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4. Including a Cold Pool Representation in a Convection Parameterization and Simulating Its Impacts on the Spatial and Temporal Variability of the Precipitation in the NASA GEOS GCM

Author

Freitas, Saulo R, Grell, G. A, Arnold, N. P, and Putman, W. M

Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology
Abstract

We developed and implemented a simple representation of a cold pool in the Grell-Freitas (GF) convection parameterization. The cold pool parameterization is based on the observation that convective-scale downdrafts produce a local ‘deficit’ of the moist static energy (MSE). This information is advected and becoming downwind available to trigger and intensify new convection. The cold pool is dissipated by a simple exponential decay using a lifetime of a few hours, or by interacting with the underneath surface by exchanging latent and sensible heat fluxes. Preliminary results show some improvement of the simulation of the diurnal cycle of the precipitation over the land, mainly during the nighttime.

Published
2019

9. Air quality and aerosol predictions at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and their applications

Author

Stajner, I., primary, McQueen, J., additional, Huang, J., additional, Huang, H., additional, Pan, L., additional, Bhattacharjee, P., additional, Koch, D., additional, Tirado-Delgado, J., additional, Stein, A., additional, Saylor, R., additional, Lee, P., additional, Tang, Y., additional, Tong, D., additional, Campbell, P., additional, Baker, B., additional, Wilczak, J., additional, Djalalova, I., additional, Grell, G., additional, Zhang, L., additional, Ahmadov, R., additional, and Frost, G., additional

Published
2020
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10. Training Materials and Best Practices for Chemical Weather/Air Quality Forecasting

Author

Appel, K., Ching, J., Freitas, E., ́Garcia-Pando, C., Henze, D., Jorba, O., Keller, C., Knievel, J., Lee, P., Makar, P., Masson, V., Delle Monache, L., Saide, P., ́Del Rio, J., Sartelet, K., Sofiev, M., Stockwell, W., Tong, D., Yu, S., Zhang, Y., Zhou, C., Zilitinkevich, S., Aliaga, D., Andrade, M., Basart, S., Benedetti, A., Bocquet, M., Calmarini, S., Carmichael, G., Cope, M., da Silva, A., Duc, H., Flemming, J., Grell, G., Inness, A., Johansson, L., Kaiser, J., Karppinen, A., Kipling, Z., Martilli, A., Mills, G., Pagowski, M., Pfister, G., Ren, C., Rolph, G., Sanchez, B., Sandu, A., Sokhi, R., Zhang , Y., and Baklanov , A.

Published
2020

20. Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: Current status and prospects

Author

Baklanov, A. Schlünzen, K. Suppan, P. Baldasano, J. Brunner, D. Aksoyoglu, S. Carmichael, G. Douros, J. Flemming, J. Forkel, R. Galmarini, S. Gauss, M. Grell, G. Hirtl, M. Joffre, S. Jorba, O. Kaas, E. Kaasik, M. Kallos, G. Kong, X. Korsholm, U. Kurganskiy, A. Kushta, J. Lohmann, U. Mahura, A. Manders-Groot, A. Maurizi, A. Moussiopoulos, N. Rao, S.T. Savage, N. Seigneur, C. Sokhi, R.S. Solazzo, E. Solomos, S. Sørensen, B. Tsegas, G. Vignati, E. Vogel, B. Zhang, Y.

Abstract

Online coupled mesoscale meteorology atmospheric chemistry models have undergone a rapid evolution in recent years. Although mainly developed by the air quality modelling community, these models are also of interest for numerical weather prediction and regional climate modelling as they can consider not only the effects of meteorology on air quality, but also the potentially important effects of atmospheric composition on weather. Two ways of online coupling can be distinguished: online integrated and online access coupling. Online integrated models simulate meteorology and chemistry over the same grid in one model using one main time step for integration. Online access models use independent meteorology and chemistry modules that might even have different grids, but exchange meteorology and chemistry data on a regular and frequent basis. This article offers a comprehensive review of the current research status of online coupled meteorology and atmospheric chemistry modelling within Europe. Eighteen regional online coupled models developed or being used in Europe are described and compared. Topics discussed include a survey of processes relevant to the interactions between atmospheric physics, dynamics and composition; a brief overview of existing online mesoscale models and European model developments; an analysis on how feedback processes are treated in these models; numerical issues associated with coupled models; and several case studies and model performance evaluation methods. Finally, this article highlights selected scientific issues and emerging challenges that require proper consideration to improve the reliability and usability of these models for the three scientific communities: air quality, numerical meteorology modelling (including weather prediction) and climate modelling. This review will be of particular interest to model developers and users in all three fields as it presents a synthesis of scientific progress and provides recommendations for future research directions and priorities in the development, application and evaluation of online coupled models. © 2014 Author(s).

Published
2014

23. Geoscientific Model Development PREP-CHEM-SRC -1.0: a preprocessor of trace gas and aerosol emission fields for regional and global atmospheric chemistry models

Author

Freitas, S., Longo, K, Alonso, M, Pirre, Michel, Marécal, V., Grell, G, Stockler, R, Mello, R, Sánchez Gácita, M, Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology
Abstract

International audience; The preprocessor PREP-CHEM-SRC presented in the paper is a comprehensive tool aiming at preparing emission fields of trace gases and aerosols for use in atmospheric-chemistry transport models. The considered emissions are from the most recent databases of urban/industrial, biogenic, biomass burning, volcanic, biofuel use and burning from agricultural waste sources. For biomass burning, emissions can be also estimated directly from satellite fire detections using a fire emission model included in the tool. The prepro-cessor provides emission fields interpolated onto the transport model grid. Several map projections can be chosen. The inclusion of these emissions in transport models is also presented. The preprocessor is coded using Fortran90 and C and is driven by a namelist allowing the user to choose the type of emissions and the databases.

Published
2011
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24. Data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry models: current status and future prospects for coupled chemistry meteorology models

Author

Bocquet, M., Elbern, H., Eskes, H., Hirtl, M., Zabkar, R., Carmichael, G. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pagowski, M., Perez Camano, J. L., Saide, P. E., San Jose, R., Sofiev, M., Vira, J., Baklanov, A., Carnevale, C., Grell, G., Seigneur, C., Bocquet, M., Elbern, H., Eskes, H., Hirtl, M., Zabkar, R., Carmichael, G. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pagowski, M., Perez Camano, J. L., Saide, P. E., San Jose, R., Sofiev, M., Vira, J., Baklanov, A., Carnevale, C., Grell, G., and Seigneur, C.

Abstract

Data assimilation is used in atmospheric chemistry models to improve air quality forecasts, construct re-analyses of three-dimensional chemical (including aerosol) concentrations and perform inverse modeling of input variables or model parameters (e.g., emissions). Coupled chemistry meteorology models (CCMM) are atmospheric chemistry models that simulate meteorological processes and chemical transformations jointly. They offer the possibility to assimilate both meteorological and chemical data; however, because CCMM are fairly recent, data assimilation in CCMM has been limited to date. We review here the current status of data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry models with a particular focus on future prospects for data assimilation in CCMM. We first review the methods available for data assimilation in atmospheric models, including variational methods, ensemble Kalman filters, and hybrid methods. Next, we review past applications that have included chemical data assimilation in chemical transport models (CTM) and in CCMM. Observational data sets available for chemical data assimilation are described, including surface data, surface-based remote sensing, airborne data, and satellite data. Several case studies of chemical data assimilation in CCMM are presented to highlight the benefits obtained by assimilating chemical data in CCMM. A case study of data assimilation to constrain emissions is also presented. There are few examples to date of joint meteorological and chemical data assimilation in CCMM and potential difficulties associated with data assimilation in CCMM are discussed. As the number of variables being assimilated increases, it is essential to characterize correctly the errors; in particular, the specification of error cross-correlations may be problematic. In some cases, offline diagnostics are necessary to ensure that data assimilation can truly improve model performance. However, the main challenge is likely to be the paucity of chemical data avail

Published
2015

25. Sensitivity of feedback effects in CBMZ/MOSAIC chemical mechanism

Author

San Jose García, Roberto, Pérez Camaño, Juan Luis, Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Curci, G., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Honzak, L., Im, U., Jiménez Guerrero, P., Langer, M., Pirovano, G., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., Zabkar, R., San Jose García, Roberto, Pérez Camaño, Juan Luis, Balzarini, A., Baró, R., Curci, G., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Honzak, L., Im, U., Jiménez Guerrero, P., Langer, M., Pirovano, G., Tuccella, P., Werhahn, J., and Zabkar, R.

Abstract

To investigate the impact of the aerosol effects on meteorological variables and pollutant concentrations two simulations with the WRF-Chem model have been performed over Europe for year 2010. We have performed a baseline simulation without any feedback effects and a second simulation including the direct as well as the indirect aerosol effect. The paper describes the full configuration of the model, the simulation design, special impacts and evaluation. Although low aerosol particle concentrations are detected, the inclusion of the feedback effects results in an increase of solar radiation at the surface over cloudy areas (North-West, including the Atlantic) and decrease over more sunny locations (South-East). Aerosol effects produce an increase of the water vapor and decrease the planet boundary layer height over the whole domain except in the Sahara area, where the maximum particle concentrations are detected. Significant ozone concentrations are found over the Mediterranean area. Simulated feedback effects between aerosol concentrations and meteorological variables and on pollutant distributions strongly depend on the aerosol concentrations and the clouds. Further investigations are necessary with higher aerosol particle concentrations. WRF-Chem variables are evaluated using available hourly observations in terms of performance statistics. Standardized observations from the ENSEMBLE system web-interface were used. The research was developed under the second phase of Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII). WRF-Chem demonstrates its capability in capturing temporal and spatial variations of the major meteorological variables and pollutants, except the wind speed over complex terrain. The wind speed bias may affect the accuracy in the chemical predictions (NO2, SO2). The analysis of the correlations between simulated data sets and observational data sets indicates that the simulation with aerosol effects performs slightly better. These resul

Published
2015

28. Data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry models: current status and future prospects for coupled chemistry meteorology models

Author

Bocquet, M., primary, Elbern, H., additional, Eskes, H., additional, Hirtl, M., additional, Žabkar, R., additional, Carmichael, G. R., additional, Flemming, J., additional, Inness, A., additional, Pagowski, M., additional, Pérez Camaño, J. L., additional, Saide, P. E., additional, San Jose, R., additional, Sofiev, M., additional, Vira, J., additional, Baklanov, A., additional, Carnevale, C., additional, Grell, G., additional, and Seigneur, C., additional

Published
2015
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29. Cloud Processing of Gases and Particles in Urban-Industrial Plumes: Comparison of Several Models

Author

Gong, W., Zhang, J., Kim, S.-W., Leriche, M., Frost, G. J., Grell, G. A., Mari, Céline, Mckeen, S., Pinty, Jean-Pierre, Tulet, Pierre, Macdonald, A. M., Leaitch, W. R., NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Science and Technology Branch

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph]
Abstract

International audience; Clouds play an active role in the processing and cycling of chemicals in the atmosphere. Particularly, it is known that a large portion of the atmospheric particulate sulphate, which contributes to a significant fraction of the total PM mass, is produced in cloud via aqueous-phase oxidation. As a result, most of the current aerosol forecast models do include the representation of in-cloud oxidation. On the other hand, the modelling of cloud processing of gases and aerosols and its evaluation are challenging. Past studies have shown that the modeled cloud processing of gases and aerosols depends critically on the predicted cloud microphysics fields. Furthermore, observations suited for evaluating cloud chemistry in models are extremely limited, and there is also the issue with scale disparity (both temporal and spatial) between the model resolution and the observation. This study examines model simulations from three different regional/meso-scale aerosol models, WRF-CHEM (NOAA/ESRL), MESO-NHC (LA/CNRS), and AURAMS (EC), with a focus on cloud processing of urban-industrial plumes. The study case is based on airborne measurements from two flights during the ICARTT field campaign in summer 2004, when the National Research Council of Canada Convair 580 sampled in and below stratocumulus downwind of Chicago along each of the 84°W and 86°W meridians between 40.5 and 42.6°N. The Chicago urban plume was encountered along both meridians, and the observations indicate cloud processing. Model simulations of cloud microphysics, trace gases and aerosol particle concentrations are compared with aircraft observations. Uncertainties in model predicted gases and aerosol concentrations due to model resolution, microphysics and aqueous-phase chemistry parameterization will be assessed.

Published
2009

32. Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe:current status and prospects

Author

Baklanov, A., Schluenzen, K., Suppan, P., Baldasano, J., Brunner, D., Aksoyoglu, S., Carmichael, G., Douros, J., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Gauss, M., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Joffre, S., Jorba, O., Kaas, E., Kaasik, M., Kallos, G., Kong, X., Korsholm, U., Kurganskiy, A., Kushta, J., Lohmann, U., Mahura, A., Manders-Groot, A., Maurizi, A., Moussiopoulos, N., Rao, S. T., Savage, N., Seigneur, C., Sokhi, R. S., Solazzo, E., Solomos, S., Sorensen, B., Tsegas, G., Vignati, E., Vogel, B., Zhang, Y., Baklanov, A., Schluenzen, K., Suppan, P., Baldasano, J., Brunner, D., Aksoyoglu, S., Carmichael, G., Douros, J., Flemming, J., Forkel, R., Galmarini, S., Gauss, M., Grell, G., Hirtl, M., Joffre, S., Jorba, O., Kaas, E., Kaasik, M., Kallos, G., Kong, X., Korsholm, U., Kurganskiy, A., Kushta, J., Lohmann, U., Mahura, A., Manders-Groot, A., Maurizi, A., Moussiopoulos, N., Rao, S. T., Savage, N., Seigneur, C., Sokhi, R. S., Solazzo, E., Solomos, S., Sorensen, B., Tsegas, G., Vignati, E., Vogel, B., and Zhang, Y.

Published
2014

33. Data assimilation in atmospheric chemistry models: current status and future prospects for coupled chemistry meteorology models

Author

Bocquet, M., primary, Elbern, H., additional, Eskes, H., additional, Hirtl, M., additional, Žabkar, R., additional, Carmichael, G. R., additional, Flemming, J., additional, Inness, A., additional, Pagowski, M., additional, Pérez Camaño, J. L., additional, Saide, P. E., additional, San Jose, R., additional, Sofiev, M., additional, Vira, J., additional, Baklanov, A., additional, Carnevale, C., additional, Grell, G., additional, and Seigneur, C., additional

Published
2014
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40. The VOTALP Mesolcina Valley Campaign 1996

Author

Furger, M., Dommen, J., Graber, W.K., Poggio, L., Prevot, A.S.H., Emeis, S., Grell, G., Trickl, T., Gomiscek, B., Neininger, B., Wotawa, G., and Publica

Subjects
alpine boundary layer, ozone, photochemistry, alps, mountain meteorology
Abstract

The Mesolcina Valley campaign was an important part of the VOTALP project. Its main goals were the study of the effects of thermal wind systems on horizontal and vertical ozone transport over various distances, and on local production of ozone in an Alpine valley. The field measurements took place in the Mesolcina Valley in southern Switzerland in July and August 1996. The Mesolcina Valley is typical for the Alps for its size and its rural character, and contains an important traffic route. Ground-based and airborne instruments were deployed to obtain a four-dimensional chemical and physical picture of the valley atmosphere and the surroundings. Field measurements were complemented by numerical modeling studies. An overview of the campaign, its geographic background, and the measurement plan is given together with selected highlights of the results obtained so far. A synoptic-climatological approach tries to evaluate the representativeness of the observation days. It was found that during the campaign representative data for typical ozone days were collected, while extreme events did not occur. The main results of the campaign are that very high pollutant concentrations at the Alpine crests are the effect of advective, larger-scale transport, mainly from the Alpine forelands. The valley is very effective in pumping air into elevated layers during the day, with the slope winds probably carrying the bulk of the air volume to higher levels. Up to five times the valley volume may be exported during one upwind phase. Net local production is estimated to be approximately 3-8 ppb h high -1 of ozone, but seems to be compensated by dry deposition. This indicates that the Alpine valleys may be important net sinks of air pollutants, which may lead to negative impacts on the Alpine ecosystems.

Published
2000

42. Online coupled regional meteorology chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects

Author

Baklanov, A., primary, Schlünzen, K., additional, Suppan, P., additional, Baldasano, J., additional, Brunner, D., additional, Aksoyoglu, S., additional, Carmichael, G., additional, Douros, J., additional, Flemming, J., additional, Forkel, R., additional, Galmarini, S., additional, Gauss, M., additional, Grell, G., additional, Hirtl, M., additional, Joffre, S., additional, Jorba, O., additional, Kaas, E., additional, Kaasik, M., additional, Kallos, G., additional, Kong, X., additional, Korsholm, U., additional, Kurganskiy, A., additional, Kushta, J., additional, Lohmann, U., additional, Mahura, A., additional, Manders-Groot, A., additional, Maurizi, A., additional, Moussiopoulos, N., additional, Rao, S. T., additional, Savage, N., additional, Seigneur, C., additional, Sokhi, R. S., additional, Solazzo, E., additional, Solomos, S., additional, Sørensen, B., additional, Tsegas, G., additional, Vignati, E., additional, Vogel, B., additional, and Zhang, Y., additional

Published
2014
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43. Einfluß der Ozonschichtdicke auf Photolysefrequenzen und Ozonproduktion

Author

Forkel, R., Grell, G., Stockwell, W., and Publica

Abstract

Die Ozonschichtdicke weist sowohl eine räumliche als auch eine starke zeitliche Variabilität auf. Unterschiedliche Werte der Ozonsäule können die Bildung von Photosmog beeinflussen, da der Wert der Ozonschichtdicke für die Photolysefrequenzen von Ozon und und weiteren Spurengasen wie z.B. HCHO eine wesentliche Einflußgröße ist. Um den Einfluß der Ozonschichtdicke auf die Bildung von Photosmog zu untersuchen, wurden Modellrechungen mit dem dreidimensionalen gekoppelten Meteorologie-Chemie-Modell MCCM durchgeführt.

Published
1998

48. Online coupled regional meteorology-chemistry models in Europe: current status and prospects

Author

Baklanov, A., primary, Schluenzen, K. H., additional, Suppan, P., additional, Baldasano, J., additional, Brunner, D., additional, Aksoyoglu, S., additional, Carmichael, G., additional, Douros, J., additional, Flemming, J., additional, Forkel, R., additional, Galmarini, S., additional, Gauss, M., additional, Grell, G., additional, Hirtl, M., additional, Joffre, S., additional, Jorba, O., additional, Kaas, E., additional, Kaasik, M., additional, Kallos, G., additional, Kong, X., additional, Korsholm, U., additional, Kurganskiy, A., additional, Kushta, J., additional, Lohmann, U., additional, Mahura, A., additional, Manders-Groot, A., additional, Maurizi, A., additional, Moussiopoulos, N., additional, Rao, S. T., additional, Savage, N., additional, Seigneur, C., additional, Sokhi, R., additional, Solazzo, E., additional, Solomos, S., additional, Sørensen, B., additional, Tsegas, G., additional, Vignati, E., additional, Vogel, B., additional, and Zhang, Y., additional

Published
2013
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