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Roadways affect wildlife habitat disproportionate to the area of land they occupy while impacting wildlife directly through direct loss of habitat, road mortality and disruption of movement. Roadways indirectly impact wildlife by isolating populations and disrupting gene flow and metapopulation dynamics. A variety of strategies have been used with mixed success to mitigate the impacts of transportation systems on wildlife. Underpasses are commonly used to facilitate movement of wildlife across roadways in Europe, Australia, Canada and the U.S.Through 2005, 460 terrestrial and 300 aquatic crossing structures have been identified throughout the United States but only a small portion of these crossings have monitoring incorporated into their project design. Most monitoring is limited to usage of the passage structures with little data collected on movement through the adjacent landscape. Monitoring of the passage structures helps determine wildlife use of the structures but is limited in the ability to determine landscape level impacts.A variety of techniques are utilized in monitoring passageway effectiveness, primarily camera traps and track beds. Building on prior studies, the Bennington Bypass project takes a broad, multi – taxa approach to monitoring crossing structures on a newly constructed highway in southern Vermont. We are utilizing a variety of techniques to assess movements of an array of species at the passage structure and in the surrounding landscape.Techniques utilized in our study include: small mammal trapping, track beds/plates, remote camera sensing, snowtracking, road kill surveys, roadside track beds, amphibian recording devices, snake pit tagging and observational studies. We are also using this broad approach to monitoring as an opportunity to test and refine many of the techniques used in the study. By monitoring a wide variety of animal movements rather than focusing exclusively on wildlife use of the passages, we expect to more accurately assess the effectiveness of the mitigation structures. We anticipate that the results from this work will assist in developing monitoring protocols for future studies in Vermont and throughout the United States.

.Mangrove ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change impacts, which depend on species sensitivity and location. We studied the effects of climate change on three dominant mangrove species globally: red, black, and white mangroves. Using simulation, GIS, and statistical modeling, we evaluated spatially explicit changes in growth suitability resulting from climatic change. Our analysis shows that climate change has significant impacts on mangrove wetlands, with red and black mangroves being the most affected. Low precipitation can impact all species, with red, black, and white mangroves showing a 0.008%, 0.004%, and 0.008% decrease in growth suitability, respectively, for each one mm reduction in precipitation. Variability in climatic variables, such as a unit increase in CV, also significantly impacts mangroves. These results highlight the need to protect mangrove ecosystems for the sustainability of coastal ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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