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Rice hull and straw are renewable wastes contain 28-30% of inorganic and 70-72% of organic compounds. Its ameliorative potential in enhancing the physicochemical properties of mine degraded soils was investigated. Soils collected from Backfill Material/Overburden (BM) and desilted materials (DM) from settling ponds of Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) were used following six treatments. BM and DM from settling ponds were treated with rice hull and rice straw with 2:1 ratio by weight, respectively. After ameliorating soils from overburden and silted materials from CNC with rice straw and rice hull, observations showed that there are no significant differences in pH, % Organic Matter (OM) and phosphorous (P) between treatments; there is high significant difference (pInternational Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research | IJAAR, {"references":["Chantigny MH, Angers DA, Beauchamp CJ. 1999. Aggregation and organic matter decomposition in soils amended with de-inking paper sludge. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 63, 1214-1221.","Damatty AAE, Hussain I. 2009. Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World.\" Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada © Springer Science + Business Media B.V.","Gregorich EG, Carter MR, Angers DA, Monreal CM, Ellert BH. 1994. \"Towards a minimum data set to assess soil organic matter quality in agricultural soils.\" Can. J. Soil Sci 74, 367-385.","Gummert M. 2013. \"A second life for rice husk.\" The Responsible Business Summit New York. (May): https://www.eco-business.com/news/second-life-rice-husk/.","Koz'mina EP. 1976. (Ed.). \"Ris i ego kachestvo [Rice and Its Quality].\" Moscow: Kolos 1976.","Larney FJ, Olson AF, Miller JJ, DeMaere PR, Zvomuya F, McAllister TA. 2009. Physical and chemical changes during composting of wood chip-bedded and straw-bedded beef cattle feedlot manure. Journal of Environmental Quality 37, 725-735. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0351","Lashermes G, Nicolardot B, Parnaudeau V, Thurie` s L, Chaussod R, Guillotin ML, Line`res M, Mary B, Metzger L, Morvan T, Tricaud A, Villette C, Houot S. 2009. \"Indicator of potential residual carbon in soils after exogenous organic matter application.\" Eur. J. Soil Sci 60, 297-310.","Philstar Global. \"Burning of rice straw, agri waste threatens the environment\" Philstar Global, July. 2006. https://www.philstar.com /business/agriculture/2006/07/30/350114/burning-rice-straw-agri-waste-threatens-environment#as7V A4Ik85vwDkB7.99","Ponamperuma FN. 1982. Straw as source nutrient for wetland rice. In: Banta, S., Mendoza, C.V., (eds), \"Organic matter and rice.\" Los Baños, The Philippines: IRRI, 117-136.","Sergienko VI, Zemnukhova LA, Egorov AG, Shkorina ED, Vasilyuk NS. 2004. Vozobnovlyaemye, 2004 istochniki khimicheskogo syr'ya: kompleksnaya pererabotka otkhodov proizvodstva risa i grechikhi [Renewable Sources of Chemical Raw Materials: Complex Processing of Rice and Buckwheat Production Waste]. Russian Chemical Society Journal of them. DI. Mendeleev XLVIII(3), 116-124.","Viaud V, Angers DA, Parnaudeau V, Morvan T, MenasseriAubry S. 2011. 'Response of organic matter to reduced tillage and animal manure in a temperate loamy soil.\" Soil Uses Manage 27, 84-93.","Williams BL, Shand CA, Hill M, O'Hara C, Smith S, Young ME. 2008. \"A procedure for the simultaneous oxidation of total soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in extracts of fresh and fumigated soils and litters\". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 10.1080/00103629509369283, 26, 1-2, 91-106."]}

Ultrafine soot particles (black carbon, BC) in urban environments are related to adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects, increased cases of asthma and premature deaths. These problems are especially pronounced in developing megacities in South-East Asia, Latin America, and Africa, where unsustainable urbanization ant outdated environmental protection legislation resulted in severe degradation of urban air quality in terms of black carbon emission. Since ultrafine soot particles do often not lead to enhanced PM10 and PM2.5 mass concentration, the risks related to ultrafine particle pollution may therefore be significantly underestimated compared to the contribution of secondary aerosol constituents. To increase the awareness of the potential toxicological relevant problems of ultrafine black carbon particles, we conducted a case study in Metro Manila, the capital of the Philippines. Here, we present a part of the results from a detailed field campaign, called Manila Aerosol Characterization Experiment (MACE, 2015). Measurements took place from May to June 2015 with the focus on the state of mixing of aerosol particles. The results were alarming, showing the abundance of externally mixed refractory particles (soot proxy) at street site with a maximum daily number concentration of approximately 15000 #/cm3. That is up to 10 times higher than in cities of Western countries. We also found that the soot particle mass contributed from 55 to 75% of total street site PM2.5. The retrieved refractory particle number size distribution appeared to be a superposition of 2 ultrafine modes at 20 and 80 nm with a corresponding contribution to the total refractory particle number of 45 and 55%, respectively. The particles in the 20 nm mode were most likely ash from metallic additives in lubricating oil, tiny carbonaceous particles and/or nucleated and oxidized organic polymers, while bigger ones (80 nm) were soot agglomerates. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no other studies reported such high number concentration of ultrafine refractory particles under ambient conditions. Inverse modeling of emission factors of refractory particle number size distributions revealed that diesel-fed public utility Jeepneys, commonly used for public transportation, are responsible for 94% of total roadside emitted refractory particle mass. The observed results showed that the majority of urban pollution in Metro Manila is dominated by carbonaceous aerosol. This suggests that PM10 or PM2.5 metrics do not fully describe possible health related effects in this kind of urban environments. Extremely high concentrations of ultrafine particles have been and will continue to induce adverse health related effects, because of their potential toxicity. We imply that in megacities, where the major fraction of particulates originates from the transport sector, PM10 or PM2.5 mass concentration should be complemented by legislative measurements of equivalent black carbon mass concentration.