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At present, the main raw material for producing graphene is graphite ore. However, researchers actively seek alternative resources due to their high cost and environmental problems. Biomass waste has attracted much attention due to its carbon-rich structure and renewability, emerging as a potential raw material for graphene production to be used in sports equipment. However, further progress is required on the quality of graphene produced from waste biomass. This paper, therefore, summarizes the properties, structures, and production processes of graphene and its derivatives, as well as the inherent advantages of biomass waste-derived graphene. Finally, this paper reviews graphene's importance and application prospects in sports since this wonder material has made sports equipment available with high-strength and lightweight quality. Moreover, its outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity is exploited to prepare wearable sensors to collect more accurate sports data, thus helping to improve athletes' training levels and competitive performance. Although the large-scale production of biomass waste-derived graphene has yet to be realized, it is expected that its application will expand to various other fields due to the associated low cost and environmental friendliness of the preparation technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial applications of graphene derivatives have been very highlighted during the last decade. In this study, graphene-based materials, i.e., graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and carboxylated graphene oxide (GO-COOH), were synthesized and characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometry, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and TEM. The main difference in these nanomaterials is the content of their oxygen-containing functional groups. According to EDX elemental analysis, GO-COOH has the highest ratio of carbon to oxygen and the highest oxygen-containing functional groups. Cytotoxicity of GO, RGO, and GO-COOH in eight concentrations at two times (24 and 48 h) on 3T3 cell lines showed concentration-dependence cytotoxicity for these three nanomaterials. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of these three materials against gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, as well as a fungus (Candida albicans), were evaluated by MIC, MBC, anti-biofilm, and Time-Kill tests. Our data demonstrated that the GO-COOH has the highest antimicrobial properties, which can result from increasing the oxygen-containing functional groups. To the best of our knowledge, comparing all cytotoxic, antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-biofilm properties of these three graphene derivatives in one study has not been reported yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new and high-performing electrode materials for sensing applications is one of the most intriguing and challenging research fields. There are several ways to approach this matter, but the use of nanostructured surfaces is among the most promising and highest performing. Graphene and graphene-related materials have contributed to spreading nanoscience across several fields in which the combination of morphological and electronic properties exploit their outstanding electrochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the use of graphene and graphene-like materials to produce gas sensors, highlighting the most relevant and new advancements in the field, with a particular focus on the interaction between the gases and the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen gas (H2) is a viable energy carrier that has the potential to replace the traditional fossil fuels and contribute to achieving zero net emissions, making it an attractive option for a hydrogen‐based society. However, current H2 purification technologies are often limited by high energy consumption, and as a result, there is a growing demand for alternative techniques that offer higher H2 purity and energy efficiency. Membrane separation has emerged as a promising approach for obtaining high‐purity H2 gas with low energy consumption. Nevertheless, despite years of development, commercial polymeric membranes have limited performance, prompting researchers to explore alternative materials. In this context, carbon‐based membranes, specifically graphene‐based nanomaterials, have gained significant attention as potential membrane materials due to their unique properties. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of carbon‐based membranes for H2 gas separation, fabrication of the membrane, and its characterization, including their advantages and limitations. We also explore the current technological challenges and suggest insights into future research directions, highlighting potential ways to improve graphene‐based membranes performance for H2 separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials, especially graphene derivatives, have become major tools in the biomedical area. Understanding the way that graphene interacts with component elements of biological systems, like biological membranes, is critical for the development of successful biomedical applications. The interaction mechanism of graphene sheets with a model cell membrane was investigated in this study using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations under three different conditions: pristine graphene (PG), carboxyl group-functionalized graphene (G-COOH), and amine group-functionalized graphene (G-NH2). The MD simulations demonstrated that functional groups on graphene surfaces improve their interaction with the head groups of the membrane. In 200 nanoseconds, PG reached equilibrium outside and near the phospholipid membrane. G-NH2 was positioned away from the model membrane’s surface, while G-COOH and G-NH2 also achieved equilibrium outside the membrane. It was shown by molecular dynamics simulations that after 200 ns, all three systems had attained their stable states. Crucially, it is discovered that the kind of functional groups greatly affected how the nanoparticles and membrane interacted. Each and every nanocarrier has a strong propensity to break through the membrane. The van der Waals interaction energies for the PG, G-NH2, and G-COOH systems were further shown by the obtained data to be roughly −400.66, −397.52, and −876.36 kJ/mol, respectively. These results support the notion that G-COOH interacts with the model cell bilayer more strongly than PG and G-NH2. This work highlights the influence of functional groups on the interaction of graphene sheets with biological membranes, offering important insights into the equilibrium behavior and entry mechanism of graphene sheets in a model cell membrane.

Fluorographene exhibits a rich chemistry and a wide range of applications in energy storage devices. This review, which is based on our lab results acquired in the last decade, explores the synthesis, properties, and performance of fluorographene-based materials in supercapacitors and batteries. Fluorographene can be prepared through mechanical or chemical delamination of graphite fluoride, allowing for scalable synthesis and further chemical processing. The chemical versatility of fluorographene enables a wide portfolio of chemical reactions, leading to a new class of graphene derivatives. Graphene acid, a product of fluorographene chemistry, exhibits excellent specific capacitance, cycling stability, and rate capability. Hybridizing graphene acid with metal-organic frameworks can achieve even higher energy and power densities. Furthermore, nitrogen-doped graphene derived from fluorographene demonstrates remarkable capacitive behavior, making it an efficient electrode material for supercapacitors. Additionally, fluorographene-based materials, such as graphene acid, graphene-sulfur hybrids, and graphene-based anodes, have exhibited outstanding performance in lithium-ion and lithium-sulfur batteries. The scalable synthesis, high performance, and versatility of fluorographene-derived materials render them attractive for practical energy storage applications. The unique properties and wide range of chemistries offered by fluorographene chemistry open new possibilities for improving advanced energy storage devices.

Context: The potential of graphene derivatives for theranostic applications depends on their compatibility with cellular and biomolecular components. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a lipid component present in oxidized low-density lipoproteins, microvesicles and free circulation in blood, plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of various diseases. Using density functional theory-based methods, we systematically investigated the interaction of atherogenic LPC molecule with different derivatives of graphene, including pristine graphene, graphene with defect, N-doped graphene, amine-functionalized graphene, various graphene oxides and hydroxylated graphene oxides. We observed that the adsorption of LPC on graphene derivatives is highly selective based on the orientation of the functional groups of LPC interacting with the surface of the derivatives. Hydroxylated graphene oxide exhibited the strongest interaction with LPC with adsorption energy of − 2.1 eV due to the interaction between the hydroxyl group on graphene and the phosphate group of LPC. The presence of aqueous medium further enhanced this interaction indicating favourable adsorption of LPC and graphene oxide in biological systems. Such strong interaction leads to substantial change in the electronic structure of the LPC molecule, which results in the activation of this molecule. In contrast, amine-modified graphene showed the least interaction. These theoretical results are in line with our experimental fluorescence spectroscopic data of LPC/1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonic acid complex. Our present comprehensive investigation employing both theoretical and experimental methods provides a deeper understanding of graphene-lipid interaction, which holds paramount importance in the design and fabrication of graphene-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Methods: In this study, we employed the density functional theory-based methods to investigate the electronic and structural properties of graphene derivatives and LPC molecule using the Quantum Espresso package. The exchange–correlation functional was described within generalized gradient approximation (GGA) as parameterized by Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE). The valence electrons were represented using plane wave basis sets. 'The Grimme's dispersion method was used to include the van der Waals dispersion correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the main raw material for producing graphene is graphite ore. However, researchers actively seek alternative resources due to their high cost and environmental problems. Biomass waste has attracted much attention due to its carbon-rich structure and renewability, emerging as a potential raw material for graphene production to be used in sports equipment. However, further progress is required on the quality of graphene produced from waste biomass. This paper, therefore, summarizes the properties, structures, and production processes of graphene and its derivatives, as well as the inherent advantages of biomass waste-derived graphene. Finally, this paper reviews graphene’s importance and application prospects in sports since this wonder material has made sports equipment available with high-strength and lightweight quality. Moreover, its outstanding thermal and electrical conductivity is exploited to prepare wearable sensors to collect more accurate sports data, thus helping to improve athletes’ training levels and competitive performance. Although the large-scale production of biomass waste-derived graphene has yet to be realized, it is expected that its application will expand to various other fields due to the associated low cost and environmental friendliness of the preparation technique.

The inherent qualities of carbon nanosheets that come from their underlying molecular structure have drawn an enormous amount of interest from researchers. Molecular descriptors are commonly used graph-theoretic metrics to analyze the physicochemical properties of a molecule based on its molecular structure. Our current research validates the use of molecular descriptors in studying three recently developed carbon allotropes: pentagraphene, phagraphene, and phographene. These allotropes have significant thermal, dynamic, and mechanical stabilities that are comparable to graphene. General analytical expressions for both degree and neighborhood degree sum-based indices of these nanosheets are derived through the utilization of graph theoretical methods. Following a filtering process of the significant indices, regression models that accurately predict atomic density, specific heat capacity and total π-electron energy of carbon allotropes are developed. Additionally, Shannon entropy is introduced as an information index, which can be utilized for predictive studies in the future and as a tool for comparing structural complexity by incorporating topological index in its definition.

Multifunctional polymer/graphene based lightweight and flexible nanocomposite films are increasingly being utilized in the packaging, electronics, and pharmaceutical industries together. Herein, two graphene derivatives: silver nanoparticle decorated reduced graphene oxide (G‐Ag) and chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) prepared by wet chemical method and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have been incorporated into linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) thermoplastic matrix via melt compounding method. The incorporation of graphene derivatives affected the physico‐mechanical, electrical and thermal conductivity, and barrier properties (both oxygen and water vapor permeability) of the nanocomposite films. With 5 wt% of G‐Ag, rGO, and GNP loading, the thermal conductivity of these three nanocomposite films was enhanced by an average of 136.7%, 123%, and 143.3%, respectively. Graphene having high specific surface area and aspect ratio allow for a tortuous passage of oxygen and water molecules through the nanocomposite film, ultimately improving both oxygen and water vapor impermeability qualities for all LG‐Ag, LrGO, and LGNP nanocomposites. Moreover, the films have been tested against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria to ensure their bactericidal activity. The prepared composite films also showed Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (−21, −17, and −19 dB) higher than the commercial cut‐offs. The thermoplastic nanocomposite films with promising thermal conductivity might be an excellent choice for bacteria‐resistant and barrier‐capable packaging and efficient thermal management EMI shields in electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are diverse diseases such as some infections, trauma, and tumor resections during cancer surgery that can cause bone damage or skeletal defects in persons. Most of the time, these defects cannot heal spontaneously due to several medical conditions that patients encounter, like diabetes, hormone‐related problems, and autoimmune disorders. This issue is even worse for older people and some special treatments should be provided for them. Bone‐tissue engineering has emerged to tackle these challenges. By investigating bone repair strategies, studying bone structures and biomechanics, and employing appropriate growth factors, suitable scaffolds, and biomaterial‐centered regenerative approaches can be employed to treat bone defects more effectively. This study reviews some recent bone‐tissue‐engineering strategies relying on two‐dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene and its derivatives, black phosphorus, and MXenes that are exhibiting a great potential in regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new and high-performing electrode materials for sensing applications is one of the most intriguing and challenging research fields. There are several ways to approach this matter, but the use of nanostructured surfaces is among the most promising and highest performing. Graphene and graphene-related materials have contributed to spreading nanoscience across several fields in which the combination of morphological and electronic properties exploit their outstanding electrochemical properties. In this review, we discuss the use of graphene and graphene-like materials to produce gas sensors, highlighting the most relevant and new advancements in the field, with a particular focus on the interaction between the gases and the materials.

Ion and water transport at the Angstrom/Nano scale has always been one of the focuses of experimental and theoretical research. In particular, the surface properties of the angstrom channel and the solid-liquid interface interaction will play a decisive role in ion and water transport when the channel size is small to molecular or angstrom level. In this paper, the chemical structure and theoretical model of graphene oxide (GO) are reviewed. Moreover, the mechanical mechanism of water molecules and ions transport through the angstrom channel of GO are discussed, including the mechanism of intermolecular force at a solid/liquid/ion interface, the charge asymmetry effect and the dehydration effect. Angstrom channels, which are precisely constructed by two-dimensional (2D) materials such as GO, provide a new platform and idea for angstrom-scale transport. It provides an important reference for the understanding and cognition of fluid transport mechanism at angstrom-scale and its application in filtration, screening, seawater desalination, gas separation and so on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene, with its excellent properties and unique structure, has been extensively studied in the context of modifiable cement-based materials. However, a systematic summary of the status of numerous experimental results and applications is lacking. Therefore, this paper reviews the graphene materials that improve the properties of cement-based materials, including workability, mechanical properties, and durability. The influence of graphene material properties, mass ratio, and curing time on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete is discussed. Furthermore, graphene's applications in improving interfacial adhesion, enhancing electrical and thermal conductivity of concrete, absorbing heavy metal ions, and collecting building energy are introduced. Finally, the existing issues in current study are analyzed, and the future development trends are foreseen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, the possibility of the existence of nitro-graphene derivatives with undisturbed graphene backbone is considered. Based on the first-principles calculation, it is shown that while NO 2 is unable to form a covalent bond with bare graphene, it becomes possible in some structures of hydrogenated graphane, fluorographene, and graphene oxide. This paper presents, among others, an analysis of the surrounding influence on the C-NO 2 bond strength. The author believes that the potential prospects of these materials and discussion about possible synthesizing routes may help further research on graphene-based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allotropes of carbon are responsible for discovering the three significant carbon-based compounds, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Over the last few decades, groundbreaking graphene with the finest two-dimensional atomic structure has emerged as the driving force behind new research and development because of its remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical functionalities with high surface area. Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has resulted in numerous applications that previously had not been possible, incorporating sensing and adsorbent properties. Our study covers the most prevalent synthetic methods for making these graphene derivatives and how these methods impact the material's main features. In particular, it emphasizes the application to water purification, CO2 capture, biomedical, potential energy storage, and conversion applications. Finally, we look at the future of sustainable utilization, its applications, and the challenges which must be solved for efficient application of graphene at large scales. Graphene-based derivative implementations, obstacles, and prospects for further research and development are also examined in this review paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene derivatives-based nanocatalyst finds increasing utilisation in the catalysis field for organic transformations. Researchers have been working on the development of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots with metal or metal oxide nanocomposites over the last few years. These materials exhibit excellent electrical, catalytic, optical, thermal, and magnetic properties. In particular, GO/rGO/GQDs composites assisted by metal or metal oxides have attracted broad attention for their possible applications in organic compound synthesis, drug delivery, sensors, devices, and the related areas of the environment. In this review, we have summarised GO/rGO/GQDs-metal or metal oxide composites using catalyst for organic conversions and synthesis of organic compounds in accordance with the discussion on the key problems and prospects for future study. Furthermore, there is a significant function for the catalytic efficiency of composites assisted by metal or metal oxide nanocatalyst which is categorised by graphene derivatives bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanostructures such as graphene, exhibit considerable potential as biosensor transducers due to their exceptional sensitivity to environmental variations. Food assessment is an area of research that has been a marked surge in interest regarding the utilization of carbon nanostructures. The construction of precision agriculture practices and the execution of efficient food quality control methods are required due to the ongoing demand for greater food production in order to boost production efficiency and reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Several contaminants, including as pesticides, antibiotics, toxins, allergens, and other contaminations, can become embedded in food at several stages of production, including development (planting), collecting, preparation, transportation, and packaging. These contaminants have the potential to cause many different foodborne illnesses in animals and humans. Therefore, detection of food these contaminants can contribute to the prevention of various harmful health problems for the global population. Graphene-based methods have remarkable electrical, visual, and thermal properties, hence satisfying the aforementioned criteria. The materials exhibit exceptional sensing properties characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity through their straightforward polymerization with linkers and proteins, along with the potential for further enhancement using nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene derivatives (GDs) are known for their considerable conductivity and electron mobility, making them promising candidates for developing electrically conductive cementitious composites (CCs). Consequently, CCs reinforced with GDs (CRGDs) can serve a variety of applications in the construction industry. Despite several experimental studies on the conductivity of CRGDs, finite element (FE) models have rarely been developed to investigate the conductivity of CRGDs. Previous FE models primarily focused on one-dimensional fillers like carbon nanotubes within polymeric matrices, overlooking the distinctive anisotropic behaviour of GDs in cementitious matrices. This study introduces a computational micromechanics model (CMM), integrating the representative elementary volume (REV) concept with FE analysis, to investigate the electrical conductivity of CRGDs. This model is particularly noted for its computational efficiency, as it converts the problem dimensions from 3D to 2D while ensuring an acceptable degree of accuracy. The CMM captures the anisotropic conductivity of GDs and includes critical conductivity mechanisms such as conductive pathways, the tunnelling effect, and field emission. Subsequently, REV size sensitivity analysis is performed to ensure the statistical relevance of the REV, followed by the model's validation against experimental data from the literature. Afterwards, the model's sensitivity analysis clarifies how different parameters, including the constituent properties, influence prediction results. The sensitivity analysis results suggest that the aspect ratio of GDs has considerable impacts on the electrical conductivity and the percolation threshold of CRGDs. Ultimately, this study aims to provide insights into the optimization and design of electrically conductive CRGDs and lay the foundation for future research in this area. • Efficient FE-based micromechanics model for the electrical conductivity prediction of CRGDs. • The tunnelling effect and anisotropic conductivity of GDs are considered. • The aspect ratio of GDs has a considerable impact on the electrical conductivity of CRGDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene and its derivatives show great potential for biosensing due to their extraordinary optical, electrical and physical properties. In particular, graphene and its derivatives have excellent optical properties such as broadband and tunable absorption, fluorescence bursts, and strong polarization-related effects. Optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives make nondestructive detection of biomolecules possible. The focus of this paper is to review the preparation of graphene and its derivatives, as well as recent advances in optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives. The working principle of face plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and colorimetric sensors are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of graphene and its derivatives applicable to various types of sensors are analyzed, and the methods of surface functionalization of graphene and its derivatives are introduced; these optical biosensors can be used for the detection of a range of biomolecules such as single cells, cellular secretions, proteins, nucleic acids, and antigen-antibodies; these new high-performance optical sensors are capable of detecting changes in surface structure and biomolecular interactions with the advantages of ultra-fast detection, high sensitivity, label-free, specific recognition, and the ability to respond in real-time. Problems in the current stage of application are discussed, as well as future prospects for graphene and its biosensors. Achieving the applicability, reusability and low cost of novel optical biosensors for a variety of complex environments and achieving scale-up production, which still faces serious challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene-porphyrin hybrid materials with direct assembly between the fluorinated graphene (FG) nanosheets and the pre-formed 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (THPP) units have been successfully synthesized. The structure–property, binding, and assembly of THPP over FG nanosheets were methodically analyzed by spectroscopic, microscopic, and solvent wetting techniques. The solvent wetting characteristics and surface free energy of the supportless THPP and FG-supported THPP were investigated. The decoration of porphyrin over FG ensued in a surface free energy of 28.7 mJ m−2 directing to hydrophobic (WCA ~ 130 ± 2°) networks. Photo-physical studies demonstrated considerable non-covalent interactions between the THPP with FG multi-layers. The emission responses of THPP and FG-THPP with ferric complexes and its coordination with respect to the –philicity of the THPP were probed using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The functional groups blended in the FG-THPP inks were subjected to fuse with interconnected networks like cellulose paper and melamine sponge by exploiting the dispersion processability followed by morphology evaluation and water-wettability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water molecules confined in nanoscale spaces of 2D graphene layers have fascinated researchers worldwide for the past several years, especially in the context of energy storage applications. The water molecules exchanged along with ions during the electrochemical process can aid in wetting and stabilizing the layered materials resulting in an anomalous enhancement in the performance of supercapacitor electrodes. Engineering of 2D carbon electrode materials with various functionalities (oxygen (─O), fluorine (─F), nitrile (─C≡N), carboxylic (─COOH), carbonyl (─C═O), nitrogen (─N)) can alter the ion/water organization in graphene derivatives, and eventually their inherent ion storage ability. Thus, in the current study, a comparative set of functionalized graphene derivatives-fluorine-doped cyanographene (G-F-CN), cyanographene (G-CN), graphene acid (G-COOH), oxidized graphene acid (G-COOH (O)) and nitrogen superdoped graphene (G-N) is systematically evaluated toward charge storage in various aqueous-based electrolyte systems. Differences in functionalization on graphene derivatives influence the electrochemical properties, and the real-time mass exchange during the electrochemical process is monitored by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Electrogravimetric assessment revealed that oxidized 2D acid derivatives (G-COOH (O)) are shown to exhibit high ion storage performance along with maximum water transfer during the electrochemical process. The complex understanding of the processes gained during supercapacitor electrode charging in aqueous electrolytes paves the way toward the rational utilization of graphene derivatives in forefront energy storage applications., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Graphene and its derivatives have been a burning issue in the last 10 years. Although many reviews described its application in electrochemical detection, few were focused on food detection. Herein, we reviewed the recent progress in applying graphene and composite materials in food detection during the past 10 years. We pay attention to food coloring materials, pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metal ion residues, and other common hazards. The advantages of graphene composites in electrochemical detection are described in detail. The differences between electrochemical detection involving graphene and traditional inherent food detection are analyzed and compared in depth. The results proved that electrochemical food detection based on graphene composites is more beneficial. The current defects and deficiencies in graphene composite modified electrode development are discussed, and the application prospects and direction of graphene in future food detection are forecasted.

Ion and water transport at the Angstrom/Nano scale has always been one of the focuses of experimental and theoretical research. In particular, the surface properties of the angstrom channel and the solid-liquid interface interaction will play a decisive role in ion and water transport when the channel size is small to molecular or angstrom level. In this paper, the chemical structure and theoretical model of graphene oxide (GO) are reviewed. Moreover, the mechanical mechanism of water molecules and ions transport through the angstrom channel of GO are discussed, including the mechanism of intermolecular force at a solid/liquid/ion interface, the charge asymmetry effect and the dehydration effect. Angstrom channels, which are precisely constructed by two-dimensional (2D) materials such as GO, provide a new platform and idea for angstrom-scale transport. It provides an important reference for the understanding and cognition of fluid transport mechanism at angstrom-scale and its application in filtration, screening, seawater desalination, gas separation and so on.

Graphene, with its excellent properties and unique structure, has been extensively studied in the context of modifiable cement-based materials. However, a systematic summary of the status of numerous experimental results and applications is lacking. Therefore, this paper reviews the graphene materials that improve the properties of cement-based materials, including workability, mechanical properties, and durability. The influence of graphene material properties, mass ratio, and curing time on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete is discussed. Furthermore, graphene’s applications in improving interfacial adhesion, enhancing electrical and thermal conductivity of concrete, absorbing heavy metal ions, and collecting building energy are introduced. Finally, the existing issues in current study are analyzed, and the future development trends are foreseen.

Graphene-based materials have attracted much attention due to their fascinating properties such as hydrophilicity, high dispersion in aqueous media, robust size, high biocompatibility, and surface functionalization ability due to the presence of functional groups and interactions with biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. Modified methods were developed for safe, direct, inexpensive, and eco-friendly synthesis. However, toxicity to the environment and animal health has been reported, raising concerns about their utilization. This review focuses primarily on the synthesis methods of graphene-based materials already developed and the unique properties that make them so interesting for different applications. Different applications are presented and discussed with particular emphasis on biological fields. Furthermore, antimicrobial potential and the factors that affect this activity are reviewed. Finally, questions related to toxicity to the environment and living organisms are revised by highlighting factors that may interfere with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, waste-generated nanomaterials have received a surge in consideration for energy production due to their excellent properties and eco-friendly effects. A plethora of literature has reported on the growing interest for the production of hydrogen (H 2) by utilizing sunlight through water splitting and the recycling of bio-waste into organic catalysts. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no review on waste-derived nanocomposites for the production of H 2. Herein, potential methods, modes of fabrication, and the efficacy of synthesized nanocomposites for H 2 production have been highlighted. Distinct attention has been given to waste-generated nanocomposites, including a variety of graphene nanomaterials. Remarkable efforts have been made to fabricate biomass-derived nanomaterials and to optimize their reaction conditions and efficient use in energy production. Finally, future prospects and challenges in improving photocatalytic H 2 production are also summarized. [Display omitted] • An overview of carbon materials including graphene nanocomposites for H 2 production is abridged. • Numerous remarkable methods for H 2 production are highlighted. • Efficacy of waste-derived nanocomposites for H 2 production are provided through various methods. • Strategies to advance the photocatalytic H 2 and other energy production are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas has become one primary energy source. However, using natural gas imposes enormous challenges since natural gas leaks may cause catastrophic damage to the environment and human life. As the main component of natural gas, methane (CH 4) is a type of greenhouse gas that exacerbates global warming and has a risk of explosion in air. Developing CH 4 sensing technology is crucial to detect natural gas leaks. Despite tremendous efforts in exploring gas sensing by graphene and its derivatives, the low reactivity limited the application of graphene-based materials in CH 4 detection. Here, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to study graphene and its derivatives' CH 4 adsorption energy, sensitivity, and selectivity. Graphene derivatives with hydroxyl groups around surface vacancies were found to be superior in CH 4 sensing over other graphene derivatives. Our findings offer new design guidelines for developing CH 4 sensors. [Display omitted] • Unveiling how graphene and its derivatives sense CH 4 within the influences of air and water. • Revealing that hydroxyl groups are active sites for CH 4 adsorption and sensing. • Providing a design of graphene derivatives with the highest CH 4 response in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allotropes of carbon are responsible for discovering the three significant carbon-based compounds, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Over the last few decades, groundbreaking graphene with the finest two-dimensional atomic structure has emerged as the driving force behind new research and development because of its remarkable mechanical, electrical, thermal, and optical functionalities with high surface area. Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has resulted in numerous applications that previously had not been possible, incorporating sensing and adsorbent properties. Our study covers the most prevalent synthetic methods for making these graphene derivatives and how these methods impact the material’s main features. In particular, it emphasizes the application to water purification, CO2 capture, biomedical, potential energy storage, and conversion applications. Finally, we look at the future of sustainable utilization, its applications, and the challenges which must be solved for efficient application of graphene at large scales. Graphene-based derivative implementations, obstacles, and prospects for further research and development are also examined in this review paper.

Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of how graphene materials (GMs) interact with biological surfaces is the key to develop safe and effective biomedical applications of GMs. Here, a systematic and comprehensive mechanistic perspective of interactions between pristine GMs and biological membranes is provided. To this end, first the known mechanisms of interaction between GMs and membrane components are summarized and classified, with a focus on phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins. Both experimental observations and computational simulations are included. Detailed experimental conditions and physiochemical properties of GMs are listed for each cited application. At the end of this review, current challenges and conflicts that limit biomedical applications of GMs are discussed. Based on reported mechanisms, guidelines for future studies to address the remaining challenges are proposed, specifically with respect to modulating the intrinsic properties of GMs for more efficient and safer therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of how graphene materials (GMs) interact with biological surfaces is the key to develop safe and effective biomedical applications of GMs. Here, a systematic and comprehensive mechanistic perspective of interactions between pristine GMs and biological membranes is provided. To this end, first the known mechanisms of interaction between GMs and membrane components are summarized and classified, with a focus on phospholipids, cholesterol, and membrane proteins. Both experimental observations and computational simulations are included. Detailed experimental conditions and physiochemical properties of GMs are listed for each cited application. At the end of this review, current challenges and conflicts that limit biomedical applications of GMs are discussed. Based on reported mechanisms, guidelines for future studies to address the remaining challenges are proposed, specifically with respect to modulating the intrinsic properties of GMs for more efficient and safer therapeutic applications.

In this work, graphene derivatives obtained by a common chemical method and a novel physical route are evaluated as reinforcement nanomaterials on prepregs based on glass fiber and epoxy resin. Besides, two types of graphite were employed to obtain graphene derivatives, through the chemical route, and to evaluate the influence of their structure quality on the performance of the composite laminates prepared. All graphene derivatives were characterized by different techniques and specific structural features were found depending on processing method; less structural damage in the graphene derivatives obtained by steam explosion and ultrasonication (physical route) was observed. Graphene derivatives were incorporated on the surface of prepregs, which were laminated to evaluate their performance through short beam tests and dynamic-mechanical analysis. Carbon materials obtained by the physical route produced remarkable thermomechanical performance, and also, better interfacial properties in the composite laminates compared to that observed with graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide obtained from the two kinds of graphite precursor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene and its derivatives show great potential for biosensing due to their extraordinary optical, electrical and physical properties. In particular, graphene and its derivatives have excellent optical properties such as broadband and tunable absorption, fluorescence bursts, and strong polarization-related effects. Optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives make nondestructive detection of biomolecules possible. The focus of this paper is to review the preparation of graphene and its derivatives, as well as recent advances in optical biosensors based on graphene and its derivatives. The working principle of face plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and colorimetric sensors are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of graphene and its derivatives applicable to various types of sensors are analyzed, and the methods of surface functionalization of graphene and its derivatives are introduced; these optical biosensors can be used for the detection of a range of biomolecules such as single cells, cellular secretions, proteins, nucleic acids, and antigen-antibodies; these new high-performance optical sensors are capable of detecting changes in surface structure and biomolecular interactions with the advantages of ultra-fast detection, high sensitivity, label-free, specific recognition, and the ability to respond in real-time. Problems in the current stage of application are discussed, as well as future prospects for graphene and its biosensors. Achieving the applicability, reusability and low cost of novel optical biosensors for a variety of complex environments and achieving scale-up production, which still faces serious challenges.

The demand for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding has increased strongly in the last few years, owing to the fast technological developments in the electronics industry. In order to meet these markedly increased demands, many new layer-structured materials (as well as other structures with various morphologies) are being investigated to replace conventionally used metal sheets for the purpose of EMI shielding. Carbon-based nanostructures and their composites are used for EMI protection due to their low weight, cost-effectiveness, and good thermal/electrical properties. Polymers are also low density materials, with the added benefits of low cost and easy processing. Composites combining various polymers with different types of conducting carbon fillers have been proposed as EM wave absorbers. MXene-based 2D layered materials have also received tremendous attention for application in EMI shielding. In this review article, we have systematically summarized the recent research on materials designed for microwave/radio wave absorption and EMI shielding. The text covers carbon-based nanostructured materials, various kinds of polymers, layered inorganic materials and their composite hybrids. The review is concluded with a brief discussion of the perspectives and outstanding challenges for future EMI shielding applications of carbon, polymers and MXene-based materials. The main classes of materials used for EMI shielding and possible attenuation mechanisms for EM waves incident on a slab of EMI shielding material. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Y-type strontium hexaferrite (SrY) nanoparticles are prepared by sol gel synthesis route and the nanoparticles are taken with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) separately to prepare SrY/GO and SrY/rGO binary nanofillers. These two binary nanofillers reinforced PVDF mono-layer and multi-layer nanocomposite films (SrY/GO/PVDF and SrY/rGO/PVDF) have been prepared to analyse their complex permeability and permittivity, microwave absorption ability in 8–12 GHz (X-band) range. The crystallographic phase, chemical composition and the successful incorporation of the binary nanofillers inside PVDF was confirmed by XRD, XPS, RAMAN and FESEM analysis. J-E characterization of SrY/rGO/PVDF and SrY/GO/PVDF films verify the occurrence of conductive channels inside PVDF matrix for former and the development of polarization effect for later under external electric field. The high magnetization and coercivity of ∼28.24 emu/g and 1200 Oe at room temperature (RT) corresponding to SrY nanoparticles is favourable at incurring high magnetic losses for X-band. A remarkable enhancement in total shielding effectiveness (SE T) from −63.16 dB to −82.53 dB has been observed for multi-layer SrY/GO/PVDF films as compared to its mono-layer structure. The majority of the contribution for SE T is the shielding effectiveness due to absorption (SE A) (−60.11 dB) as compared to the same for reflection (SE R) (−24.26 dB) at a matching frequency of ∼9.6 GHz. However, in case of SrY/rGO/PVDF films the predominance of SE R over SE A has been observed. Therefore, our results could act as a pathway in devising a graphene/polymer-based magneto-electric laminated nanocomposite system for lightweight and customized microwave shield within the X-band frequency. [Display omitted] • Y-type hexaferrite-graphene derivatives-PVDF multi-layered nanocomposite films prepared. • Magnetization of ∼28.24 emu/g and coercivity of 1200 Oe of Y-type hexaferrite have been found. • SE T has been observed −82.53 dB at 9.6 GHz frequency. • Nanocomposite films are found suitable for high SE T with modulated SE A and SE R in X-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Skin is the largest organ of the human body and can perceive and respond to complex environmental stimulations. Recently, the development of electronic skin (E-skin) for the mimicry of the human sensory system has drawn great attention due to its potential applications in wearable human health monitoring and care systems, advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, and human–machine interfaces. Tactile sense is one of the most important senses of human skin that has attracted special attention. The ability to obtain unique functions using diverse assembly processible methods has rapidly advanced the use of graphene, the most celebrated two-dimensional material, in electronic tactile sensing devices. With a special emphasis on the works achieved since 2016, this review begins with the assembly and modification of graphene materials and then critically and comprehensively summarizes the most advanced material assembly methods, device construction technologies and signal characterization approaches in pressure and strain detection based on graphene and its derivative materials. This review emphasizes on: (1) the underlying working principles of these types of sensors and the unique roles and advantages of graphene materials; (2) state-of-the-art protocols recently developed for high-performance tactile sensing, including representative examples; and (3) perspectives and current challenges for graphene-based tactile sensors in E-skin applications. A summary of these cutting-edge developments intends to provide readers with a deep understanding of the future design of high-quality tactile sensing devices and paves a path for their future commercial applications in the field of E-skin.

Graphene-based materials have attracted much attention due to their fascinating properties such as hydrophilicity, high dispersion in aqueous media, robust size, high biocompatibility, and surface functionalization ability due to the presence of functional groups and interactions with biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acid. Modified methods were developed for safe, direct, inexpensive, and eco-friendly synthesis. However, toxicity to the environment and animal health has been reported, raising concerns about their utilization. This review focuses primarily on the synthesis methods of graphene-based materials already developed and the unique properties that make them so interesting for different applications. Different applications are presented and discussed with particular emphasis on biological fields. Furthermore, antimicrobial potential and the factors that affect this activity are reviewed. Finally, questions related to toxicity to the environment and living organisms are revised by highlighting factors that may interfere with it.

Population-driven socioeconomic urban expansion, industrialization, and intensified modern agricultural practices are interlinked to environmental challenges culminating in compromised water quality due to pollution by toxic, persistent, and bioaccumulative heavy metal ions, pesticides, nitroaromatics, and other emerging pollutants. Considering the detrimental impact of pollutants on human health and ecosystem, their detection in different media including water is paramount. Notably, electrochemical techniques are more appealing owing to their recognized advantages. This research summarizes and evaluates the most recent advances in the electrochemical sensing of environmental pollutants such as heavy metal ions, pesticides, nitroaromatics, and other distinct emerging contaminants. Besides, the review focuses on the application of electrochemical detection of the selected pollutants through analysis of representative reports in the five years from 2016 to 2020. Therefore, the review is intended to contribute insights and guidelines to contemporary progress in specific electrochemical application practices based on graphene derivatives, toward the aforenamed pollutants. Thus, it focused on sensing methods such as cyclic voltammetry, anodic stripping voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy employing different sensing elements incorporating graphene. Moreover, the review also highlighted graphene synthesis pathways, sensor design strategies, and functionalization. Furthermore, the review showed that there is congruence in the literature that functionalized graphene and its derivatives remain as viable modifiers in electrochemical sensing of pollutants. Nonetheless, the study also appraised the absence of literature reports on electrochemical detection of natural organic matter substances like humic acid and fulvic acid using a graphene-based sensor. In reckoning, current challenges related to graphene synthesis and applicability, envisaged opportunities, and future perspectives are outlined.

In this study, the different graphene derivatives, graphene oxide (GO), carboxylic acid‐modified graphene (G‐COOH), and amine‐modified graphene (G‐NH2), were used to prepare polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membranes. The membrane modification performance was evaluated using the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory and quartz crystal microbalance dissipation monitoring. The results show that the addition of low‐dose GO and G‐NH2 can improve membrane surface porosity and permeability. The hydrophilicity and electron donor monopolarity of PVDF/GO composite membranes were enhanced by adding more than 0.024 wt% GO, thus improving its antifouling ability. In addition, the enhancement of hydrophilicity, free energy of cohesion, and antifouling ability of composite membrane modified with G‐COOH and G‐NH2 was more significant compared with that of GO with the same dosage, which implies the important role of functional group in additives. This study provides new insights for the blending modification of PVDF membranes by systematically comparing the addition of graphene derivatives with different functional groups. Practitioner points: The comprehensive comparison of membrane modification with different graphene derivatives was investigated.The enhancement of hydrophilicity and antifouling ability of membranes modified with G‐COOH and G‐NH2 was more significant than that of GO.The free energy of cohesion of nanocomposite membrane was affected by the functional group of additives.G‐NH2 composite membrane had the best comprehensive performance with great hydrophilicity, permeability, and antifouling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of sustained and green energy is believed to alleviate increasing menace of global environmental concerns and energy dilemma. Interfacial assembly of 2D graphene-derived ion channels (2D-GDICs) with tunable ion/fluid transport behavior enables efficient harvesting of renewable green energy from ubiquitous water, especially for osmotic energy harvesting. In this review, various interfacial assembly strategies for fabricating diverse 2D-GDICs are summarized and their ion transport properties are discussed. This review analyzes how particular structure and charge density/distribution of 2D-GDIC can be modulated to minimize internal resistance of ion/fluid transport and enhance energy conversion efficiency, and highlights stimuli-responsive functions and stability of 2D-GDIC and further examines the possibility of integrating 2D-GDIC with other energy conversion systems. Notably, the presented preparation and applications of 2D-GDIC also inspire and guide other 2D materials to fabricate sophisticated ion channels for targeted applications. Finally, potential challenges in this field is analyzed and a prospect to future developments toward high-performance or large-scale real-word applications is offered., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention due to their high efficiency and low manufacturing cost. However, the defects in perovskite films and the instability issue caused by ion migration limit the further improvement of its efficiency and stability. Graphene and its derivatives are potential materials to solve these problems due to their rich functional groups, environmental stability and compactness, which triggered extensive researches in recent years. In this paper, the development and preparation methods of graphene materials are summarized and then their applications in PSCs are reviewed, with particular emphasis on their function of blocking ion migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]