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There are many notions of symmetry for state space models. They play a role in understanding when systems are time reversible, provide a system theoretic interpretation of thermodynamics, and have applications in certain stabilization and optimal control problems. The earliest form of symmetry for analytic input-output systems is due to Fliess who introduced systems described by an exchangeable generating series. In this case, one is able to write the output as a memoryless analytic function of the integral of each input. The first goal of this paper is to describe two new types of symmetry for such Chen--Fliess input-output systems, namely, coefficient reversible symmetry and palindromic symmetry. Each concept is then related to the notion of an exchangeable series. The second goal of the paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of Chen--Fliess input-output systems whose generating series are linear time-varying, palindromic, and have generating series coefficients growing at a maximal rate while ensuring some type of convergence. It is shown that such series have an infinite Hankel rank and Lie rank, have a certain infinite dimensional state space realization, and a description of their relative degree and zero dynamics is given.

A class of parameter dependent Chen--Fliess series is introduced where the series coefficients are taken from a noncommutative ring of multivariable differential operators. Such series are shown in the linear case to represent formal solutions to Cauchy initial value problems for nonhomogeneous PDEs and thus are useful for characterizing the input-output maps of distributed control systems. It is also shown that this class of functional series is almost closed under the set of nonrecursive interconnections, that is, any finite combination of parallel and series interconnections without a closed-loop. Some sufficient conditions are needed for the series interconnection. Specific examples are given involving the transport equation and the wave equation.

Mass-loss and radiation feedback from evolving massive stars produce galactic-scale superwinds, sometimes surrounded by pressure-driven bubbles. Using the time-dependent stellar population typically seen in star-forming regions, we conduct hydrodynamic simulations of a starburst-driven superwind model coupled with radiative efficiency rates to investigate the formation of radiative cooling superwinds and bubbles. Our numerical simulations depict the parameter space where radiative cooling superwinds with or without bubbles occur. Moreover, we employ the physical properties and time-dependent ionization states to predict emission line profiles under the assumption of collisional ionization and non-equilibrium ionization caused by wind thermal feedback in addition to photoionization created by the radiation background. We see the dependence of non-equilibrium ionization structures on the time-evolving ionizing source, leading to a deviation from collisional ionization in radiative cooling wind regions over time., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, talk presented at the IAU Symposium 370 "Winds of Stars and Exoplanets", Busan, Korea, August 2022

The main objective of this work is to show that the single-input, single-output (SISO) affine feedback group, a transformation group in the context of the affine feedback interconnection of Chen-Fliess series, is a post-group in the sense of Bai, Guo, Sheng and Tang.

Consider an input-output system where the output is the tracking error given some desired reference signal. It is natural to consider under what conditions the problem has an exact solution, that is, the tracking error is exactly the zero function. If the system has a well defined relative degree and the zero function is in the range of the input-output map, then it is well known that the system is locally left invertible, and thus, the problem has a unique exact solution. A system will fail to have relative degree when more than one exact solution exists. The general goal of this paper is to describe a decomposition of an input-output system having a Chen-Fliess series representation into a parallel product of subsystems in order to identify possible solutions to the problem of zeroing the output. For computational purposes, the focus is on systems whose generating series are polynomials. It is shown that the shuffle algebra on the set of generating polynomials is a unique factorization domain so that any polynomial can be uniquely factored modulo a permutation into its irreducible elements for the purpose of identifying the subsystems in a parallel product decomposition. This is achieved using the fact that this shuffle algebra is isomorphic to the symmetric algebra over the vector space spanned by Lyndon words. A specific algorithm for factoring generating polynomials into its irreducible factors is presented based on the Chen-Fox-Lyndon factorization of words., Comment: Final version with revised title and abstract

Thermal energies deposited by OB stellar clusters in starburst galaxies lead to the formation of galactic superwinds. Multi-wavelength observations of starburst-driven superwinds pointed at complex thermal and ionization structures which cannot adequately be explained by simple adiabatic assumptions. In this study, we perform hydrodynamic simulations of a fluid model coupled to radiative cooling functions, and generate time-dependent non-equilibrium photoionization models to predict physical conditions and ionization structures of superwinds using the MAIHEM atomic and cooling package built on the program FLASH. Time-dependent ionization states and physical conditions produced by our simulations are used to calculate the emission lines of superwinds for various parameters, which allow us to explore implications of non-equilibrium ionization for starburst regions with potential radiative cooling., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, talk presented at the IAU Symposium 362 "Predictive Power of Computational Astrophysics as a Discovery Tool", November 2021

Observations of some starburst-driven galactic superwinds suggest that strong radiative cooling could play a key role in the nature of feedback and the formation of stars and molecular gas in star-forming galaxies. These catastrophically cooling superwinds are not adequately described by adiabatic fluid models, but they can be reproduced by incorporating non-equilibrium radiative cooling functions into the fluid model. In this work, we have employed the atomic and cooling module MAIHEM implemented in the framework of the FLASH hydrodynamics code to simulate the formation of radiatively cooling superwinds as well as their corresponding non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) states for various outflow parameters, gas metallicities, and ambient densities. We employ the photoionization program CLOUDY to predict radiation- and density-bounded photoionization for these radiatively cooling superwinds, and we predict UV and optical line emission. Our non-equilibrium photoionization models built with the NEI states demonstrate the enhancement of C IV, especially in metal-rich, catastrophically cooling outflows, and O VI in metal-poor ones., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures (inc. 1 interactive fig), 1 Table (MRT), accepted by ApJ, supplementary data (interactive figure, machine readable table) available on https://galacticwinds.github.io/superwinds/ and archived on https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6601127

This paper has two main objectives. The first is to introduce a notion of entropy that is well suited for the analysis of nonlinear input-output systems that have a Chen-Fliess series representation. The latter is defined in terms of its generating series over a noncommutative alphabet. The idea is to assign an entropy to a generating series as an element of a graded vector space. The second objective is to describe the entropy of generating series originating from interconnected systems of Chen-Fliess series that arise in the context of control theory. It is shown that one set of interconnections can never increase entropy as defined here, while a second set has the potential to do so. The paper concludes with a brief introduction to an entropy ultrametric space and some open questions.

Starburst-driven galactic outflows in star-forming galaxies have been observed to contain complex thermal structures and emission line features that are difficult to explain by adiabatic fluid models and plasmas in photoionization equilibrium (PIE) and collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE). We previously performed hydrodynamic simulations of starburst-driven outflows using the MAIHEM module for non-equilibrium atomic chemistry and radiative cooling functions in the hydrodynamics code FLASH, and calculated emission lines in combined CIE and PIE conditions. In the present study, we consider time-dependent non-equilibrium ionization (NEI) states produced by our MAIHEM simulations. Through extensive CLOUDY calculations made with the NEI states from our hydrodynamic simulations, we predict the UV and optical emission line profiles for starburst-driven outflows in time-evolving non-equilibrium photoionization conditions. Our hydrodynamic results demonstrate applications of non-equilibrium radiative cooling for H II regions in starburst galaxies hosting cool outflows., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, 4th Virtual Workshop on Numerical Modeling in MHD and Plasma Physics (MHD-PP), October 2021

The goal of this paper is to compute the generating series of a closed-loop system when the plant is described in terms of a Chen-Fliess series and an additive static output feedback is applied. The first step is to consider the so called Wiener-Fliess connection consisting of a Chen-Fliess series followed by a memoryless function. Of particular importance will be the contractive nature of this map, which is needed to show that the closed-loop system has a Chen-Fliess series representation. To explicitly compute the generating series, two Hopf algebras are needed, the existing output feedback Hopf algebra used to describe dynamic output feedback, and the Hopf algebra of the shuffle group. These two combinatorial structures are combined to compute what will be called the Wiener-Fliess feedback product. It will be shown that this product has a natural interpretation as a transformation group acting on the plant and preserves the relative degree of the plant. The convergence of the Wiener-Fliess composition product and the additive static feedback product are completely characterized., Comment: Submitted to International Journal of Control

Given an additive network of input-output systems where each node of the network is modeled by a locally convergent Chen-Fliess series, two basic properties of the network are established. First, it is shown that every input-output map between a given pair of nodes has a locally convergent Chen-Fliess series representation. Second, sufficient conditions are given under which the input-output map between a pair of nodes has a well defined relative degree as defined by its generating series. This analysis leads to the conclusion that this relative degree property is generic in a certain sense.

Formal power series products appear in nonlinear control theory when systems modeled by Chen-Fliess series are interconnected to form new systems. In fields like adaptive control and learning systems, the coefficients of these formal power series are estimated sequentially with real-time data. The main goal of the present article is to prove the continuity and analyticity of such products with respect to several natural (locally convex) topologies on spaces of locally convergent formal power series in order to establish foundational properties behind these technologies. In addition, it is shown that a transformation group central to describing the output feedback connection is in fact an analytic Lie group in this setting with certain regularity properties., Comment: 26 pages, 1 figure

Consider a set of single-input, single-output nonlinear systems whose input-output maps are described only in terms of convergent Chen-Fliess series without any assumption that finite dimensional state space models are available. It is shown that any additive or multiplicative interconnection of such systems always has a Chen-Fliess series representation that can be computed explicitly in terms of iterated formal Lie derivatives., Comment: Added and updated references, fixed typos

Model continuity plays an important role in applications like system identification, adaptive control, and machine learning. This paper provides sufficient conditions under which input-output systems represented by locally convergent Chen-Fliess series are jointly continuous with respect to their generating series and as operators mapping a ball in an $L_p$-space to a ball in an $L_q$-space, where $p$ and $q$ are conjugate exponents. The starting point is to introduce a class of topological vector spaces known as Silva spaces to frame the problem and then to employ the concept of a direct limit to describe convergence. The proof of the main continuity result combines elements of proofs for other forms of continuity appearing in the literature to produce the desired conclusion., Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, 24th International Symposium on Mathematical Theory of Networks and Systems, (MTNS 2020)

A learning control system is presented suitable for control affine nonlinear plants based on discrete-time Chen-Fliess series and capable of incorporating knowledge of a given physical model. The underlying noncommutative algebraic and combinatorial structures needed to realize the multivariable case are also described. The method is demonstrated using a two-input, two-output Lotka-Volterra system., Comment: Fixed typos, updated references

A detailed expose of the Hopf algebra approach to interconnected input-output systems in nonlinear control theory is presented. The focus is on input-output systems that can been represented in terms of Chen-Fliess functional expansions or Fliess operators. This provides a starting point for a discrete-time version of this theory. In particular, the notion of a discrete-time Fliess operator is given and a class of parallel interconnections is described., Comment: 43 pages, review article

Poincare's center problem asks for conditions under which a planar polynomial system of ordinary differential equations has a center. It is well understood that the Abel equation naturally describes the problem in a convenient coordinate system. In 1989, Devlin described an algebraic approach for constructing sufficient conditions for a center using a linear recursion for the generating series of the solution to the Abel equation. Subsequent work by the authors linked this recursion to feedback structures in control theory and combinatorial Hopf algebras, but only for the lowest degree case. The present work introduces what turns out to be the nontrivial multivariable generalization of this connection between the center problem, feedback control, and combinatorial Hopf algebras. Once the picture is completed, it is possible to provide generalizations of some known identities involving the Abel generating series. A linear recursion for the antipode of this new Hopf algebra is also developed using coderivations. Finally, the results are used to further explore what is called the composition condition for the center problem., Comment: final version

A case study is presented of a collision avoidance system that directly integrates the kinematics of a bi-steerable car with a suitable path planning algorithm. The first step is to identify a path using the method of rapidly exploring random trees, and then a spline approximation is computed. The second step is to solve the output tracking problem by explicitly computing the left inverse of the kinematics of the system to render the Taylor series of the desired input for each polynomial section of the spline approximation. The method is demonstrated by numerical simulation.

The goal of the paper is to give a systematic way to numerically evaluate the generating function of a periodic multiple polylogarithm using a Chen-Fliess series with a rational generating series. The idea is to realize the corresponding Chen-Fliess series as a bilinear dynamical system. A standard form for such a realization is given. The method is also generalized to the case where the multiple polylogarithm has non-periodic components. This allows one, for instance, to numerically validate the Hoffman conjecture. Finally, a setting in terms of dendriform algebras is provided.

A convenient way to represent a nonlinear input-output system in control theory is via a Chen-Fliess functional expansion or Fliess operator. The general goal of this paper is to describe how to approximate Fliess operators with iterated sums and to provide accurate error estimates for two different scenarios, one where the series coefficients are growing at a local convergence rate, and the other where they are growing at a global convergence rate. In each case, it is shown that the error estimates are achievable in the sense that worst case inputs can be identified which hit the error bound. The paper then focuses on the special case where the operators are rational, i.e., they have rational generating series. It is shown in this situation that the iterated sum approximation can be realized by a discrete-time state space model which is a rational function of the input and state affine. In addition, this model comes from a specific discretization of the bilinear realization of the rational Fliess operator.

A combinatorial interpretation is given of Devlin's word problem underlying the classical center-focus problem of Poincare for non-autonomous differential equations. It turns out that the canonical polynomials of Devlin are from the point of view of connected graded Hopf algebras intimately related to the graded components of a Hopf algebra antipode applied to the formal power series of Ferfera. The link is made by passing through control theory since the Abel equation, which describes a center, is equivalent to an output feedback equation, and the Hopf algebra of output feedback is derived from the composition of iterated integrals rather than just the products of iterated integrals, which yields the shuffle algebra. This means that the primary algebraic structure at play in Devlin's approach is actually not the shuffle algebra, but a Faa di Bruno type Hopf algebra, which is defined in terms of the shuffle product but is a distinct algebraic structure., Comment: updated version

The general goal of this paper is to identify a transformation group that can be used to describe a class of feedback interconnections involving subsystems which are modeled solely in terms of Chen-Fliess functional expansions or Fliess operators and are independent of the existence of any state space models. This interconnection, called an output affine feedback connection, is distinguished from conventional output feedback by the presence of a multiplier in an outer loop. Once this transformation group is established, three basic questions are addressed. How can this transformation group be used to provide an explicit Fliess operator representation of such a closed-loop system? Is it possible to use this feedback scheme to do system inversion purely in an input-output setting? In particular, can feedback input-output linearization be posed and solved entirely in this framework, i.e., without the need for any state space realization? Lastly, what can be said about feedback invariants under this transformation group? A final objective of the paper is to describe the Lie algebra of infinitesimal characters associated with the group in terms of a pre-Lie product., Comment: revised manuscript; title and abstract changed; new material added

This paper provides a dendriform-tree setting for Fliess operators with matrix-valued inputs. This class of analytic nonlinear input-output systems is convenient, for example, in quantum control. In particular, a description of such Fliess operators is provided using planar binary trees. Sufficient conditions for convergence of the defining series are also given.

Given two nonlinear input-output systems written in terms of Chen-Fliess functional expansions, it is known that the feedback interconnected system is always well defined and in the same class. An explicit formula for the generating series of a single-input, single-output closed-loop system was provided by the first two authors in earlier work via Hopf algebra methods. This paper is a sequel. It has four main innovations. First, the full multivariable extension of the theory is presented. Next, a major simplification of the basic set up is introduced using a new type of grading that has recently appeared in the literature. This grading also facilitates a fully recursive algorithm to compute the antipode of the Hopf algebra of the output feedback group, and thus, the corresponding feedback product can be computed much more efficiently. The final innovation is an improved convergence analysis of the antipode operation, namely, the radius of convergence of the antipode is computed., Comment: background material expanded and reorganized, a few typos fixed

In this work a combinatorial description is provided of a Faa di Bruno type Hopf algebra which naturally appears in the context of Fliess operators in nonlinear feedback control theory. It is a connected graded commutative and non-cocommutative Hopf algebra defined on rooted circle trees. A cancellation free forest formula for its antipode is given., Comment: revised and updated