include clinical characteristics of DM, demographics and general characteristics of the patients, and indication that GSE may play a key role in improving BP and fasting blood glucose in patients with T2DM.

In this study, novel functional ZEO-complex gels were prepared using sodium alginate, inulin, grape seed extract (GSE), and Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil (ZEO) as the primary raw materials. The effect of the addition of inulin, GSE, and ZEO on water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (EAB) of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels was investigated. A comprehensive score (Y) for evaluating the characteristics of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels was established by principal component analysis. MATLAB analysis and box-Behnken design describe each factor's four-dimensional and three-dimensional interactions. It was found that Y could reach the maximum value when the ZEO addition was at a moderate level (C = 2%). The optimum preparation process of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels was as follows: the addition of inulin was at 0.84%, the addition of GSE was at 0.04%, and the addition of ZEO was at 2.0785%; in this way, the Y of ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels reached the maximum (0.82276). Optical scanning and X-ray diffraction tests confirmed that the prepared ZEO-complex gels have a smooth and continuous microstructure, good water insulation, and mechanical properties. The storage test results show that ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels could play a significant role in the storage and fresh-keeping of grass carp, and the physicochemical properties of complex polysaccharide gels were improved by adding ZEO. In addition, according to the correlation of fish index changes during storage, adding ZEO in complex polysaccharide gels was closely correlated with the changes in fish TBARS and TVB-N oxidation decay indices. In conclusion, the ZEO-complex polysaccharide gels prepared in this study had excellent water insulation, mechanical properties, and outstanding fresh-keeping effects on grass carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Grape seed extract has been shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of androgen-dependent tumors (e.g., breast cancer), and thus grape seed extract could theoretically inhibit epiphyseal closure induced by estrogen in late adolescence. OBJECTIVE: To screen the effects of grape seed extract on apoptosis of growth plate chondrocytes and epiphyseal closure in rats. METHODS: (1) In vitro experiment: Growth plate chondrocytes from rat large tibia and femur at logarithmic growth stage were obtained and cultured in groups: normal control group, model control group (adding 17β-estradiol to induce apoptosis), positive control group (adding letrozole and 17β-estradiol), grape seed extract group (adding 17β-estradiol and 10 μg/mL grape seed extract), Caspase-9 inhibitor group (adding 17β-estradiol and Caspase-9 inhibitor), Caspase-9 agonist group (adding 17β-estradiol and Caspase-9 agonist). Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry after 48 hours of culture. (2) In vivo experiment: Thirty 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into model control group, positive control group and low-, medium- and high-dose groups, with five rats in each group. All rats were injected subcutaneously with 17β-estradiol (3 times per week) to establish epiphyseal closure models, followed by intragastric administration of letrozole in positive control group and 0.05, 0.2 and 0.8 g/kg grape seed extract in low-, medium- and high-dose groups, respectively, once a day until over 2/3 of the epiphyseal plate in the model control group was closed. The length of the tibia was then observed. Another 18 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into model control group, positive control group, and medium-dose group, with 6 rats in each group, treated as above for 1.5 continuous months. The expression of Caspase-9 protein in rat growth plate cartilage was detected by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In vitro experiment: 17β-estradiol could induce apoptosis in growth plate chondrocytes, and letrozole, grape seed extract, and caspase-9 inhibitors could all inhibit apoptosis in growth plate chondrocytes. (2) In vivo experiment: When more than 2/3 of the epiphyseal plate in the model control group was closed, the number of rats with epiphysis closure in the positive control and medium-dose groups was less than that in the model control group (P < 0.05), and the tibial length was longer than that in the model control group (P < 0.05), and the Caspase-9 protein expression in the tibial growth plate was lower than that in the model control group (P < 0.05). To conclude, the appropriate dose of grape seed extract can effectively inhibit the apoptosis of growth plate chondrocytes and delay epiphyseal closure, which has the potential to promote bone growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of photoperiod (day length) on the efficacy of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in mitigating metabolic disorders in obese rats fed a cafeteria diet. Rats were exposed to standard (L12), long (L18), or short (L6) photoperiods and treated with GSPE or vehicle. In the standard photoperiod, GSPE reduced body weight gain (50.5%), total cholesterol (37%), and triglycerides (34.8%), while increasing the expression of hepatic metabolic genes. In the long photoperiod, GSPE tended to decrease body weight gain, increased testosterone levels (68.3%), decreased liver weight (12.4%), and decreased reverse serum amino acids. In the short photoperiod, GSPE reduced glycemia (~10%) and lowered triglyceride levels (38.5%), with effects modified by diet. The standard photoperiod showed the greatest efficacy against metabolic syndrome-associated diseases. The study showed how day length affects GSPE's benefits and underscores considering biological rhythms in metabolic disease therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Cesarean section is one of the most common surgeries worldwide. Pain management and the acceleration of cesarean wound healing are important and necessary for the mother, baby, and breastfeeding. Herbal medicines with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects have been used in wound management and care in traditional medicine. This systematic review assessed the efficacy of herbal products used in clinical trials for cesarean wound healing. Information & Methods In this systematic review, keywords, including "cesarean section," "wound healing," "herbal medicine," "complementary medicine," and "alternative care" were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest databases. The Persian equivalents of these terms were searched in the SID and Magiran databases. The search was conducted with no time limit until April 2024. Studies published in Persian and English that investigated herbal products for the healing of cesarean section wounds were included in this study. The quality assessment of the articles was conducted using the CONSORT 2018 checklist. Data analysis was performed qualitatively and reported. Findings Among 471 articles, eight articles assessing seven plants were investigated. Most of the studied plants improved cesarean wound healing. The results of two studies on the effect of turmeric on cesarean wound healing were consistent. Conclusion The medicinal products prepared in all the studies are effective in cesarean wound treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyphenols and phenolic acids make up the majority of the complex mixture of compounds, such as grape seed extract (GSE). In this study, the protective effects and working mechanisms of Red Grape Seed extract (GSE) against ethanol (EtOH)-induced tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction protein dysfunction were investigated in the rats' liver, kidney, and spleen. Twenty-four adult Albino Sprague Dawley rats were used and divided into 4 groups: Group 1 (Control Negative), and Group 2 (Control Positive), the rats received a twice-weekly dosage of 40% ethanol; In Group 3, rats were given Red GSE only; Group 4 (treatment group), rats were given EtOH + Red GSE, which was administered three times weekly orally through gavage tube for six weeks. The liver, kidney, and spleen tissue were processed for the H&E staining and Claudin-1, Claudin-5, and E-cadherin biomarkers by IHC analysis. Treatment with Red GSE reduced the histopathologic abnormality scores in the liver (7 vs. 13), kidney (2 vs. 8), and spleen (3 vs. 6) when compared to the EtOH group, which alleviated the harmful effects of EtOH. Additionally, Red GSE increases the expression of Claudin-1, Claudin-5, and E-cadherin by a membrane pattern in the parenchyma of the liver, kidneys, and spleen, mostly by moderate-strong immunostaining in contrast to EtOH, which displayed weak staining in membranous and cytoplasmic regions. Red GSE preserves the tight junction in the damaged cells and is a promising natural agent against ethanol-induced barrier dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seed oil (GSO) is a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds that have been shown to affect physiological disorders associated with chronic diseases positively. The article demonstrates GSO's chemical structure and health benefits, including its ability to alleviate oxidative stress, modulate cytokines, exhibit antimicrobial activity, and potentially prevent cancer. The review highlights the positive impact of GSO on livestock growth and products quality, particularly when combined with grape pomace in broiler and rabbits diets. Including grape seed extract in animals' diets improved carcass traits under oxidative stress conditions. It may also help reduce total lipid levels and lower LDL cholesterol levels, benefiting heart health. The article emphasizes the need for more studies to better understanding of the optimal bioactivity of GSO and to determine the recommended doses of GSO for human consumption. The review suggests that GSO could be a promising natural feed additive for improving poultry health and product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the antilipid potential of seed (GSE) and skin extracts (SE) of Pinot Noir red grape. The preparation of extracts and the evaluation of their color were performed. The antilipid potential of GSE and SE was investigated in the minced pork meat samples. Four experimental samples were prepared: with grape seed and skin extracts, with synthetic antioxidant and without additives. The samples were stored at 4oC for 10 days. During this period product color and formed thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were determined. It was found that the GSE at concentration 1000 µg g-1 limited the oxidative processes more effectively (55.32 %) than the SE (34.04 %) with the same concentration. These results were correlated very well with the TPC and the phenolic composition of the two extracts. The obtained results with GSE (500 and 1000 µg g-1) were like those obtained with the synthetic antioxidant (200 µg g-1). The effect of added GSE and SE onto the minced meat color change during its storage was determined. The results are optimistic because they indicate that grape seed extract can be used as a natural antioxidant in the meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ration contamination with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) leads to serious economic loss. The current study aimed to explain the ameliorative effect of grape seed extract (GSE) either alone or in combination with CdCl2. One hundred and fifty chicks were used in the current study. They were equally alienated into 6 groups; group I was kept as control. Group II: given grape seed extract by the first dose (GSE1) of 250 mg/kg; group III: given grape seed extract by the second dose (GSE2) of 500 mg/kg; group IV: given cadmium chloride (CdCl2) to evaluate the undesirable effects of the dose (100 mg/kg diet). Group V: given combination of GSE1+ CdCl2, group VI: given combination of GSE2+ CdCl2. At the end of the 3rd and 5th weeks, the following parameters were measured: Serum oxidants and antioxidants (GSH, SOD, CAT and MDA), brain oxidants and antioxidants (SOD, CAT, MDA, and NO), semi-quantitative RT-PCR detection of brain and liver GST and GPx, as well as serum cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-10, and TNF-a), were determined. The results put on display show that GSE extract considerably ameliorated the levels of serum and tissue oxidants and antioxidants, as well as cytokines that ramshackle CdCl2. Histopathological assessment of brain tissue and BAX brain sections was in concurrence with the immunological, oxidant, antioxidant, and RT-PCR results. It is important to take into consideration that the immunostimulant, antioxidative properties of GSE are mechanistically achieved. So, GSE could be used as a protective agent against ration contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Dental Journal is the property of Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Dentistry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of antimicrobial food packaging is a very important and current goal, but it still difficult to implement in practice. Reducing microbial contamination and preserving food quality are very important tasks for food manufacturers as the use of antimicrobial packaging can preserve the health of consumers. On the other hand, the difficulty of degrading packaging materials, leading to environmental pollution, is also an important problem. These problems can be solved by using biodegradable biopolymers and antimicrobial agents in the production of food packaging. Very suitable antimicrobial agents are grape seed and skin extracts as they have high antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity and are obtained from grape pomace, a waste product of winemaking. The present review presents the valuable bioactive compounds contained in grape seeds and skins, the methods used to obtain the extracts, and their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Then, the application of grape seed and skin extracts for the production of antimicrobial packaging is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on antimicrobial packaging based on various biopolymers. Special attention is also paid to the application of the extract of grape skins to obtain intelligent indicator packages for the continuous monitoring of the freshness and quality of foods. The focus is mainly placed on the antimicrobial properties of the packaging against different types of microorganisms and their applications for food packaging. The presented data prove the good potential of grape seed and skin extracts to be used as active agents in the preparation of antimicrobial food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of the necessity for employing natural additives in animal feed has grown alongside the ban on antibiotics in the animal feed sector. Grapes, as well as by-products of the wine-making industry (grape marc and seed extracts), possess biologically active chemical constituents that can be used to improve animal production by incorporating them into animal feed. Grapes are a valuable resource of polyphenols, especially flavonoids, stilbenes and phenolic acids, most of them showing therapeutic or health-promoting properties. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the impact of polyphenols on animal gut health. The first section of the review discusses the chemical structure of the major polyphenols in grapes and the polyphenols' bioavailability and metabolism in pigs. The second and major part of the review reviews the results of investigations into the antioxidant, antimicrobial and prebiotic effects of grape polyphenols in pig diets, as well as their regulation of intestinal barrier functions through signalling pathways and intestinal responses. All of this is supported by previous research, findings and conclusions. There are fewer recorded pig studies, but the inclusion of up to 9% grape by-products resulted in improved performance with an increased mean daily gain. Ultimately, this analysis concluded that supplementation of pigs with grape phenolic compounds as natural feed additives enhanced their antioxidant capacity, improved humoral and cellular immune responses, and promoted gut ecosystem biodiversity and the overall production performance in pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]