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Borate not graphene: The [B6O12]∞6− single borate layer is a graphene‐like layer (see figure). The weak Na+Br(Cl)− ionic connection between the layers leads to the layer cleavage, and difficulty of the block crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stachys byzantine -(SB) extract was applied as green inhibitor for steel in HCl media. • SB-zinc cations mixture provided the corrosion inhibition of about 92%. • The mix of SB and Zn caused a protective layer creation on the surface. The presence of bio-active compounds in Stachys byzantina (SB) extract has made it a powerful source of green inhibitors in controlling steel corrosion. In this study, it has been attempted to create a highly durable corrosion protective film on the surface of the metal with SB and divalent zinc (II) cations and investigated them by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) tests, and surface analysis methods. EIS results show that after 24 h of placing the steel samples in 3.5% NaCl solution containing 700 SB − 300 ZN, the synergistic corrosion inhibition behavior was about 92%. Besides, the results of the PP demonstrated a significant reduction of the i corr. Furthermore, surface analyses such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images illustrated the low metal surface degradation, which indicates that the mix of SB and Zn caused a protective layer creation on the surface, especially for SB 700 - Zn 300. Also, new compounds of graphitic materials' structure were made using SB extract which is a natural-based chemical, and investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test, Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction (GIXRD) technique, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research, the anti-corrosion performance of MS in the HCl solution was investigated when potentially corrosion inhibitive green molecules, extracted from the Stachys byzantina (SB) leaves, were added to the solution. Potentiodynamic polarization (PP) along with the EIS tests were carried out. Also, surface characterization was examined using FE-SEM, contact angle measurements, AFM, and EDS. The film composition formed on the MS surface was explored by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), GIXRD, FT-IR, and Raman spectroscopy. EIS test demonstrated that the MS surface exposed to the 1 M HCl solution into which 1200 ppm SB extract was incorporated yielded the highest resistance against corrosion after 4 h resulting in the inhibition efficiency of 96%; the optimum concentration was also substantiated with PP test. SB extract showed a mixed-inhibition performance, and the best-fitted adsorption isotherm was calculated to be Langmuir; furthermore, the inhibitor adsorption was a combination of physisorption and chemisorption. Surface studies showed that the inhibited surface exhibited a smoother texture with lower roughness because of the inhibitor adsorption. The presence of several SB extract's functional groups such as O H, C H, C=C, and C=O on the surface was confirmed through FT-IR spectroscopy and UV–Vis analysis. Via Raman spectroscopy, a graphene-like layer was observed on the surface. The results, as a whole, proved the presence of a protective layer, which adsorbed on the surface and subsequently prevented further corrosion attack. Finally, the interactions taking place between metal surface and corrosion inhibitor were examined from the theoretical point of view using molecular dynamics (MD), Monte Carlo (MC), and density functional theory (DFT). The results were suggestive of the formed complex affinity toward the surface resulting in corrosion prevention. [Display omitted] • Ethanolic Stachys byzantina's (SB) extract was used as potent corrosion inhibitor • Surface studies showed a smoother surface of the inhibited surface • SB extract showed a mixed-inhibition performance with high efficiency of 97% • Graphene-like layer formation on metal surface was proved by Raman spectroscopy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]