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The recognition of bacterial components on the intestinal epithelial cells occurs through the toll-like receptors and is followed by the induction of an effective innate immune response. We analyzed receptor expression and signaling pathways involved in activation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells after stimulation with porins and LPS of Shigella flexneri. We also analyzed the expression and production of some cytokines, of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, of antimicrobial peptides human ²-defensins, and of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. Our data demonstrate that TLR2 is involved in porin recognition, whereas TLR4 with MD2, is required for LPS recognition.O reconhecimento de componentes bacterianos nas células epiteliais intestinais ocorre através de receptores toll-like e é seguido de indução de uma resposta imune inata efetiva. Neste estudo foram analisadas as vias de expressão do receptor e sinalização envolvidas na ativação de células humanas de adenocarcinoma do colon após a estimulação com porinas e LPS de Shigella flexneri. Foram também analisadas a expressão e produção de algumas citoquinas, da molécula -1 de adesão intercelular, de ²-defensinas humanas a peptídios antimicrobianos e da forma indutível de oxido nítrico sintase. Os resultados demonstraram que TLR-2 está envolvido no reconhecimento de porinas, enquanto TLR4 com MD2 é necessário para o reconhecimento de LPS.

The recognition of bacterial components on the intestinal epithelial cells occurs through the toll-like receptors and is followed by the induction of an effective innate immune response. We analyzed receptor expression and signaling pathways involved in activation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells after stimulation with porins and LPS of Shigella flexneri. We also analyzed the expression and production of some cytokines, of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, of antimicrobial peptides human ²-defensins, and of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase. Our data demonstrate that TLR2 is involved in porin recognition, whereas TLR4 with MD2, is required for LPS recognition. O reconhecimento de componentes bacterianos nas células epiteliais intestinais ocorre através de receptores toll-like e é seguido de indução de uma resposta imune inata efetiva. Neste estudo foram analisadas as vias de expressão do receptor e sinalização envolvidas na ativação de células humanas de adenocarcinoma do colon após a estimulação com porinas e LPS de Shigella flexneri. Foram também analisadas a expressão e produção de algumas citoquinas, da molécula -1 de adesão intercelular, de ²-defensinas humanas a peptídios antimicrobianos e da forma indutível de oxido nítrico sintase. Os resultados demonstraram que TLR-2 está envolvido no reconhecimento de porinas, enquanto TLR4 com MD2 é necessário para o reconhecimento de LPS.

Background The assessment of the safety and the humoral response to a third booster dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is relevant in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) treated with Ocrelizumab (OCR) or Fingolimod (FNG). Methods Serum samples were collected from Healthy controls (HCs) and pwMS treated with OCR or FNG at the following time-points: before the first of two vaccine doses (T0); 8 (T1), 16 (T2), 24 (T3) weeks after the first dose; within 8 weeks before (T0b) and after (T1b) the booster dose. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein (Anti-TSP IgG) were quantified and expressed as binding antibody units (BAU)/mL. Results 40 HCs, 28 pwMS on OCR and 19 on FNG were included. At T0b 12 (42.9%) pwMS on OCR and 6 (31.6%) on FNG were still positive while, at T1b 16 (57.14%) pwMS on OCR and 16 (84.2%) on FNG, passed the threshold of positivity. The increase of Anti-TSP IgG levels at T1b was higher for: (i) HCs with respect to OCR (p p = 0.032) groups; (ii) pwMS on FNG compared with pwMS on OCR (p Conclusions The third booster dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to OCR- and FNG-treated pwMS revives the humoral response, independently of any clinical variable, and manifests a good safety and tolerability profile.

To investigate clinical outcomes, radiation exposure and procedural costs associated with percutaneous varicocoele embolization using coils and sclerosing agents (SAs) in a cohort of young-adult men.Data from consecutive men treated with percutaneous varicocoele embolization using coils and SA between 2017 and 2021 were analyzed. The allocation was based on a change of policy occurred in June 2020 with the substitution of coils with SA (before and after study). Semen analysis values were based on 2010 WHO reference criteria. Anatomic variants of gonadal veins were categorized according to Jargiello et al. Intraoperative radiation dose and procedural costs were collected for each patient. Descriptive statistics and linear regression models were used to describe the association between clinical parameters with procedural costs and radiation exposure.One hundred sixteen men were included, of whom 76 (65.5%) received coils, and 40 (34.5%) received SA. Baseline characteristics of the two study groups did not differ. A type 3 Jargiello anatomic variation of left gonadal vein was found in 45.7% of cases. Radiation dose was lower in the SA group as compared to the coils one (13.2 [7-43] vs. 19.8 [12-57] Gy/cmSA and coils for varicocoele embolization are equally safe and effective. The use of SA was associated with lower radiation exposure and procedural costs than coils. These results should be considered in terms of public health cost and patient's safety.

Aims: The objective of this work was to study the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and subtypes from 2010 to 2015 in 1,221 anti-HCV/HCV-RNA-positive specimens from patients living in the metropolitan area of Naples, since HCV genotypes and subtypes remain cornerstones in the management of chronic HCV infection even in the directly acting antivirals era. Methods: The study was carried out on 1,221 anti-HCV/HCV-RNA-positive plasma samples collected between April 2010 and December 2015. Results: Of the 1,221 patients enrolled, 633 (51.9%) were males and 588 (48.1%) were females, with a mean age of 60 ± 13 (SD) years. The most frequent HCV genotype observed was genotype 1 (68.1%; 1b in 55.3% and 1a in 9.5%); HCV genotype 2 was found in 289 samples (23.67%), genotype 3 in 6.47%, genotype 4 in only 19 samples, and only 2 samples were classified as genotype 5. The mean age of the patients with genotype 1a or 3 was lower (51 ± 12 and 49 ± 12 years, respectively) than those with genotype 1b (62 ± 11, p < 0.0001 for both) or 2 (62 ± 14, p < 0.0001 for both). Conclusions: The data from the present study suggest that HCV genotype 1b remains the most prevalent in this area, followed by genotype 2, 1a, and 3a.