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Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, life-threatening gastrointestinal tract disease that usually involves the terminal ileum, cecum, colon, and perianal area. There has been a growing incidence of IBD reported worldwide, and it is becoming an increasing concern for pediatric health care. This discussion covers the global significance, the subtypes, diagnostic criteria, and advances in pediatric IBD management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homo sapiens may have emerged from complex and miraculous origins 300,000 years ago, and sophisticated speech may have emerged many millennia later. Changes in speech development, such as the FOXP2 gene around 100,000 years ago, led to remarkable speech patterns in these humans that allowed verbal passage of learned information from generation to generation. Wandering humans finally began to settle down with the development of agriculture over 10,000 years ago in various places in the world that include the near East, Africa, China, and Southeast Asia. Knowledge gained over the past 10 millennia regarding gastrointestinal disorders in humans is now reviewed from a historical perspective and beginning in Mesopotamia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for understanding the pathophysiology and management of hepatobiliary disorders has taken Homo sapiens thousands of years. The liver was viewed in religious terms at first and as designated priests utilized divination practice to predict the future, lasting lessons of anatomy were learned. The liver was viewed in various ways, including as the center of one's life and/or the place of negative emotions (anger, greed, jealousy). Gallstones were described by Galen and Alexander of Trailles. Knowledge of anatomy led to etiologic understanding of hepatobiliary disorders and eventually methods of treatment emerged over the passing millennia. This discussion considers some of the polyglottic pantheons in this regard, including Galen of Pergamon (AD 129-c.200/c.216), Avicenna (980-1037), Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), Francis Glisson (1597-1677), Giovanni Battister Morgagni (1682-1771), René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826), Claude Bernard (1813-1878), Henry W. Gray (1827-1861), Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer (1829-1902), Tadeusz Browicz (1847-1928), Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum (1829-1901), Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937), Frank H. Netter (1906-1991), and other sages of surgery and medicine. Much has been learned from the Greek myth of Promethius to the prodigious pantheons of progress in the past and present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quest for winning the game, some athletes take various chemicals (ie, drugs, herbs, or supplements) in attempts to develop greater strength, endurance, or other elements that bring a competitive advantage. There are more than 30,000 chemicals sold throughout the world with unrestrained and unproven claims; however, some athletes consume them with hopes of increasing their athletic abilities, often without knowledge of the potential adverse effects and with limited evidence of efficacy. Complicating this picture is that research on ergogenic chemicals is typically conducted with elite adult male athletes and not with athletes who are in high school. A few of these ergogenic aids include creatine, anabolic androgenic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators, clenbuterol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, human growth hormone, ephedrine, gamma hydroxybutyrate, caffeine, stimulants (amphetamines or methylphenidate), and blood doping. In this article, we describe the purpose of ergogenic aids as well as the potential side effects. [Pediatr Ann. 2023;52(6):e207–e212.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides a brief overview (research design, prevalence, risk factors, assessment, treatment, outcome, and obstacles to care) of the status of knowledge of eating disorders among adolescents. Offers recommendations for future research. (EV)

Reviews research on eating disorders in adolescent athletes, including prevalence, its uncommonness among male athletes, risk factors, medical complications, prevention strategies, and implications for sport and exercise participation, management, and prognosis. (EV)

Reviews the current literature on psychological and psychopharmacologic treatments for bulimia nervosa in the adolescent population. Describes the two most researched psychological treatments--cognitive behavior therapy and interpersonal therapy--in terms of treatment protocols and outcome research. Reviews psychopharmacologic treatment, including treatment indications, contraindications, dose respondent information, and the need for future research. (Author/EV)

Reviews research on the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa, including the general approach, treatment setting, treatment of medical complications, nutritional management, psychopharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, treatment efficacy and outcome studies, comparison studies, and prevention programs. (EV)

Selectively reviews the literature on the diagnostic criteria for eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder) as described in "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (4th ed.) and "International Classification of Diseases" (10th ed.). Discusses the prevalence and course of eating disorders, theories regarding their etiology, and issues of comorbidity and differential diagnosis. (Author/EV)

Human sexuality is a complex phenomenon involving the interaction of one's biologic sex, core gender identity, and gender role behavior. Successful completion of normal stages of sexuality development is important for children and adolescents to enhance optimal life as an adult. Controversies arise for clinicians as they work with their pediatric patients regarding health care sexuality issues. It is important that clinicians help these patients in an unbiased and neutral manner. As adults, these children and adolescents will function in a number of sexuality roles, whether heterosexual, homosexual, pansexual, or other. This discussion considers many of these complex and critical issues that involve the fascinating development of human sexuality in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]