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Sentinel lymph node biopsy is an established alternative to complete lymph node dissection in some patients. We have developed a novel, radiolabeled methylene blue dye that may be a useful alternative to the traditional two-step procedure involving 99mTc-labeled colloid and unlabeled blue dye. We hypothesize that 125I-labeled methylene blue will be rapidly absorbed into the lymphatics and transported to the drainage basin containing the sentinel nodes.Rabbits footpads were injected with 1 mCi of 125I-labeled methylene blue admixed with unlabeled dye. A hand-held gamma detection device allowed tracking of radiolabeled dye to nodes in the popliteal and inguinal regions. At pre-established time points animals were sacrificed, and the nodal basin dissected. Nodal radioactivity as well as uptake of blue dye was recorded.The spread of the radiolabeled methylene blue compound from the footpad to the popliteal lymph nodes occurred in 5-10 min.The radiolabeled dye rapidly progresses through lymphatics to the draining nodes. Use of radiolabeled methylene blue may be an attractive alternative to current two-step sentinel node techniques, as it may be less painful, and may reduce the cost associated with the time-delay between the injection of the radioactive compound and surgery.

The objective of this article was to determine the frequency of referrals for portable chest radiographs from medical and (noncardiac) surgical intensive care units (NICU and SICU) and their respective stepdown units (NICA and SICA). Additionally, the cumulative entrance skin exposure (ESE) using an ion chamber was determined. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all adult patients admitted to the MICU, SICU, MICA, and SICA at a tertiary referral center during a 6-month interval. The duration of stay and the number of portable chest radiographs were determined for each patient. The measured ESEs from all portable radiography units ranged from 5 to15 mR (average: 10mR). The cumulative radiation exposure for each patient was calculated. There were 567 patients admitted to the units: 146 surgical and 421 medical. Their ages ranged from 15 to 87 years. The duration of stay varied from 1 to 68 days. A total of 3,794 portable chest radiographs were obtained. The number of radiographs per patient varied from 1 to 94. The number of radiographs and the corresponding cumulative radiation doses were as follows: 406 patients (72%) had fewer than five radiographs (50 mR); 76 (13%) had five to 10 radiographs (100 mR); 35 (6%) had 11 to 20 (200 mR); and 50 (9%) had more than 20 chest radiographs (200 mR). The cumulative ESE ranged from 10 to 940 mR. It exceeded 450 mR in only nine (1.5%) patients. Most (73%) patients undergoing intensive care undergo fewer than five radiographs during their stay in the units. Patient exposure from portable chest radiographs in this population is less than the average annual exposure from background radiation in the USA (450-500 mR), and is much less than the average annual exposure from teratogenic radiation.