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This study examines future teachers' self-perception regarding competences related to the environmental impact of digital technologies. The sample includes 1948 participants (235 men and 1713 women) selected through incidental sampling from the Faculty of Education Sciences at the University of Seville. The validated instrument used was the Teacher's Digital Competence and Eco-responsible Use of Technology Scale. Results indicated that the participants had received less than optimal training and had limited knowledge about technologies and their environmental impact. The study concludes that it is necessary to establish training on the development of environmental competences and their link to educational technologies, starting from the institution, with the aim of guaranteeing the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, China faces numerous environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, resource depletion, and climate change. Adopting green ICT and smart urbanization is a critical strategy to address these challenges. At the heart of this study lies the question: Do green ICT adoption and smart urbanization contribute positively to environmental pollution reduction? Therefore, this study intends to scrutinize the influence of green ICT and smart urbanization on environmental pollution in China, focusing on the period from 1996 to 2021. The most up-to-date method of structural modeling, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), was used to estimate the quantitative connection between green ICT, smart urbanization, and environmental pollution. The findings of the structural model show that only the path coefficient between smart urbanization and environmental pollution is significant and negative. Renewable energy consumption directly and negatively influences environmental pollution, whereas smart urbanization directly and positively affects renewable energy consumption and green ICT. Consequently, renewable energy consumption and green ICT negatively influence environmental pollution. Based on the findings, the study proposes targeted public policy recommendations aimed at fostering the development of green ICT and smart urbanization initiatives in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and climate change are caused by anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rising energy consumption due to population and economic growth. Over the past decade, information and communication technology (ICT) usage has increased which may increase energy utilization and GHG emissions. Conversely, ICT's clean technologies can minimize pollution. Therefore, this study investigated the dynamic influences of ICT, economic growth, population, and energy use on GHG emissions in Malaysia by employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach using data from 1990 to 2021. The results of the ARDL bounds test indicated the existence of a long-run link between the variables. The results revealed that a 1% increase in the number of Internet users could increase GHG emissions by 0.013% in the short run but cut GHG emissions by 0.077% in the long run. Additionally, economic growth, population, and energy usage have a positive association with GHG emissions. The robustness of the ARDL outcomes has been checked by using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR) methods. This article offers additional policy proposals for emission reduction and sustainable development by promoting renewable energy use and financing green ICT.

Purpose: Information and communications technology (ICT) plays a key role in higher education in improving the teaching process. Consequently, the environmental impacts associated with ICT are increasing, and innovative solutions must be deployed to reduce these impacts and increase students' awareness. Single-board computers (SBCs) are promising because they rely on less materials and energy than desktop computers (PCs). But additional servers are required to perform large-scale computations. Hence, this paper aims at conducting comparative LCA between SBCs and PCs. Materials and methods: The study is conducted in the context of a French engineering school with the following functional unit: "use 600 computers for 5 years in an engineering school." Two scenarios are defined to fulfil this functional unit. Scenario 1 is the use of 600 PCs (current infrastructure), and scenario 2 is the use of 600 SBCs combined with 6 servers (alternative infrastructure). The analysis includes the materials manufacturing, assembly, packaging, transport, use and end-of-life of each device. Life cycle inventory (LCI) of the foreground systems was generated using a variety of sources: disassembly of computers, counting of electronic components, datasheets, estimations, etc. LCI of the background systems is taken from ecoinvent 3.5. The selected life cycle impact assessment methodology is ReCiPe 2016 midpoint, and computation of impacts is done with openLCA 1.10.3. Results and discussion: Scenario 2 (SBCs + servers) generates 84 to 92% less impact than scenario 1 (PCs) in all categories. In terms of global warming, scenarios 1 and 2 generate 225 and 18 tCO2 eq per functional unit, respectively. This is explained by the large reduction in material and energy requirements for SBCs which is not counterbalanced by the servers. Equipment manufacturing accounts for the largest share of impacts in most categories for both scenarios (e.g., ~70% for global warming), followed by the use phase. This differs from the results found in the literature, as this study was conducted in the context of France, which has a low-carbon electricity mix. Conclusions: Our analysis has shown that SBCs combined with servers reduce the carbon footprint and other environmental impacts of ICT infrastructure for higher education. This study provides an example of low tech-oriented solution for students. Other prospective solutions (e.g., use of laptops) should be extensively studied in the future. From an LCA point of view, updating the inventory data related to background processes for electronic components is a necessary step forward to improve the certainty of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recognized that green Information Communication Technology (ICT) is fast becoming popular in every sector. It’s fundamental relevance to textile industry requires urgent attention than ever. Over the years selections of technologies to drive the textile industry has been a debate. There is a need for an efficient technology selection method to realize this goal. Selection of green ICT alternatives is a multicriteria decision making problem which has been sparsely explored in open literature. This study presents green ICT adoption in the textile industry using a fuzzy-TOPSIS multi-criteria approach for the most preferred ICT alternative in a textile industry. Criteria for Green ICT selection were identified by administering interview with selected textile and ICT industry experts at the managerial cadre of organizations and academics. Criteria considered were Implementation Cost (IC), Operating and Maintenance Cost (OMC), Environmental Impact (EI), Improved System Performance and Use (ISPU), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Employment Opportunities (EO). Results shows that the most preferred ICT alternative is power management with overall coefficient of 0.60 while the least preferred is software optimization with coefficient of 0.23. This work will allow clean industrial process in the textile industry and also promote sustainable cities and communities through responsible consumption and production as highlighted by sustainable development goals (SDG) 11 and 12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recognized that green Information Communication Technology (ICT) is fast becoming popular in every sector. It’s fundamental relevance to textile industry requires urgent attention than ever. Over the years selections of technologies to drive the textile industry has been a debate. There is a need for an efficient technology selection method to realize this goal. Selection of green ICT alternatives is a multicriteria decision making problem which has been sparsely explored in open literature. This study presents green ICT adoption in the textile industry using a fuzzy-TOPSIS multi-criteria approach for the most preferred ICT alternative in a textile industry. Criteria for Green ICT selection were identified by administering interview with selected textile and ICT industry experts at the managerial cadre of organizations and academics. Criteria considered were Implementation Cost (IC), Operating and Maintenance Cost (OMC), Environmental Impact (EI), Improved System Performance and Use (ISPU), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Employment Opportunities (EO). Results shows that the most preferred ICT alternative is power management with overall coefficient of 0.60 while the least preferred is software optimization with coefficient of 0.23. This work will allow clean industrial process in the textile industry and also promote sustainable cities and communities through responsible consumption and production as highlighted by sustainable development goals (SDG) 11 and 12.

In this paper we developed a Framework for Delineation of Trees to discover the tree of urban areas. Individual tree crown extraction is important for urban forest inventory. Earlier some research studies were done which primarily deal with particular tree crown or tree species detection. These methods not found the solution for distinguishing trees from their shadows. In our framework we used methods which extract texture-based features from panchromatic images. In the proposed methodology first the input image will undergo with pre-processing where unnecessary distortions like shadows and dark spots etc. were suppressed and then image quality is used by applying enhancement techniques. Output image is segmented to detect boundaries and objects from the image. Finally a framework is developed for delineation of trees. The proposed framework process with shadows of trees and identify the tree effectively from a satellite image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we developed a Framework for Delineation of Trees to discover the tree of urban areas. Individual tree crown extraction is important for urban forest inventory. Earlier some research studies were done which primarily deal with particular tree crown or tree species detection. These methods not found the solution for distinguishing trees from their shadows. In our framework we used methods which extract texture-based features from panchromatic images. In the proposed methodology first the input image will undergo with pre-processing where unnecessary distortions like shadows and dark spots etc. were suppressed and then image quality is used by applying enhancement techniques. Output image is segmented to detect boundaries and objects from the image. Finally a framework is developed for delineation of trees. The proposed framework process with shadows of trees and identify the tree effectively from a satellite image.

The rapid growth of information and communication technologies (ICTs) worldwide is increasing the consumption of energy and raw materials at unprecedented levels. As a result, the environmental footprint of the ICT sector is constantly increasing in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, hazardous substances and the unsustainable use of raw materials. To address these effects, countries can use Green Public Procurement (GPP) as an effective instrument to encourage compliance with environmental norms. The present study aims to assess the infiltration rate of sustainability in the procurement process in the public administration in Morocco. For this, we used Text Mining techniques with the purpose of analysing and evaluating tenders for the purchase of IT equipment. The results revealed that the infiltration rate of environmental issues is very low, which shows that more SPP efforts need to be deployed. In this context, we undertook the task of developing a decision-making tool inspired by our present work to support practitioners and other stakeholders in terms of the decision-making process and environmental monitoring.

‘Green’ is the trendy word that people pay attention to it. Green ICT is currently highlighted to be an important strategic technology due to its various benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, lowering electricity costs, nurturing corporate images, etc. However, the adoption of green ICT products or services is not prevalent, especially in developing countries. Green consumers, particularly young people, are the key to build the success of the green ICT adoption. Thus, applying the case of university freshmen in Thailand, research objectives are to examine the understanding of youths about the green ICT, to explore the awareness and the acceptance of youths on green ICT practices, to discover the causes of adoption or refusal, and to introduce a systematic guideline for effectively promoting green ICT products or services. The research results could increase the use of green ICT in young people.

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Knowing that the tourism sector is able to generate significant social, economic and cultural benefits and development, looking for novel ways to improve this sector is more than justified. The tourism industry has not been immune to evolving advancements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Novel technology solutions and approaches have potential to significantly revolutionize this sector, making the vision of smart tourism omnipresent. Going further by investing in the greening of the tourism sector, sustainable, smart and green tourism will soon become reality. Protected environment and preserved cultural heritage and natural assets through the reduced usage of energy and reduced hazardous pollutants will consequently lead to economically, socially and environmentally sustainable tourism sector. These three components, green building, green energy and green waste are at the same time parts of the green management concept. Hence, to realize a vision of successful green tourism, it is essential to perform adequate green management implementations, including certain marketing efforts, namely green marketing. This paper presents an analysis of various greening processes of tourism sector with the help of ICTs and highlights the importance of green management and green marketing in achieving smart, green and sustainable tourism sector.

Digitalization and greening are the dominant global trends in the transformation of the world economy, which would largely define national competitiveness in the future. The use of energy-saving and decarbonizing effects from the introduction of ICTs is particularly important in the context of their implementation in industry, which has sufficient potential to ensure global qualitative changes. This raises the question of defining the compatibility and mutual influence of digitalization and sustainable development processes. Therefore, the paper proposes to expand the typology of ICTs impacts on the environment, as well as authors' vision of "green" ICTs, which takes into account their systemic effect from the perspective of society as a whole, individual enterprises and end users, and, at the same time, incorporates concepts of "greening of ICT" and "greening by ICT". Based on the generalization of foreign experience in greening the ICT industry and ensuring sustainable development through the use of ICTs in industry, we have identified potentially promising areas of economic activity for implementing decarbonization measures through ICTs (construction, transport, energy and production), as well as the most effective groups of "green" smart technologies (smart energy networks, smart buildings, smart logistics, dematerialization, etc.). It is established that the recognized leaders in the field of ICT implementation in Ukraine are such economic activities as "manufacturing industry" and "wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles", which account for half of the demand for ICT products and services. However, the most common areas of ICTs' use are traditional and low-cost: the use of e-mail, banking operations, monitoring of the market of goods and services, exchange of information with public authorities. More advanced digital technologies - e-Commerce, 3D printing, big data analysis, etc., which require additional investments in the development of intellectual capital, are less common. Analysis of anthropogenic burden on the environment has allowed us to establish some positive trends - increased use of "green" energy from renewable sources, reduction of energy intensity, compliance with the permissible level of greenhouse gas emissions (compared to the established quotas and international obligations of Ukraine). Legislative initiatives, directed on creation of an environment friendly institutional framework in the field of waste management of electrical and electronic equipment, have been developed. However, the scale of positive qualitative changes remains insufficient to change the status of Ukrainian energy sector from carbon-intensive to "environment friendly" (sustainable). The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is due to the socioeconomic crisis and has no confirmed links with the spread of "green" ICTs, progress in the implementation of the "National waste management strategy in Ukraine until 2030" is insufficient, and the current state of the existing information base on e-waste management remains unsatisfactory. Solving these problems requires a clearer legal framework and organizational support in the field of ICTs and sustainable development, combined with the acceleration of the development of the national smart industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was primarily an empirical investigation in the field of Information Technology (IT) on how Green IT is implemented by South African organisations. The relative lack of Green IT framework in ensuring successful Green IT implementation for South African organisations was the primary impetus of this study, which advanced this important, but neglected area of Green IT. The study highlighted the pitfalls of Green IT implementation and adopted a realism problem solving approach using an empirical solution to find answers within the field of Green IT implementation in South African organisations. The study focused on the development of Green IT framework for South African organisations. In this regard, an in-depth qualitative research methodology was undertaken through semi-structured interviews to gather data in order for South African organisations to implement Green IT effectively. This study unveiled and filled the growing gap of Green IT implementation by developing a new chain of thought. This was done by creating a Green IT framework and operational workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to shed light on the role of technological opportunities for green innovation by studying the case of Green ICT innovation. We test whether firms active in low-opportunity technological areas are less likely to be innovative and whether they are more likely to change their direction of technical change. To do so, we construct a firm-level panel data set for the years 1992-2009 combining patent data from the European Patent Office with firm-level data from the German Innovation Panel (Mannheim Innovation Panel). The results are based on dynamic count data estimation models applying General Methods of Moments estimators. Our results support our hypotheses: firms active in low-opportunity technological areas are less innovative but are more likely to switch from pure ICT innovation to Green ICT innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient use and disposal of digital technologies are key factors in economic and social development. The concerns regarding the development and use of information and communication technologies (ICT), without negative influences on the environment, known as green ICT, have increased in recent decades. One explanation for this is the exponential increase in the number of users and connected devices, resulting in the consumption of more energy, as well as the generation of more CO2 emissions and more e-waste. In order to prevent an ecological disaster, governmental organizations, companies and individuals have to adhere to green ICT practices, to select hardware and software based on green criteria and to be involved in green ICT innovation. These concerns vary from one country to another and from one region to another, depending on the respective e-waste regulations and their application, research and development (R&D) expenditure, ICT skills, the level of education of citizens, popular culture and habits, living standards, etc. The paper presents three important barriers to green ICT adoption and development in Romania: ewaste recycling and reuse, R&D expenditure, and digital skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increased focus on environmental issues and the fulminant development of information and communication technologies led to the appearance and increased interest in the green characteristics of the available products and services. The ecological behaviour related to these technologies used by organizations, has become a widely studied and applied topic nowadays. In this context, this paper aims to analyse the perception of managers and employees of the Romanian companies in relation to the green information and communication technologies in the attempt to offer a genuine image of their attitude and see if their views are close to the international vision on environment protection. Starting from the literature regarding information and communication technologies and the available empirical studies, we have made an analysis on two categories of organizations: the ones that apply environment policies supported by the institutions and the ones that do not apply any policies, including comparisons between them. The conclusions of the study pointed out the presence of environmental concerns, not always clearly drawn or applied, but they could form the basis for the future actions and initiatives of consumers of information and communication technologies products and services in the wider context and will to fall into line with the Western level of economic and social development.

Climate change has become a major challenge for sustainable development of human society. This study is an attempt to analyze existing literature to identify economic indicators that hamper the process of global warming. This paper includes case studies based on various countries to examine the nexus for environment and its relationship with Foreign Direct Investment, transportation, economic growth and energy consumption. Furthermore, the observations are analyzed from the perspective of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and probable impact on carbon emission of Pakistan. A major portion of CPEC investment is allocated for transportation. However, it is evident that transportation sector is substantial emitter of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. Unfortunately, there is no empirical work on the subject of CPEC and carbon emission for vehicular transportation. This paper infers that empirical results from various other countries are ambiguous and inconclusive. Moreover, the evidence for the pollution haven hypothesis and the halo effect hypothesis is limited in general and inapplicable for CPEC in particular. The major contribution of this study is the proposal of an energy efficient transportation model for reducing CO2 emission. In the end, the paper suggests strategies to climate researchers and policymakers for adaptation and mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the question of the service quality as an important factor of transport companies in the process of improving competitiveness. Due to global competition and great opportunities that are offered to customers, transporting enterprises need to change their current relationship with the end consumer in order to improve the quality of offered services. Traffic enterprises have realized that improvement of the business processes comes with the use of modern ICT solutions and applications that will ensure that protection of the environment has been taken into account and the quality of service improved as well. Domestic traffic enterprises are not yet ready to accept the change of the way of conducting their business, which furtherly affects the quality of services, and they are still not prepared for the arrival of competition in the transport market.

Context: Many publications have described, measured, tracked or assessed Information and Communication Technology (ICT) activities that impact the environment. A complete conceptual view of the environmental impact of ICT can be described in three orders of effect: Direct, indirect and systemic. Objective: The goal of this study is to find out how the existing literature contributes towards our understanding of the environmental impact of ICT. We approach this question by identifying factors that can be of influence on the environmental impact and map these factors onto a conceptual framework of Green ICT. Method: We used a systematic literature review to collect factors of influence regarding the environmental impact of ICT. Results: From the data we collected and the analyses made, we created a taxonomy, and report on the frequencies of the factors of influence in the primary studies as well as gaps and additions compared to the conceptual framework. We found five main classes of influence that can form a continuous cycle, but noted that the research field is strongly focused on the direct impact of ICT. Conclusion: Our study contributes towards a better understanding of the environmental impact of ICT by framing factors of influence in a conceptual framework. The taxonomy we create and the analysis of the studies could be helpful in defining a research agenda, to further enable the full potential of Green ICT. In addition, the taxonomy can be used as a starting point for a practical tool, for organizations that wish to apply Green ICT to its full extent.

The environmental protection is a dominant concern for all types of industries, organizations, and governments. In this regard, the reduction of the energy consumption is substantial in bringing down the CO2 gas emission, which is considered as an important factor causing global warming. The e-infrastructure service providers, such as National Research and Education Networks or National Grid Initiatives have crucial role in the context of energy awareness because the energy consumption of the networking, data, and computational infrastructures keeps increasing exponentially over the time. In addition to this, scientific gateways and cloud services are becoming more significant to tackle scientific and societal challenges. Therefore, there is a need to provide robust and reliable services taking into account energy consumption aspect of e-infrastructures. The aim of the article is to introduce an energy optimization methodology for the beneficiaries of the e-infrastructures to explore, optimize, and report the energy consumption and CO2 emission of data, computing, and networking facilities. The suggested methodology has been implemented within the Armenian e-infrastructure aiming at the reduction of the energy consumption and thereby the CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of information and communication technology (ICT) sector on the global energy consumption and CO 2 emissions tend to grow. ICTs have a fundamental role in collaborating for a sustainable development by providing services in an efficient way, however, its own structure should also follow sustainable principles, for instance, by consuming lower energy amount. The quest for sustainability of ICTs has been focused on data centers (DC) optimization through techniques of sharing infra-structures, which would result in energy efficiency increase, carbon footprint reduction, and reduction of e-waste material disposal. In this scenario, the cloud computing technique rises as the most promising one, often receiving the “green” label. However, this label is usually based on electricity consumption reduction and disregards several other important “green” label-related aspects. This work uses emergy accounting (spelled with an “m”) and direct energy consumption in calculating indicators of eco-energy efficiency for DC operating under traditional and cloud computing techniques. A traditional decentralized DC and a centralized cloud computing DC are herein considered for illustrating figures and for discussion. Results show that centralized DC is able to provide a virtual machine (VM) by demanding 51% less electricity than decentralized DC, and it consumes 87% less electricity to store a byte. Under an emergy accounting perspective, the centralized DC demands 45% less global resources than the decentralized DC to provide a VM while demanding 85% less global resources to store a byte. Although the assessed indicators point out better eco-energy efficiency performance for the DC using cloud computing techniques, labeling it as “green” could be considered as premature due to a lack of threshold which allows for categorizing a system as “green”. Nevertheless, the centralized DC evaluated should be promoted due to its better performance as for the considered indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficient communications become a challenge for both industries and researchers. Incorporating energy efficiency into the design of network protocols and architectures represents a relevant issue in networking research. Currently, very few works address energy efficiency as a fundamental feature of network protocols. This paper benchmarks energy efficiency of TCP to understand the parameters and operational mechanics that determine and contribute to energy consumption. We propose an analytical model with energy consumption to protocol operation cycles and novel optimization techniques for reducing energy consumption of TCP. The evaluation results, obtained from NS2 simulations, demonstrate that even minor modifications of the protocol behavior can bring significant savings of energy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendous growth in technology is also causing global warming due to harmful greenhouse gas emissions. The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is one of the fastest growing, having the greatest impact on almost every other technology. Energy efficiency and reduction in global warming is now a desire and realization by all key players associated with this technology. Not only there is scope for energy efficiency in ICTs itself but it can also help other sectors in becoming smart i.e., energy efficient. Smart buildings, smart motors, smart logistics and smart grids are being realized with the incorporation of information and communication technologies. The ICT industry is equally aware of the potential benefits of renewable energy sources (RES) in making the future systems greener and sustainable. This is quite evident from the research that is going on towards sustainable ICT solutions, as reviewed in this paper. Not only renewable energy is applicable to large scale applications like telecom base stations (BS), it is also applicable to small and medium scale systems and devices like computer peripherals and electric vehicles. In order to explore the evident potential of RES, all aspects of renewable energy are being addressed by the researchers. These aspects can broadly be categorized as generation, distribution, management and most significantly application of renewable energy. This paper takes a broader look at both aspects in which ICTs are making our world eco-sustainable i.e., making other technologies smarter and incorporating renewable energy sources wherever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various principles of sustainable development are currently being integrated into national policies and programs. Such principles relate to a range of aspects of human activities requiring urgent attention, including heating, mobility, food security, and sustainable agriculture. One of the fields contributing to the transition towards a sustainable society is that of green information and communication technologies (ICT). Therefore, the implementation of educational programs in green ICT is important in ensuring further ICT development around sustainability concerns. This article describes the development of an international Master's degree program named “Pervasive computing and communications for sustainable development” (PERCCOM) by an international consortium, which aimed to combine advanced ICT with environmental, economic, and social awareness. The article presents background information regarding the role of the ICT sector in environmental challenges, and a review of the literature, in order to understand what is required of ICT and green ICT graduates. The curriculum of the PERCCOM program is then described and findings on program improvement are reported. The article is aimed at academic and research professionals in the fields of sustainable development and green technologies, with the goal of improving educational initiatives to address the societal demand for sustainable development. The findings reported here contribute toward the search for a solution for sustainability, especially regarding environmental issues, among educating professionals with high expertise in networking, computing, and programming, who are able to design, develop, deploy, and maintain both pervasive computing systems and communication architectures for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the extent to which the initiatives determined as Green ICT are reflected in the lifecycle of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Czech Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). The research model is based on the ICT Lifecycle viewpoint that from the perspective of non-ICT businesses consists of three phases – ICT procurement, ICT use and End of ICT use. The results of our research conducted via questionnaire survey among 61 respondents indicate a significant potential among businesses for improvement in all ICT lifecycle phases. The utilization of this potential can increase their competitiveness not only by achieving cost savings in the operation of ICT, but also by contributing to their sustainable development.