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We apply a machine learning approach to automatically infer two key attributes – the location of fault or shear zone structures and the thickness of the overburden – in an 18 km2 study area within and surrounding the Archean Fenelon gold deposit in Quebec, Canada. Our approach involves the inversion of carefully curated borehole lithological and structural observations truncated at 480 m below the surface, combined with magnetic and Light Detection and Ranging survey data. We take a computationally low‐cost approach in which no underlying model for geological consistency is imposed. We investigated three contrasting approaches: (1) an inferred fault model, in which the borehole observations represent a direct evaluation of the presence of fault or shear zones; (2) an inferred overburden model, using borehole observations on the overburden‐bedrock contact; (3) a model with three classes – overburden, faulted bedrock and unfaulted bedrock, which combines aspects of (1) and (2). In every case, we applied all 32 standard machine learning algorithms. We found that Bagged Trees, fine K‐nearest neighbours and weighted K‐nearest neighbour were the most successful, producing similar accuracy, sensitivity and specificity metrics. The Bagged Trees algorithm predicted fault locations with approximately 80% accuracy, 70% sensitivity and 73% specificity. Overburden thickness was predicted with 99% accuracy, 77% sensitivity and 93% specificity. Qualitatively, fault location predictions compared well to independently construct geological interpretations. Similar methods might be applicable in other areas with good borehole coverage, providing that criteria used in borehole logging are closely followed in devising classifications for the machine learning training set and might be usefully supplemented with a variety of geophysical survey data types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the exposed Archean crust is composed of composite gneiss which includes a large proportion of intermediate to tonalitic material. These gneiss terranes were typically metamorphosed to amphibolite to granulite facies conditions, with evidence for substantial partial melting at higher grade. Recently published activity-composition ( a− x) models for partial melting of metabasic to intermediate compositions allows calculation of the stable metamorphic minerals, melt production and melt composition in such rocks for the first time. Calculated P− T pseudosections are presented for six bulk rock compositions taken from the literature, comprising two metabasic compositions, two intermediate/dioritic compositions and two tonalitic compositions. This range of bulk compositions captures much of the diversity of rock types found in Archean banded gneiss terranes, enabling us to present an overview of metamorphism and partial melting in such terranes. If such rocks are fluid saturated at the solidus, they first begin to melt in the upper amphibolite facies. However, at such conditions, very little (< 5%) melt is produced and this melt is granitic in composition for all rocks. The production of greater proportions of melt requires temperatures ∼800-850 °C and is associated with the first appearance of orthopyroxene at pressures below 8-9 kbar or with the appearance and growth of garnet at higher pressures. The temperature at which orthopyroxene appears varies little with composition providing a robust estimate of the amphibolite-granulite facies boundary. Across this boundary, melt production is coincident with the breakdown of hornblende and/or biotite. Melts produced at granulite facies range from tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite for the metabasic protoliths, granodiorite to granite for the intermediate protoliths and granite for the tonalitic protoliths. Under fluid-absent conditions the melt fertility of the different protoliths is largely controlled by the relative proportions of hornblende and quartz at high grade, with the intermediate compositions being the most fertile. The least fertile rocks are the most leucocratic tonalites due to their relatively small proportions of hydrous mafic phases such as hornblende or biotite. In the metabasic rocks, melt production becomes limited by the complete consumption of quartz to higher temperatures. The use of phase equilibrium forward-modelling provides a thermodynamic framework for understanding melt production, melt loss and intracrustal differentiation during the Archean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fully thermodynamic model for mafic melt in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) has been calibrated, for calculation of melting equilibria in the pressure range 0-50 kbar. It is intended as a preliminary step towards a large-system melt model, suitable for exploring melting, melt loss and crystallization processes in a wide range of natural rock compositions. Calibration was performed with attention to the model's behaviour in its compositional subsystems, as a rigorous test of model structure and parameterization. The model is consistent with the latest Holland & Powell thermodynamic data set, and can therefore be used to calculate phase relations in conjunction with the many solid-phase activity-composition models written for the data set. Model calculations successfully reproduce experimental melting reactions in CMAS spinel lherzolite and garnet lherzolite assemblages, as well as sapphirine- and kyanite-bearing assemblages, at moderate to high pressure. Thermodynamically sensitive features, such as thermal divides are also recovered. However, some changes to the model structure will be required before the model can describe the full range of mafic and ultramafic melt compositions known from experiment at low pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent publication of an updated thermodynamic dataset for petrological calculations provides an opportunity to illustrate the relationship between experimental data and the dataset, in the context of a new set of activity-composition models for several key minerals. These models represent orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet in the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS), and are valid up to 50 kbar and at least 1800 °C; they are the first high-temperature models for these phases to be developed for the Holland & Powell dataset. The models are calibrated with reference to phase-relation data in the subsystems CaO-MgO-SiO2 (CMS) and MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (MAS), and will themselves form the basis of models in larger systems, suitable for calculating phase equilibria in the crust and mantle. In the course of calibrating the models, it was necessary to consider the reaction orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + spinel = garnet + forsterite in CMAS, representing a univariant transition between simple spinel and garnet lherzolite assemblages. The high-temperature segment of this reaction has been much disputed. We offer a powerful thermodynamic argument relating this reaction to the equivalent reaction in MAS, that forces us to choose between good model fits to the data in MAS or to the more recent data in CMAS. We favour the fit to the MAS data, preserving conformity with a large body of experimental and thermodynamic data that are incorporated as constraints on the activity-composition modelling via the internally consistent thermodynamic dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]