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Graptophyllum pictum is a tropical plant noticeable for its variegated leaves and exploited for various medicinal purposes. In this study, seven compounds, including three furanolabdane diterpenoids, i.e., Hypopurin E, Hypopurin A and Hypopurin B, as well as with Lupeol, β-sitosterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, were isolated from G. pictum, and their structures were deduced from ESI-TOF-MS, HR-ESI-TOF-MS, 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The compounds were evaluated for their anticholinesterase activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BchE), as well as their antidiabetic potential through inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. For AChE inhibition, no sample had IC50 within tested concentrations, though the most potent was Hypopurin A, which had a percentage inhibition of 40.18 ± 0.75%, compared to 85.91 ± 0.58% for galantamine, at 100 µg/mL. BChE was more susceptible to the leaves extract (IC50 = 58.21 ± 0.65 µg/mL), stem extract (IC50 = 67.05 ± 0.82 µg/mL), Hypopurin A (IC50 = 58.00 ± 0.90 µg/mL), Hypopurin B (IC50 = 67.05 ± 0.92 µg/mL) and Hypopurin E (IC50 = 86.90 ± 0.76 µg/mL). In the antidiabetic assay, the furanolabdane diterpenoids, lupeol and the extracts had moderate to good activities. Against α-glucosidase, lupeol, Hypopurin E, Hypopurin A and Hypopurin B had appreciable activities but the leaves (IC50 = 48.90 ± 0.17 µg/mL) and stem (IC50 = 45.61 ± 0.56 µg/mL) extracts were more active than the pure compounds. In the α-amylase assay, stem extract (IC50 = 64.47 ± 0.78 µg/mL), Hypopurin A (IC50 = 60.68 ± 0.55 µg/mL) and Hypopurin B (IC50 = 69.51 ± 1.30 µg/mL) had moderate activities compared to the standard acarbose (IC50 = 32.25 ± 0.36 µg/mL). Molecular docking was performed to determine the binding modes and free binding energies of Hypopurin E, Hypopurin A and Hypopurin B in relation to the enzymes and decipher the structure-activity relationship. The results indicated that G. pictum and its compounds could, in general, be used in the development of therapies for Alzheimer's disease and diabetes.

This study aims to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the water extract of Daun wungu (Graptophyllum pictum L.) extract which was observed from the decrease in the volume of edema of rat’s feet which was induced by 1 % carrageenan as much as 0,1 ml, was carried out in 25 male white rats divided into 5 groups. Negative controlwas given distilled water given 5 % Na CMC, diclofenac sodium as a positive control with a dose of 0,9 mg/200 g BB and water fraction of wungu leaf extract with a dose 1 (1,125 mg/kg bb), dose 2 (2,25 mg/kg bb) dan dose 3 (4,5 mg/kg bb). The measurement of edema volume is carried out every hour for six hours after induced carrageenan. From the results of testing the water fraction of wungu leaf extract, % inhibition showed that the dose group 3 (4,5 mg/kg bb) had anti-inflammatory activity that was comparable to the positive control group. Of all dosage variatons in this study the effective dose which has the highest percentage of edema is the dose 3 (4,5 mg/kg bb). Based on the results of statistical analysis, the percentage of edema inhibition data on the water fraction of wungu lear extract from all dose variations showed significant differences with negative controls. Keyword : Graptophyllum pictum L Anti-Inflamasi

Acanthaceae is popularly known as acanthus family which belong to mint order – lamiales. They are distributed from tropics to a temperate region such as India, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Brazil, Central America and Africa. Most members of this family are therapeutically important since they are in the up to date usage by ethnic communities. Andrographis paniculata, Clinacanthus nutans, Graptophyllum pictum, Hemigraphis alternata, Justicia gendarussa and Strobilanthes Crispus are some of the medicinal plants of Acanthaceae family. These plants are recognized for their biopharmaceutical potential usage in traditional medicine. These plants have a plethora of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides, terpenoids, benzenoids, quinine, triterpenoids and naphthoquinone present in various parts of the plant that plays a vital role in drug industries. The pharmacological properties of these plants such as anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, hepatoprotective, anti-viral and anti-hypertensive are in general practice as an alternative and complementary medicine in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. This article encompasses not only the comprehensive survey based on the electronic resources, scientific journals but also the books that summarize the botanical, phytochemical properties of these plants and also accentuate their significant role in both ethnobotanical and pharmacological fields. It is felt that this article would provide more insight into the health benefits of some plants of the Acanthaceae family.

Background The 1st, 2nd and small 3rd degree hemorrhoids are non-operatively treated by using anti-inflammatory and plebotonic medicines, high fiber diet and changing lifestyle. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff (GP) is potential to be a hemorrhoid medicine (anti-inflammatory and plebotonic medicine) since its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to antioxidant property. ObjectiveTo elaborate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of GP on experimental hemorrhoid in male Wistar rats. MethodsA Randomized Controlled Trial Post-test only design in hemorrhoid-like rats using croton oil induced into the anus for 30 seconds each day for 3 consecutive days. 14 Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 2 groups. Group 1 got normal saline solution, while group 2 treated with GPE 100mg/Kg bw for 5 consecutive days. On the 9th experimental day, the blood was drawn for Elisa examination of COX-2 and SOD levels. As COX-2 and SOD normally distributed, pool t-test and product moment correlation was used for statistical analysis. Results All of Wistar rats were still alive. COX-2 levels (ng/ml) in the GPE group was 266.28±158.47, was significantly lower compared to control (595.21±68.92) (p=0.000). Serum SOD levels (ng/ml) in the GPE was 77.00±11.0, and was significantly higher than the control 28.00±4.00 (p=0.02). Correlation between COX-2 and SOD serum level was significantly strong negative correlation (p=0,000 and r=-0.842) Conclusions GPE at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on artificial hemorrhoids through decreased COX-2 levels, and elevated SOD levels. There is a strong negative correlation between SOD and COX-2 serum level. KeywordsGraptophyllum pictum, hemorrhoids, Croton oil, COX-2, SOD.

Fluctuation of Doleschallia bisaltide larvae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) on caricature-plant (Graptophyllum pictum).Caricature-plant cultivation is often damaged due to the attack of Doleschallia bisaltide larvae. High reproduction ability ofD. bisaltide is a serious problem that need to be managed, therefore it will not inflict a financial losses. This study was aimedto determine the fluctuation of D. bisaltide larval population in the caricature-plant plantation in Kalisoro, Tawangmangu.The observations were carried out with a survey method on five observation plots for seven months from March to September2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient test. The results showedthat the population structure was changed during the observations with the highest larval population in May. The results ofSpearman rank correlation coefficient test showed significant and positive correlation between third, fourth, and fifth instarslarvae with the rainfall. The control of D. bisaltide can not only depend on the presence of natural enemies, therefore controlinterventions were needed especially at a suitable time and environment whne the population increased.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that always increasing in prevalence. Excessive glucose intake and oxidative stress that can lead to damage to the pancreatic cell or insulin resistance, are such factors that influence the occurrence of diabetes mellitus. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaf contains active metabolites such as flavonoid which able to decrease free radical levels. This study aimed to prove the effectiveness of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaves extract on blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced Wistar rats. In this study, twenty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. On day 0, the negative control and each treatment group injected with 125 mg/kg dose of alloxan and would be checked on 4th day. On the 4th day after the rats had diabetes, normal group (K-1) was given only standard feed, Negative control (K-2) was given only alloxan intraperitoneally on day 0, first treatment group (K-3) was given 50 mg/kg dose of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff, second treatment group (K-4) was given 100 mg/kg dose of the leaf extract, and the third treatment group (K-5) was given the leaf 200 mg/kg dose of the leaf extract. On the 10th day, fasting blood glucose was taken from the rats. Post-test only group design was used to be the experimental design. There were significant differences in the treatment groups (K-3, K-4, and K-5) compared to the negative control group (K-2) after treatment. The mean of blood glucose levels decreased with the increased doses of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff leaf extract treatment. The treatment groups (K-3, K-4, and K-5) were not significant compared to the normal group (K-1).

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in the world. Treatments for colon cancer might cause major side effects, hence increase opportunities for the development of new cancer drugs. One of the plants that potential to develop as an anticancer agent is daun ungu (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff). From previous studies, G.pictum had cytotoxic activity against several cancerous cell lines. Traditionally, G.pictum leaves have been used for hemorrhoid treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of G.pictum ethanolic extract and its fractions on human colon cancer WiDr cells and to elucidate the compounds contained in most active extracts/fractions. G.pictum was extracted using 70% ethanol and fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, respectively. The yield of the extract obtained was 18.9%. The yield of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol-water fractions were 1.07%, 2.93%, 10.26%, and 84.82%, respectively. The cytotoxic activity was carried out on WiDr cells using the MTT assay. Cytotoxic activity was determined based on IC50 values. IC50 value of extract, hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol-water fraction obtained on WiDr cells were 1527,58; 143,97; 507,19; 3538,67 and 3186,60 μg/mL. The hexane fraction containing terpenoids and phenolics showed the highest cytotoxic activities against WiDr colon cancer cells.

Background. Streptococcus mutans is the leading cause of dental caries. One of many medicinal plants, purple leaf [Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff], which contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins, is a potential antibacterial agent. Objective. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of purple leaf extract (Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) against Streptococcus mutans. Methods. Streptococcus mutans were suspended in several Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff extract concentrations in a BHIB medium using the dilution method so that the concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.56%, 0.78% were obtained. Each tube was incubated for 24 hours, then subcultured in a Tryptone Yeast Extract Cystine medium in a petri dish using a spreader. Each petri dish was set for 24 hours; the growth of the colony, using CFU/mL unit, was manually calculated. The samples were then subjected to microbiological analysis. The Tukey's Honest Significant Difference test was performed to determine if the relationship between the sets of data in the treatment group is statistically significant (p

Graptophyllum pictum L Griff Leaves in the community are used as medicinal ingredients, one of which is for analgesics. Black pudding leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds that act as suspected analgesics, namely flavonoids. The ethanolic extract of black pudding leaves has been formulated into cream and ointment preparations. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of analgesic preparations of black pudding leaves (Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) ethanol extract in white male mice. The effectiveness of analgesics was tested using the hotplate method. The test animals used were 25 white male mice which were divided into 5 groups: negative control (F0), positive control (Ichtiol® ointment), and black pudding leaf F1 (10%), F2 (15%) ethanol extract treatment group, and F3 (20%). Observation of stretching of mice was done after the feet of mice were induced and immediately given treatment. Observation of analgesic percentage in each mouse was carried out every 5 minutes for 60 minutes. The data obtained were processed and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan test with a 95% confidence level. One-way ANOVA test results showed that there were significant differences between treatment groups (0.003 Keywords: Graptophyllum pictum, Analgesics, ointment, Hotplate.

Context: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that highly depends on the immune response. Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) has an immune–modulatory activity. Aims: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of purple leaf methanol extract (EMDU) on the expression of IFN–γ in mice lung tissue infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: M. tuberculosis was infected in mice. The EMDU was given with dose (1.703, 3.406, 6.812) mg kg–1 BW–1 for 14 d after infection. The expression of IFN–γ protein (expression obtained from mice’s lung tissue) was examined using immunohistochemical examination using IFN–γ anti monoclonal antibodies. Calculations performed on immunoreactive cells showed positive expression and reddish–brown appearance on the cytoplasm. Calculated as many as ten fields of view using a light microscope at 400 times magnification, then the mean value is taken. The mean value of the number of immunoreactive cells is included as data. Data analysis by one way ANOVA and Duncan test. Results: The treatment group showed that IFN–γ expression in mice tuberculosis was significantly increased (p < 0.05) of EMDU. Conclusions: Administration of EMDU increase of IFN–γ expression in mice tuberculosis Keywords: Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff, immune, tuberculosis

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff is one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia that has been proved to have antioxidant, antidiabetic, and analgesic properties. However, there is no report about the relationship of its genetic diversity with accession and ethnic aspects. Thus, we carried out polymorphism studies and clusterization of 34 samples G. pictum that were collected from 10 ethnics in Western Indonesia. The research purpose was to determine the polymorphism and kinship relations between ethnic groups and accessions of G. pictum in Western Indonesia. DNA was isolated using the GeneJET Plant Genomic DNA purification mini kit. Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP) was used as a molecular marker in PCR amplification. We analyzed the data using NTSYS and PopGene 1.3 softwares. We found 8 combinations of selected primers with polymorphic percentage average of 72.23% and 45 loci. The ethnicity that has the highest polymorphic percentage is Kutai (East Kalimantan) of 55.56%. The diversity between population and accession is moderate with Dissimilarity Index (DI) not more than 0.69. Ribun ethnic in West Kalimantan is the oldest ancestry ethnic that has locus marker at 24th and 41st position. In conclusion, we found that G. pictum in Western Indonesia is divided into 4 clusters.

Graptophyllum pictum is a well-known folk medicine in Indonesia. The red leaves are widely used for their anti-inflammatory properties to relieve hemorrhoids. However, little is known about to what extent these properties can affect platelet aggregation. This study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammation and anti-platelet aggregation activities of the ethanolic extract of Graptophyllum pictum (EEGP). Apart from the ear and hind-paw edema assay, anti-platelet aggregation and bleeding time assay were also performed on male Wistar rats. The test animals were grouped into six groups: three treatment groups termed EEGP100, EEGP600, and EEGP3000 (received 100, 600, and 3000 mg/kg BW of EEGP, respectively), one control-solvent group (1% CMC-Na), and two positive control groups (aspirin and Na-diclofenac). Based on the percentage of edema inhibition, absorbance change, and bleeding time, EEGP600 and EEGP3000 produced a comparable percentage of edema inhibition to that of Na-diclofenac, which was not found in EEGP100. Also, EEGP600 and EEGP3000, but not EEGP100, inhibited platelet aggregation as effective as aspirin (positive control). In conclusion, if administered at 600 and 3000 mg/kg BW, the ethanolic extract of Graptophyllum pictum can function as an anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits platelet aggregation.

Aim of the study To evaluate the role of micronized purified flavanoid fraction and ethanol Graptophyllum pictum extract in the treatment of anal ulcer. Method Twenty-eight Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Groups 2, 3 and 4 the anus were induced with croton oil, but was not induced on group 1. Groups 1 and 2 were treated with normal saline, while groups 3 and 4 were treated with micronized purified flavanoid fraction, and ethanol G. pictum extract, respectively. On 9th days blood sample were taken from the retro-orbital region, and Wistar was killed by cervical dislocation under ether anesthesia. The anal canal was resected up 2 cm from anal opening, weighted, photographically taken to measure the percentage of residual ulcer, and then prepared for microscopic examination. Elisa methods were done for superoxide dismutase and malondialdedhyde. The total leukocyte in the anal specimen was counted under 400 magnification power. superoxide dismutase, anal coefficient, and total leukocyte for statistical analysis were using ANOVA and LSD, while malondialdedhyde and percentage of ulcers were using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney. Result Treatment with ethanol G. pictum extract dose of 100 mg/kg BW significantly reduces the percentage of anal ulcer, the edema, leukocyte infiltration, and malondialdedhyde, and increase the superoxide dismutase in comparison without treatment. Treatment with micronized purified flavanoid fraction did not reduce the leukocyte, anal coefficient, and percentage of anal ulcer, only increase malondialdedhyde and decrease superoxide dismutase significantly. RESUMO Objetivo do estudo Avaliar o papel da Fração Flavonoica Purificada Micronizada e do Extrato Etanólico de Graptophyllum pictum no tratamento de úlcera anal. Método Vinte e oito ratos Wistar foram randomicamente alocados em quatro grupos. Nos grupos 2, 3 e 4, indução com óleo de cróton foi realizada no ânus, excetuando-se o Grupo 1. Os grupos 1 e 2 foram tratados com solução salina normal, enquanto os grupos 3 e 4 foram tratados com fração flavonoica purificada micronizada e extrato etanólico de Graptophyllum pictum, respectivamente. No nono dia, amostras de sangue foram colhidas da região retroorbital, e o rato Wistar sofreu eutanásia por deslocamento cervical sob anestesia com éter. O canal anal foi ressecado até 2 cm da abertura anal, ponderado e fotografado para medir a porcentagem de úlcera residual e, em seguida, preparado para exame microscópico. Os métodos superoxide dismutase e malondialdedhyde do ensaio Elisa foram realizados. A contagem total de leucócitos foi realizada na amostra anal com ampliação de 400 vezes. ANOVA e LSD foram utilizados para a análise estatística de superoxide dismutase, coeficiente anal e número total de leucócitos, enquanto os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para a análise de malondialdedhyde e porcentagem de úlceras. Resultado O tratamento com o extrato etanólico de Graptophyllum pictum (100 mg/kg de peso corporal) reduz de modo significativo a porcentagem de úlceras anais, o edema, a infiltração de leucócitos e o malondialdedhyde e aumenta a superoxide dismutase, comparado ao não tratamento. O tratamento com a fração flavonoica purificada micronizada não reduziu os leucócitos, o coeficiente anal e a porcentagem de úlceras anais, apenas aumentou o malondialdedhyde e diminuiu significativamente a superoxide dismutase.

Ethnopharmacology relevance Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., known as “handeuleum” in West Java and “Daun Ungu” in Indonesia, is traditionally used to cure hemorrhoids. Aim of the study The purpose of this study is to prove its effectiveness scientifically using anorectal histological parameters in Croton oil-induced hemorrhoid mice. Materials and methods In vivo tests were performed by observing histomorphologic changes in mice anorectal tissue induced by croton oil. In addition, in vitro assay was performed for evaluating antioxidant activity, astringency property, and hemostasis-associated activity. The antioxidant activity was measured using a DPPH radical scavenging assay. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were also determined spectrophotometrically. Results The in vivo assay showed that the oral-topical combination use of the ethanolic extract of G. pictum leaves demonstrated significant improvement on the croton oil-induced anorectal damage better than the single application by oral or topical application. Conclusion These results showed that G. pictum has potent anti hemorrhoid activity, especially for the combinational use of oral and topical administration.

This research objective is to identify the effects of wungu leaf extract (Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) on the fertility index and spermatozoa of normal morphology in male rat ( Rattus novergicus.L). Fifteen male and 45 female rats of 9 to 10 weeks old were used as research samples. The fifteen male rats were divided into five treatment groups of wungu extract dosage: control I (0mg/KgBW), control II (0.5ml olive oil), dosage 1 (100mg/KgBW), dosage 2 (200mg/KgBW), and dosage 3 (400mg/KgBW) for 60 days. The extract was given orally and each group consisted of three test rats as repetition. On the day 55 to day 60, each test male animal was mated with three female rats. After 60 days, an observation was done to 15 male and 45 female rats to identify fertility index. Normal spermatozoa morphological observation with microscope. The data obtained were tested by Analysis of Variance Test (ANOVA ? = 0.05) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Based on the observation and statistical analysis, it was found that wungu leaf extract of different dosages did not give significant effects on fertility index but have significant effects on spermatozoa of normal morphology. This was proven by the fact that the higher the dosage given, the worse the spermatozoa of normal morphology. Based on Linear Regression Analysis, it was found significant correlation between dosage variation extract of wungu leaf and fertility index, and number of normal spermatozoa.

The author would like to study the effects of ethanol Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff extract (EGPE) as anti-inflammation on wistar with experimental hemorrhoids. RCT post-test only design were done on 28 wistar, that were allocated into four groups. The 2nd , 3rd and 4th group were induced with 6% croton oil into anus for three days, the 1st group was not induced. On the 4th day, 1st and 2nd group were given physiologic saline, 3rd and 4th group was given EGPE 100 mg and 300 mg/ kg bw respectively. At the 9th day, before termination, blood was aspirated from retro-ocular region for examination of serum IL-6, COX-2 and TNF-alpha using ELISA method, and SGOT, SGPT, urea and creatinine level. Anus was removed and prepared for microscopic examination to count the leucocyte under 400 HPF. Induction of 6% croton oil was significantly increased TNF-alpha, IL-6, COX-2 and leucocyte count. Treatment with EGPE dose 100 mg and 300 mg/ kg bw significantly reduce TNF-alpha, IL-6, COX-2 and leucocyte count, dose 100 mg was even better than 300 mg except for leucocyte count. SGOT, SGPT, blood urea and creatinine were not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, the EGPE 100 mg and 300 mg have anti-inflammatory effects in hemorrhoids wistar, which can suppress IL-6, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and total leucocytes. The EGPE dose 100 mg is better than dose 300 mg. EGPE save for kidney and liver.

This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Graptophyllum pictum and to characterize their properties, starting from localized surface plasmon resonance, functional groups and the particle size distribution, to their antibacterial activity. The measurement of the wavelength of localized surface plasmon resonance was conducted using UV-VIS spectroscopy, while FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical bonds of organic compounds in the particle. The particle size distribution was analyzed using TEM. The spectrophotometric method was used to assess the antimicrobial properties of the particles against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. For this purpose, OD-620 of the bacterial sample was compared to OD-620 of the bacterial sample mixed with the silver nanoparticles, where the data was taken in 24 hours. The wavelength of localized surface plasmon resonance was found to be 455 nm, while FTIR spectrum showed the chemical bonds of organic compounds, denoting the presence of the extract on the particle. The particles were mostly spherical with diameters varying from 5.4 nm to 50.6 nm and the mean diameter was found to be 21.5±9.9 nm. The results from the antimicrobial assessment show that Graptophyllum pictum silver nanoparticles inhibit the growth of both S. aureus and E. coli, where during 24 hours of observation time, the particles affected E. coli, faster than the particles affected S. aureus.

The leaves of the plant handeuleum ( Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) have long been used for traditional medicine in several regions in Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine the effect of gamma irradiation rate on the anatomy and phytochemical content of the leaf. The rates of gamma rays used were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 Gy. Our results showed that gamma ray irradiation rate of 30 Gy produced leaves that contain anthocyanins and carotenoids, with the highest number of stomata and stomatal density compared with control plants. Stomatal index was found highest in the leaves with 45 Gy of gamma irradiation. High-rate gamma ray irradiation produced rigid, thick, and frangible leaves. A high rate of gamma irradiation, i.e. 75, 90, and 105 Gy, produces bigger palisade, sponges, and upper epidermis than the control plants, respectively. Our results showed an association between increasing rate of irradiation with alterations in the structure of leaf anatomy and phytochemical content of handeuleum.

Anemia is a global public health problem. In Cameroon, the most vulnerable to anemia are children under 5 years of age (60%) and pregnant women (40%). To reduce prevalence of anemia, several approaches have been adopted, including promoting the production and consumption of iron-rich foods/products. The objective of this work was to study the nutritional potential of anti-anemic drinks based on extracts from the leaves of either Manihot esculenta or Graptophyllum pictum consumed by the populations of the city of Yaoundé in Cameroon. Macronutrient contents were determined using the standard A.O.A.C. methods, while mineral contents were analyzed using the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bioactive compounds such as total polyphenols, flavonoids, and saponins were analyzed. Vitamin C was determined by the 2,6 dichlorophenol indophenol spectrophotometric method (DCPIP) and the contents of anti-nutrients (tannins, phytates, oxalates, saponins, hydrocyanic acid) quantified using standard methods. The results of these analyses show that the mean protein contents in the studied anti-anemic drinks ranged from 0.64 ± 0.08 g/100 mL to 1.84 ± 0.02 g/100 mL (M. esculenta drink); and 0.25 ± 0.01 g/100 mL (G. pictum drink). Sugar contents ranged from 0.30 ± 0.02 g/100 mL to 0.45 ± 0.01 g/100 mL (M. esculenta drink), and 0.29 ± 0.01 g/100 mL (G. pictum drink). As concerns iron contents, and vitamin C contents were inversely proportional across M. esculenta drinks containing 25% milk (2.29 ± 0.15 mg/100 mL iron; 57.9 ± 0.2 mg/100mL vit C) through 50% milk (1.70 ± 0.03 mg/100 mL iron; 147.19 ± 16.05 mg/100 mL vit C) to 75% milk (1.01 ± 0.11 mg/100 mL iron; 221.1 ± 16.96 mg/100 mL vit C). Likewise, iron and vit C levels in the G. pictum drink were 0.18 ± 0.01 mg/100 mL and 999.1 ± 41.2 mg/100 mL respectively. In general, although some anti-nutrients were detected in the studied anti-anemic beverages, the levels were not significant to pose harm. The principal component analysis revealed that the M. esculenta drink containing 75% milk was relatively the most nutritious of all the studied drinks viewing its contents in Vitamin C, protein and soluble sugars, thus, facilitating intestinal absorption of non-heme iron. Similarly, the G. pictum drink may require optimization of preparation method. Finally, the need for iron-bioavailability studies based on these anti-anemic drinks cannot be over emphasized.

Menopause can occur osteoporosis caused by low estrogen. This research was aimed to determine the effect of G. pictum extract on the morphometry and the calcium level of mice femoral bone had been ovariectomized. K1 as a non ovariectomy group was given 0.1 mL of CMC with a dose of 1 g/L, K2 as an control group with 0.1 mL CMC at a dose of 1g/L, K3 as an control group with 0.1 mL of synthetic estrogen at a dose of 0.0104 mg/kgBW, P1 and P2 as the treatment group, 0.1 mL G. pictum extract with a dose of 20 mg/kgBW and 30 mg/kgBW. All of the groups were administrated for 40 days. The results of the highest measurements of bone weight K2 (0.0722 ± 0.008), bone length P2 (1.71 ± 0.047), proximal metaphysical diameter K3 (0.24 ± 0.032), distal metaphysical diameter K2 (0.27 ± 0.010), K3 diaphysis diameter (0.174 ± 0.015), K3 calcium level (97.178 ± 0.830). The administration of G. pictum leaf extract has no effect on bone morphometry but can increase the calcium content of the femur. The optimum dose of G. pictum extract in raising bone calcium levels is 30 mg/kgBW.

Handeuleum (Graptophyllum pictum L.Griff) is a medicinal plant widely used as a traditional medicine due to its benefecial content. Therefore, it should be developed as one of the leading Indonesian medicinal plants. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of gamma ray irradiation on morphological alteration and growth of Handeuleum accession from Bogor. The doses of gamma rays were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 Gy. The results of the research showed that gamma-ray irradiation induced morphological changes and influences the growth of Handeuleum. Irradiation dose at rate of 105 Gy produced new leaf morphology in Handeuleum, namely cordate. Doses of 60, 75, 90, and 105 Gy produce stunted plants with stiff and yellowish-green leaves. The dose of 45 Gy produced relative green color index which was higher than the control plants.Keywords: handeuleum, gamma irradiations

The essential oil from the leaves of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. was isolated by hydrodistillation and its chemical constituents were investigated by a combination of gas chromatographic (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. Fourteen compounds, comprising 95.0 % of the gas chromatographical oil, were identified. The major constituents were phytol (75.7 %), n-nonacosane (6.5 %) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (2.6 %). The oil showed significant cytotoxicity against KB (epidermoid carcinoma of oral cavity), NCI-H187 (small cell lung carcinoma) and Vero cell lines with IC50 values of 27.04, 25.27 and 26.52 µg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the oil was determined using the ABTS radical cation scavenging assay. The oil had less antioxidant activity than the controls, trolox and ascorbic acid. In a disc diffusion assay the oil exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC values of 11.75 and 35.25 µg/disc, respectively.

Wungu leaf (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff) is a plant thought to have potential use in alleviating symptoms of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the activity of wungu leaf extracts in decreasing blood glucose level of alloxan (200 mg/kg BW)-induced hyperglycemic mice. Extracts of wungu leaf were obtained by macerating with ethanol and then partitioning the extract with diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Each extract obtained was used to treat hyperglycemic mice for 28 days. The results showed that wungu leaf extracts have the ability to decrease the blood glucose level of hyperglycemic mice (dose 50 mg/kg BW). The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity, bringing about a decrease of blood glucose of 37.6 %. The wungu leaf extract has the potential to be developed as a source of anti-diabetic agents.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have found significant application in industry especially in medical and catalysis field. Considerable attention has been made to synthesis AgNPSs via various routes. However, in recent years, focus have been shifted to synthesis AgNPs using more environmentally friendly route. Attempts to synthesis AgNPs by using plant extracts as potential complex reducing agent have found significant interest to date. Hence, this work will explore the feasibility to synthesis AgNPs by using locally available Graptophyllum pictum leaves (puding hitam). The extracts were evaluated on the their total phenolic content to shed potential insights on the mechanism prior AgNPs synthesis. The feasibility of the AgNPs were evaluated by using UV-Vis and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In conclusion, Graptophyllum pictum leaves (puding hitam) could be a viable alternative for the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs.

Background: Candidiasis is one of oral infectious disease caused by Candida albicans.The role of C. albicans as pathogen opportunistic in oral infection can affected by immune system. Phagocytosis has contributed in immune system against C. albicans infection, which is the role of monocytes. Grapthophyllum L. Griff has been proved to increase macrophage’s phagocytic activity, but the effect of violet leaves ethanol extract (EEDU) to increase monocyte’s phagocytic activity on C. albicans is unknown. Objectives: To determine the effect of violet leaves extract on monocyte’s phagocytic activity on C. albicans. Methods: This research was acted in vitro on human monocyte cell culture. There was 5 groups: negative control group, positive control group (incubated in Isoprinosine) and treatment groups was incubated in EEDU 2,5%, 5%, 10%. The percentage of activated monocytes was counted. Result: The result showed that incubation of EEDU 2,5%, 5% and 10% could increase monocyte’s phagocytic activity significantly (pConclusion: The study showed that EEDU can increase monocyte’s phagocytic activity on C. albicans. Keywords:Ethanol extract of Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff leaves, Monocyte’s Phagocytic Activity, Candida albicans

Graptophyllum pictum (Daun ungu) is one of the traditional plants in Indonesia. Graptophyllum pictum composition is flavonoid, Flavonoid has an antimicrobial effect. The purpose of this study is to find the effect of Graptophyllum pictum extract prevent the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin denture plate. The research was done plaque smear which Candida albicans adhered at the patient denture, then it was cultured and Candida albicans growth was cultivated. The research was done by using 40 samples. The samples were heat cured acrylic resin discs with 10 mm diameter. The research was used dilution method. The samples were divided into four groups.. Each group had been given Graptophyllum pictum extract with 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% for 8 hours. The plates with Sabouraud agar were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours and then Candida albicans were counted. The data were analyzed by the One way variant analysis and t-test. The result showed there were significant differences among the amount of Candida albicans which grew in different concentration of Graptophyllum pictum extract (p < 0.05). The conclusion was that Graptophyllum pictum extract had prevented the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin denture plate.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i3.24

The using of traditional medicine among community has being accepted and become huge potency to be developed by our country. One of disease which is often treated with traditional medicine is hemorrhoid or in bahasa as known as “wasir”. According to the result of ethopharmacology research of traditional medicine and jamu (RISTOJA) 2015 in java island, there are several formulas used by traditional healers to treat hemorrhoid. In order to fi nd potential formulas to be developed, a descriptive study was conducted involving identifi cation of medicinal plant and also literature study about its benefi t and toxicity evidences. The plants which named in formula’s ingredient were analized to see how important and utility value for hemorrhoid treatment. Literature study was conducted to assess potential benefi t and toxicity. The result said there were 37 species of medicinal plant in 25 family used in traditional medicine formula for hemorrhoid. Based on Frequency Citation(FC), Utility Value (UC) and literature study, Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff ., Curcuma longa L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.F, and Musa balbisiana have enough scientifi c evidence to be studied further development.

Graptophyllum pictum, in Indonesian is named ‘daun ungu’, is one of the traditional plants usually used as haemorrhoids medicament in Indonesia; it is composed from alkaloid, pectin, saponin, tannin, flavonoid and alcohol. Graptophyllum pictum is able to prevent the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The purpose of this investigation is to study the effect of Graptophyllum pictum extract toward the growth of plaque on acrylic resin complete denture. For this plaque growth research, 40 samples of acrylic resin complete denture were used, which divided into four groups. Those samples were first treated by cleansing each denture from saliva with running water. The existence of plaque on the complete denture was known by means of disclosing agent. The plaque was then scored by using modified Quigley Hein index, in this case until the plaque was scored zero. The second treatment was soaking the Group I to IV denture samples in Graptophyllum pictum extract with various concentration 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%, each for 15 minutes. Following this, the dentures were worn by the patients again for four hours, and then removed and washed with water. Then the disclosing agent were rubbed on the dentures and subsequently washed with water. The obtained data were analyzed by One-way variant analysis and t-test. The study result showed there were significant differences among the growth of plaque on acrylic resin complete denture which was soaked in different concentration of Graptophyllum pictum extract (p < 0.05). Regarding this result it can be concluded that Graptophyllum pictum extract could inhibit the plaque growth on acrylic resin complete denture. And it seems also that the highest plaque growth inhibition on acrylic resin complete denture is caused by the 40% concentration extract of Graptophyllum pictum.

Utilization of plants as traditional medicinal are still always be used by people in Indonesian. Especially in rural areas that still rich with variety of plants. Plants of black pudding leaves (Graptophyllum pictum Griff) are one that efficacious for treating various of diseases. The content of flavonoid in the black pudding leaves have antipyretic effect, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. This research aims to find out whether the black pudding leaves have antipyretic effect or not. This research used the induction method of vaccineDPT-Hb 0.022 / 20 gr a white rat as stimulant fever. Positive control with paracetamol 1.3 mg / 20 gram a white rat, negative control with Na CMC 0.5 ml / 20 grams a white rat, first extract test of black pudding leaves 0.8 mg / 20 gram a white rat, second extract test of black pudding leaves 1.6 / 20 gram a white rat, and third extract test of black pudding leaves 3.2 / 20 gram a white rat. The results of research showed that ethanol extract of black pudding leaves if it’s looked from statistic result of SPSS 16 program , it doesn’t show out of any effect as antipyretic effect because the significant value is P> 0.05.Keywords: Antipyretic, DPT vaccine Hb, (Graptophyllum pictum)

Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) attracted the attention of many researchers due to their unique properties. In this research, nanoscale magnetite particles have been successfully synthesized through an environmentally friendly method using aqueous extract of Graptophyllum pictum leaf (GPLE). In MNPs formation, GPLE acted as a base source and capping agent. Alkaloids in GPLE were hydrolyzed in water and hydroxilated Fe2+ to form Fe3O4 nanoparticles powder through calcination. After the addition of leaf extract, MNPs formation was observed by color change from pale yellow to dark brown. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results confirmed that MNPs formation indicated the surface plasmon resonance at a maximum wavelength, λmax 291 nm. The average crystallite size is 23.17 nm. The formed MNPs through green synthesis method promise in various medical applications such as drug carrier and targeted therapy.

Tragia benthamii Baker (Euphorbiaceae) and Graptophyllum pictum Linn (Acanthaceae) are two Cameroonian medicinal plants traditionally used against female reproductive tract disorders, during and after the reproductive period, and as an abortifacient. Since there were no scientific data supporting the above claims and pharmacological studies characterizing their estrogenic properties, we therefore aimed to evaluate their ability to induce estrogen-like effects on primary estrogens targets, uterine, vagina and mammary gland; as well as their ability to alleviate hot flushes in ovariectomized adult rats. For this purpose, we applied a 3-day uterotrophic assay to determine the estrogenic effects of each extract and the mixture of both plants as used by traditional practitioners. The extracts were administered orally for 3 days to the 10 to 12 weeks aged ovariectomized rats. The results obtained showed that the aqueous extract of T. benthamii at the dose of 500 mg / kg BW, the aqueous extract of G. pictum at all the tested doses as well as the aqueous extract of the mixture at 275 mg / kg body weight induced a significant increase (p ˂ 0.01) of the uterine epithelium thickness. In addition, the aqueous extract of T. benthamii at the dose of 500 mg / kg BW, as well as the aqueous extract of the mixture at the doses of 50 and 275 mg / kg induced acinar development and eosinophil secretions. These results are proof of estrogen-like effects of T. benthamii and G. pictum and therefore justify the traditional use of these plants. This suggests the presence in these plants, of secondary metabolites with estrogenic properties, can induce cell proliferation, and to correct disorders of post-oophorectomy œstrogénopénia in the Wistar rats and therefore menopausal disorders.

The red leaves of Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (G. pictum) are used in Indonesian folk medicine. The present study was carried out to elucidate the antiinflammatory effect of the ethanol extract obtained from this crude drug. The extract was partitioned between ether and water, and then the water-soluble fraction was extracted with 1-butanol. The 1-butanol-soluble fraction was extracted with chloroform-acetone, hot methanol and water, successively, and the hot methanol-soluble fraction (fr.) was chromatographed (frs. I-III). The antiinflammatory activity of these fractions was investigated on carrageenin-induced edema in rats and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability as well as the writhing symptom in mice. The ethanol extract (p.o.) showed an antiinflammatory activity as well as an analgesic activity and these activities shifted to the water-soluble fraction, 1-butanol-soluble fraction, methanol-soluble fraction and fr. II, successively. It was found that fr. II contained flavonoids. These results suggest that these flavonoids are at least partly responsible for the antiinflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of G. pictum.